Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength,hydraulic residence time(HRT),and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product(SMP) production were investigated,to gain insights into the production mechanism.A carrier anaerobic batfled reactor (CABR) treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions,namely,feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L,HRTs of 9-18 h,and temperatures of 10-28℃.Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature.At high temperature (28℃),SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature Was decreased to 18 and 10℃.the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT Therefore,temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) ratio Was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation.SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR.As a secondary metabolite.some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.     

低温热水解对剩余污泥DOM的溶出特征分析

为了研究剩余污泥在低温热处理条件下的理化性质及溶出特征,采用批次试验探究了热处理温度对剩余污泥溶解性有机物（SCOD）、溶解性碳水化合物（SC）、溶解性蛋白质（SP）的溶出变化情况,分析了溶解性有机物质（DOM）荧光组分的平行因子分析模型特征.研究发现,随着热处理温度的升高,SCOD在80℃的破解度增幅最高,在90℃溶出量最大;SC在70℃时溶出率增幅最高,在90℃质量浓度最高;SP在60℃质量浓度最大;挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）在60℃达到最大含量;液相色谱-有机碳测定仪（LC-OCD）分析表明,溶解性有机碳在90℃分子质量浓度最大,但生物聚合类物质的比例在80℃最高;三维荧光平行因子分析（PARAFAC）显示,剩余污泥热处理后的DOM均包含类蛋白质C1（282,324nm）、代谢类蛋白质C2（310,364nm）、可见腐殖酸C3（278/338/358nm,424nm）、土壤富里酸C4（270/318/354nm,476/524nm）,对于热水解法预处理污泥,类蛋白质在80℃下具有最大荧光强度,代谢类蛋白质在60℃下具有最大荧光强度.在60min条件下,污泥中有机物溶出的最佳温度是80℃.     

低温热水解对剩余污泥DOM的溶出特征分析

为了研究剩余污泥在低温热处理条件下的理化性质及溶出特征，采用批次试验探究了热处理温度对剩余污泥溶解性有机物（SCOD）、溶解性碳水化合物（SC）、溶解性蛋白质（SP）的溶出变化情况，分析了溶解性有机物质（DOM）荧光组分的平行因子分析模型特征.研究发现，随着热处理温度的升高，SCOD在80℃的破解度增幅最高，在90℃溶出量最大；SC在70℃时溶出率增幅最高，在90℃质量浓度最高；SP在60℃质量浓度最大；挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）在60℃达到最大含量；液相色谱-有机碳测定仪（LC-OCD）分析表明，溶解性有机碳在90℃分子质量浓度最大，但生物聚合类物质的比例在80℃最高；三维荧光平行因子分析（PARAFAC）显示，剩余污泥热处理后的DOM均包含类蛋白质C1（282，324nm）、代谢类蛋白质C2（310，364nm）、可见腐殖酸C3（278/338/358nm，424nm）、土壤富里酸C4（270/318/354nm，476/524nm），对于热水解法预处理污泥，类蛋白质在80℃下具有最大荧光强度，代谢类蛋白质在60℃下具有最大荧光强度.在60min条件下，污泥中有机物溶出的最佳温度是80℃.     

AFMBR处理低浓度废水的运行特性

采用厌氧流化床膜生物反应器（AFMBR）处理模拟生活污水,研究其启动运行的特性.结果表明,在室温、进水COD 270mg/L的条件下,AFMBR系统经过驯化富集后,其出水SCOD能稳定维持在30mg/L以下,冬季温度降低时,系统产甲烷菌的活性会受到抑制,出水SCOD在30~40mg/L,但仍可满足一级A排放标准.系统的总甲烷转化量在0.182L/g COD去除左右,温度越高气体甲烷的转化量越大,进水COD约有45%转化为甲烷.AFMBR系统连续运行218d的污泥产量为0.071g VSS/g COD,其值要远远低于典型好氧系统的污泥产量.系统的能耗及产能,若只考虑气态甲烷产能,本研究中当HRT降至10h时产能才能满足能耗需求;若考虑所有的甲烷产能,当HRT降至20h时产能即能满足能耗需求,当HRT降至10h时产能是能耗需求的2倍.因此,AFMBR作为一个低耗高效的废水处理系统,具有良好应用潜力.     

