N─苯甲酰苯基羟胺／吡啶偶氮染料配体交换反应萃取分光光度法测定固体废物浸出液中的微量钒

在强酸性介质中，ＶＯ３与Ｎ－苯甲酰苯基羟胺（ＢＰＨＡ）反应生成紫红色络合物，能定量地被ＣＨＣＬ３萃取．萃取液加入２－（５－溴－２－吡啶偶氮）－５－二乙氨基酚（５—Ｂｒ—ＰＡＤＡＰ）后可发生配体交换反应，并生成橙红色的Ｖ（Ｖ）－５—Ｂｒ—ＰＡＤＡＰ络合物，有机相可直接用于光度测定．Ｖ（Ｖ）－５—Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ的最大吸收波长为６００ｎｍ，摩尔吸光系数为５．４Ｘ１０￣４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，线性范围为０～０．７６μｇｖ／ｗｌ。     

二安替比林─（2，4─二羟基）苯基甲烷光度法测定铬（Ⅵ）

合成了二安替比林基─（２，４─二羟基）苯基甲烷（ＤＡＤＨＭ）．在Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）和吐温─２０存在下．Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）与ＤＡＤＨＭ反应生成有色化合物．λｍａｘ为４６０ｎｍ，ε＝１．１×１０５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，Ｃｒ（Ⅵ１）量在０～１０μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律。该体系灵敏度较高，选择性较好．用于水和废水中微量铬（Ⅵ）的测定，结果满意。     

吐温20和Mn（Ⅱ）存在下二安替匹林─（2，4─二氯）苯基甲烷与铬（Ⅵ）的显色反应的研究

合成了二安替匹林—（２，４—二氯）苯基甲烷（ＤＡＤＣＭ）。研究了在Ｈ３ＰＯ４介质中，在Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）和吐温２０存在下，Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）与ＤＡＤＣＭ的显色反应。该反应产物为橙红色化合物，λ（ｍａｘ）＝４９０ｎｍ，ε为１．０８×１０５。Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）量在０～１０（μｇ／２５ｍｌ）符合比耳定律。方法有较好选择性，体系可稳定２４ｈ。用于水和废水中微量Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的测定，结果满意。     

吐温80和Mn（Ⅱ）存在下二安替匹林一（3—羟基）苯基甲烷与铬（Ⅵ）的显色反应的研究

合成了二安替匹林—（３—羟基）苯基甲烷（ＤＡｍＨＭ）。研究了在Ｈ３ＰＯ４介质中利用Ｍｎ（１）—ＤＡｍＨＭ—吐温８０—Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）体系分光光度法测定水样中的微量Ｃｒ（Ⅵ），Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）量在０～１０（ｕｇ／２５ｍｌ）符合比耳定律。λｍａｘ＝４８０ｎｍ，ε为２．２１×１０５。方法有较好选择性，体系可稳定４８ｈ。     

钻井污水化学需氧量的研究

针对石油工业钻井污水高化学需氧量（ＣＯＤ）严重超标的状况，对钻井污水的化学需氧量进行研究。分折测定了８种钻井液添加剂（ＰＡＮ、ＰＡＭＩ、ＨＰＡＮ、柴油、磺化沥青、ＸＹ２７、ＣＭＣ、ＦＡ３６７）的ＣＯＤ；重点探讨了钻井液添加剂对钻井污水ＣＯＤ的影响，同时对钻井污水ＣＯＤ处理效果的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明，不同钻井液添加剂对钻井污水的ＣＯＤ的影响程度各不相同；钻井污水中ＣＯＤ值严重超标的主要因素是钻井液添加剂；并且钻井液添加剂浓度与其对应的ＣＯＤ之间存在良好的一元线性关系。根据一元线性回归方程可较好地预测油田现场各钻井液添加剂对ＣＯＤ的影响，为解决钻井污水处理这一难题提供科学依据。     

恒电流库仑滴定法测定铬渣中的铬（Ⅵ）

铬渣样品以（１＋１０）磷酸溶液加热消解１．５ｈ，可得到完全澄清的消解液。采用恒电流库仓滴定法测定消解液中的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ），测得值（１．６４％）与标样参考值（１．７％）接近，准确度高，相对标准偏差为０．９８％。适于铬渣中Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的日常监测。     

DDTC—TX—100胶束增溶直接光度法测定水中低含量铜

ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ１００对ＤＤＴＣ（二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠）与铜反应生成的络合物Ｃｕ（ＤＤＴＣ）２有增溶增敏作用，建立了低含量铜直接光度测定法。操作简便快速，选择性、精密度和回收率均较好，相对标准偏差为０８％～４３％，回收率为９６％～１０６％，摩尔吸光系数ε＝６４×１０３Ｌ／（ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ     

二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银吸收液配制改进

中图分类号：Ｘ８３２　　文献标识码：Ｃ　文章编号：１００６２００９（１９９９）０５００３６（Ｂ）０１　　采用二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银（ＡｇＤＤＣ）法测定水中砷时，按《水和废水监测分析方法（第３版）》介绍，配制砷吸收液颇为费时，需沉淀放置过夜。加入三乙醇胺又因粘稠难以准确吸量２ｍＬ。为此作如下改进：取ＡｇＤＤＣ０２５ｇ，用少量氯仿调成糊状，直接从盛有三乙醇胺瓶中，以倾倒法加入适量三乙醇胺（只要不超过５ｍＬ即可，否则会使底色明显变深），用氯仿稀释至１００ｍＬ，将容器放入水浴锅中微热（５０±５…     

水体表面微层中DBP和DEHP的色谱测定

建立了用气相色谱（ＧＣ）和反相高效液相色谱（ＲＰＨＰＬＣ）分析邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）的方法。首次在ＨＰＬＣ中用异丙醇作为流动相分离上述两种化合物，取得满意的结果。ＧＣ的检测限为ＤＢＰ２ｎｇ，ＤＥＨＰ２ｎｇ。ＨＰＬＣ的检测限为ＤＢＰ５ｎｇ，ＤＥＨＰ１０ｎｇ。两种方法都有良好的精密度、回收率，并用这两种分析方法分析了湖水水体表面微层水样中的ＤＢＰ和ＤＥＨＰ     

N—苯甲酰苯基羟胺／吡啶偶氮染料配体交换反应萃取分光光度…

在强酸性介质中，ＶＯ＾－３与Ｎ－苯甲酰基羟胺反应生成紫红色络合物，能定量地被ＣＨＣｌ３萃取。萃取液加入２－－５－二乙氨基酚后可发生配体交换反应，并生生成橙红色的Ｖ－５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ络合物，有机相可直接用于光度测定。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。