我国污水回用现状及发展趋势

水环境污染和水资源短缺是全球淡水资源正面临的两大问题。随着我国经济的迅速发展，人口的增加，人民生活水平的逐步提高，工业化和城市化步伐的加快，用水量急剧增加，污水排放量也相应增加，加剧了淡水资源的短缺和水环境的污染。污水回用是解决当前的水资源紧张的切实有效的措施，并有着广泛的应用前景。     

全球国际水域评估项目(GIWA)对中亚地区水资源问题的评估结果

本文给出了全球国际水域评估项目(GIAW)在成海流域的研究结果(GIWA项目24亚区).研究表明:这个地区的决定因素是淡水资源紧缺,主要问题是径流改变.根据GIWA的评估,地区70%的发展问题是由水资源短缺引起的.目前的经济发展是在水资源短缺的条件下进行.尽管区内各国政府和国际社会都做了很大努力,中亚地区的供水和经济发展矛盾依然突出并有加剧和冲突的趋势.本文对中亚地区的生态和经济社会问题的起因进行了分析,并提出了缓解跨界水资源利用的相关措施.     

城市再生水利用的研究进展

水环境污染和水资源短缺是全球淡水资源正面临的两大问题。随着我国经济的迅速发展,人口的增加,人民生活水平的逐步提高,工业化和城市化步伐的加快,用水量急剧增加,污水排放量也相应增加,加剧了淡水资源的短缺和水环境的污染。本文针对国家提出再生水回用的政策,介绍了国内外再生水回用的情况,以及再生水回用的途径,并提出城市再生水回用的对策和措施。     

向大海要甘泉

随着社会经济的高速发展和人口的急剧增加，21世纪，淡水资源危机已成为仅次于全球气候变暖的世界第二大环境问题。联合国有关文件指出：限水资源短缺给人类生存带来危害。目前全球有10亿人未能用上洁净的水，24亿人缺乏充足的用水卫生设施，每年有500多万人死于同水有关的疾病。到2025年，全球将有35亿人面临水资源短缺，占全球人口的50%。     

再生水的安全使用

1 再生水的使用现状 在一些发达国家,尽管水资源的利用率不断提高,但是对于一次性水资源的需求随着人口增多和经济的发展也在继续提高。据专家预测,到2025年,世界上将有三分之二的人口面临水资源短缺的威胁。这些地区在中东和北非的地区尤为突出。水     

中国发展城市水资源循环经济的激励机制与对策研究

随着中国城镇化的推进,人口不断向城市汇集,城市水资源的开发利用面临巨大压力.当前中国城市水资源利用中的问题主要表现为水资源短缺与污染,发展城市水资源循环经济是缓解问题的根本途径.本文在对水资源循环经济的内涵进行概要分析的基础上,以激励机制为视角对发展城市水资源循环经济的制约因素与激励对策做了系统阐述,提出了应当转变发展理念、完善价格机制、突破技术瓶颈以及建立信息公开制度等方面的对策建议.     

联合国环境署最近发表一份报告,指出——亚太地区八大环境问题

亚太地区拥有面积1.65亿平方公里的太平洋和面积7300万平方公里的印度洋。拥有33亿人口和世界上三个人口最多的国家:中国、印度和印度尼西亚。这里的土地占全球土地总面积的23％。人口却占总人口的58％。亚太地区的经济原本很落后,但目前已变成全球经济最有生气的地区,经济年增长率多年来一直高过全球其它地区。当然,反差也很     

废水处理技术的探讨

随着社会的不断发展,尤其是人口的快速增加、城市化与工业化水平的不断提高,随之而来的原始资源型和污染型水资源短缺问题也日益突出,并成为亟待解决的全球性问题.水资源短缺和水污染加剧所构成的水危机也已经成为21世纪最严峻的问题之一.为此全面提高废水处理技术,努力提高废水的处理率和回用率,是当前缓解水资源危机,保证人类社会的可持续发展的重要举措.     

完善我国跨界环境影响评价的国际经验

松花江水污染事件后,我国周边国家对跨界环境问题的重视程度越来越高,跨国界流域内项目的环境影响评价成为周边国家与我国开展环境合作的重要诉求和多个区域合作机制下试图预防经济活动造成重大不利跨界影响的重要手段.近期,缅甸密松水电站事件、美国捐资湄公河委员会开展水电站跨界生态影响等动向再次凸显跨界环境影响评价已成为国际社会关注的焦点问题.据联合国教科文组织统计,全球有145个国家存在跨界问题,最为突出的是跨国界流域内项目的环境影响评价.在现存263个跨国界流域中,约有1/3的流域由两个以上国家共享,世界40％的人口生活在跨国界流域内.     

世界水资源短缺:节约用水和海水淡化

正水资源压力除了全球人口过剩问题,世界经济论坛在2015年1月宣布基于对社会影响破坏的量化,水资源短缺问题——水危机是全球第一大风险。联合国界定当一个地区的人均水资源量跌破1700立方米/人为用水紧张,当人均水资源量低于1000立方米/人为缺水。据估计,全世界10%的人口没有安全的饮用水。随着世界人口快速增长,这一数字将增加。全球淡水需求量每年增加     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.