碱辅助条件下的污泥微波热水解特性研究

向污泥中加入NaOH进行微波热水解实验.结果表明,每1 g污泥悬浮固体(SS)添加NaOH 0.1 g时,污泥中的挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)快速水解,170℃的VSS溶解率达到60%以上,热水解后污泥的有机物含量(VSS/SS)降低至25%.80、120、150和170℃热水解5 min的污泥液相COD浓度分别为9.8、12.8、15.1和14.5 g/L,相应SCOD/TCOD为24.0%、31.3%、36.9%和35.6%.随温度的升高和时间的延长热水解污泥pH越低,最低值10.5.在每1 g SS添加0~0.2g NaOH的范围内,当添加量0.05 g时,VSS和SS的溶解率增加幅度降低.分别对NaOH添加量0.05 g热水解5 min和添加量0.1 g热水解1 min的污泥进行BMP厌氧消化实验.结果表明,添加量为0.05 g时热水解污泥的厌氧消化性能提高,经150℃处理污泥的产气量最大,比未处理污泥高28.5%,而在添加量为0.1 g时,污泥的厌氧消化性能受到抑制,产气量低于未处理污泥.     

低温热水解和超声联合破解污泥优化工艺的参数研究

针对国内低温热水解和超声联合技术应用于低有机质剩余污泥厌氧消化预处理领域的实验研究和工艺参数缺陷问题,探讨了低于100℃的低温热水解和超声波技术联合破解剩余污泥的技术可行性及工艺参数的优化.以热水解温度和超声能量为控制参数,以污泥破解度、溶解性蛋白质和多糖浓度为分析指标,通过Box-Behnken设计实验,并根据响应曲面法(RSM)构建了污泥破解的二次多项式预测模型,进而得到各影响因素作用下的最佳破解工艺参数.结果表明,温度对污泥破解的影响较超声能量明显.低温热水解和超声联合作用下,最佳工艺组合为温度80℃和超声能量12000kJ/kgTS,该工艺下的污泥破解结果为污泥破解度39.01%,溶解性蛋白质1360.59mg/L和多糖334.52mg/L,该结果与预测值吻合度较高,表明响应曲面模型所得参数较为可靠,能够为实际应用和推广提供参考.     

折流式人工湿地处理校园生活污水试验研究

为解决传统人工湿地运行过程中存在的短路问题,本研究设计了折流式人工湿地污水处理系统,并将其应用于校园生活污水处理的试验研究。为期18个月的试验研究结果表明,系统的最佳水力停留时间（Hlit）为20h。稳定HRT=20h,24℃下折流式人工湿地对COD、TN、TP去除率分别为76．40％、76．12％、65．37％;温度降至12℃时,系统对COD、TN、TP去除率分别降至67．56％、62．75％、61．33％;运行过程中前6格室和整个系统的SS去除率分别为79．5％和87％。基于试验结果,阐明了折流式人工湿地处理生活污水高效稳定的机理。     

不同温度下高温好氧消化工艺的溶氧特性

为探索ATAD(自热式高温好氧消化)污泥系统中ρ(DO)及其对污泥稳定化的影响,分别考察了在不同消化温度下不同成分污泥(初沉泥、二沉泥和混合泥)的E_h(氧化还原电位)、污泥溶胞效果和污泥稳定化效果. 结果表明:在消化的24 d中,尽管曝气充足,但消化前期E_h仍处于0 mV以下,并且随着消化时间的延长,E_h逐渐升至0 mV以上,说明ATAD工艺系统并不是全程好氧状态,消化前期处于兼氧或厌氧状态,后期才呈好氧状态. 65 ℃下容易使细胞破裂发生分解,污泥上清液中ρ(SCOD)(SCOD为可溶性化学需氧量)和ρ(TP)维持较高值,至消化结束时,ρ(SCOD)仍高达13 708 mg/L,ρ(TP)为126.4 mg/L,ρ(PO₄3+-P)为106 mg/L. 尽管消化前期E_h较低,但在15 d时VSS去除率仍超过38%,满足US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)A级污泥VSS去除率的标准. 消化初期的兼氧和厌氧状态没有减缓污泥达到稳定化,因此在合适范围内减少曝气量有利于ATAD工艺的工程化应用.      

Evaluation of factors influencing soluble microbial product in submerged MBR through hybrid ASM model

In this study, a mathematical model was established to predict the formation of the soluble microbial product (SMP) in a submerged membrane bioreactor. The developed model was calibrated under the reference condition. Simulation results were in good agreement with the measured results under the reference condition. The calibrated model was then used in the scenario studies to evaluate the effect of three chosen operating parameters: hydraulic retention time (HRT), dissolved oxygen concentration, and sludge retention time (SRT). Simulation results revealed that the SMP dominated the soluble organic substances in the supernatant. The scenario studies also revealed that the HRT can be decreased to 1 h without deteriorating the effluent quality; dissolved oxygen concentration in the reactor can be kept at 2–3 mg/L to maintain the effluent quality, reduce the content of SMP, and minimize operating costs; the optimal SRT can be controlled to 10–15 d to achieve complete nitrification process, less membrane fouling potential, and acceptable organic removal efficiency.     

Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB reactor treating palm oil mill effluent

A bench-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was applied to the treatment of palm oil mill ettluent (POME).The reactor had been operated continuously at 35℃ for 514 d,with organic loading rate (OLR) increased from 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).The results showed that the EGSB reactor had good performance in terms of COD removal on the one hand,high COD removal of 91% Was obtained at two days’ of hydraulic retention time (HRT),and the highest OLR of 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).On the other hand,only 46% COD in raw POME Was transformed into biogas in which the methane content was about 70% (v/v).A 30-d intermittent experiment indicated that the maximum transformation potential of organic matter in raw POME into methane Was 56%.Volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation was observed in the later operation stage,and this Was settled by supplementing trace metal elements.On the whole,the system exhibited good stability in terms of acidity and alkalinity.Finally, the operational problems inherent in the laboratory scale experiment and the corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.     

低温冰冻预处理对水稻秸秆厌氧发酵产气性能的影响

以水稻秸秆为厌氧发酵原料,在中温（37 ℃）湿式批次发酵条件下,考察了低温冰冻预处理在不同温度（-5,-18,-40,-60 ℃）和不同时间（12,24,36 h）下对水稻秸秆厌氧发酵产气性能影响。实验结果表明:低温冰冻预处理均显著增加了秸秆溶出物COD含量,其中D3处理与对照相比增加了7.65倍。低温冰冻预处理显著降低了木质素含量,降低幅度为16.36%~59.88%。在预处理冰冻温度为-5,-18,-40 ℃下,水稻秸秆厌氧发酵TS产气率和甲烷含量随着预处理时间增加而提高。其中,-60 ℃,24 h处理的厌氧发酵TS产气率与-60 ℃,36 h处理的甲烷含量最高,相较于对照组分别提高了96.46%和209.30%。     

溶解性微生物产物对浸没式膜生物反应器运行的影响

对溶解性微生物产物(SMP)的累积行为及其对浸没式膜生物反应器(SMBR)操作运行的影响进行了研究.在90 d的实验过程中,对总有机碳(TOC)、相对分子质量分布(MWDs)、比耗氧速率(SOUR)进行定期监测,采用死端过滤实验来检测SMP对膜污染的影响.结果表明,在SMBR上清液中SMP出现明显累积;随着实验运行,SMP中相对分子质量大于10000的浓度增加显著;与相对分子质量小于1 000的SMP相比,此部分SMP对污泥活性和膜污染影响较大,对SMBR的出水水质影响较小.     

2450MHz电磁波污泥脱水过程中的温度效应

采用2450MHz电磁波进行污泥脱水,研究电磁波加载过程中污泥温度变化对于剩余污泥性质和溶出效应的影响.研究发现,经电磁波加载后,污泥的容积指数（SVI）随着温度的升高而降低,在温度为80℃时由原泥的130.73mL/g降至最低值95.25mL/g,污泥沉降性能得到改善;经电磁波加载后,污泥离心含水率也随着温度的升高持续降低,最低降到80℃时的93.52%;污泥的毛细吸水时间（CST）在60℃时由原泥的29.4s降至最低值23.2s,污泥比阻（SRF）始终高于初始值,说明电磁波的加载一定程度上可以改善剩余污泥的离心脱水和板框压滤脱水效果,但不利于剩余污泥的真空抽滤.在电磁波加载过程中,检测污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）及上清液中可溶性化学需氧量（SCOD）的含量,发现污泥温度升高有利于污泥胞内物质的溶出.在80℃时,污泥上清液中SCOD含量由初始的124.1mg/L增大到883.4mg/L;同时也发现,温度高于60℃后,污泥中微生物细胞破壁更明显,污泥EPS含量随之发生变化,对污泥脱水性能的影响更加显著.     

Anaerobic treatment of source-separated domestic bio-wastes with an improved upflow solid reactor at a short HRT

Anaerobic treatment is the core technology for resource and energy recovery from source-separated domestic bio-wastes. The higher efficiency of an improved upflow solid reactor(IUSR) designed in this study was demonstrated in the treatment of concentrated black water and kitchen waste. The highest methane production of 48 L/person/day was achieved at the hydraulic retention time(HRT) of 7 days, while the other measures of performance at the HRT of 8.3 days were better than at the HRT of 7 or 10 days, achieving a methane production of 43 L/person/day, removal of total chemical oxygen demand(TCOD)of 89%, removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) of 92%, and conversion of chemical oxygen demand(COD) to methane of 71%. It is not recommended to decrease HRT lower than 7 days due to the instability of the initial period. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids(VFAs) in the IUSR were less than 10 mg/L, indicating that the anaerobic process was stable. Sludge bed development showed that sludge bed with high microbial activity was formed in the bottom and that the precipitation zone of effluents formed should preferably occupy 30% of the height of the IUSR. The effluents of the IUSR could be used for irrigation in agriculture in combination with a settling tank accompanied by disinfection to remove solids and pathogens.     

典型酸碱条件下NO2-对剩余污泥水解产酸的影响

控制温度35℃,在典型pH值条件下(酸性5.0,碱性9.0)对比研究了NO2-对剩余污泥水解酸化性能的影响.结果表明:投加亚硝酸盐促进了剩余污泥的水解,提高了总可溶性COD(SCOD)产量,且随着时间的进行,酸性时比碱性时水解程度更高,到第28d时,总SCOD浓度由高到低依次为B1(pH=5且加NO2-),B2(pH=9且加NO2-),B4(pH=9且未加NO2-),B3(pH=5且未加NO2-);B1,B2,B3和B4中总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFAs)最高浓度分别为4476,4303,1350和2921mg/L,表明亚硝酸盐同样增强了污泥的酸化程度,并且酸性条件时促进作用更大.除此之外,酸性且投加NO2-的条件可以有效减少氨氮的释放.     

厌氧膜生物反应器处理市政污水的产甲烷性能及微生物代谢特征

厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor, AnMBR)作为一种新型厌氧处理技术,可高效去除污水中的有机物并以CH₄的形式回收再利用,降低污水处理能耗与碳排量,助力实现“双碳”目标. 为评估AnMBR处理市政污水时的能源回收潜力,进一步揭示处理系统工艺特性,考察了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time, HRT)下AnMBR处理市政污水的污染物去除及产甲烷性能、微生物代谢产物及微生物群落组成特征. 结果表明:①在室温条件下,HRT从24 h缩短至3.2 h过程中反应器均可实现高效的化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)去除与产甲烷性能,COD去除效率稳定在95%以上,进水77%以上的COD转化为CH₄,出水COD浓度低至(21.2±7.8) mg/L. ②反应器中溶解性微生物代谢产物(soluble microbial products, SMP)浓度为70~200 mg/L(以COD计),蛋白质/多糖(含量比,下同)为4.3~5.5,远高于胞外聚合物中的蛋白质/多糖(2.0~4.0),膜污染潜力高. ③微生物群落分析发现,产甲烷古菌与细菌的丰度比与固体停留时间(solid retention time, SRT)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),且不同粒径颗粒中微生物群落组成差异显著,产甲烷古菌在粒径≥10 μm的颗粒中丰度较高,维持混合液挥发性悬浮固体浓度(MLVSS)在8.0~11.5 g/L之间、SRT在60~80 d之间可避免功能菌群失衡. 研究显示,AnMBR处理市政污水可实现良好的污染物去除效果与产甲烷性能,但过长的SRT会导致污泥浓度过高、SMP浓度增大以及产甲烷古菌丰度降低,影响反应器高效稳定运行.      

Impact of Fenton and ozone on oxidation of wastewater containing nitroaromatic compounds

Fenton and ozone treatment was investigated at laboratory scale for the degradation of aqueous solutions of nitrobenzene (NB).Effects of reactants concentration (O3,H2O2,and Fe(II)),temperature,and pH on NB degradation were monitored.Reaction kinetic of these processes was also assessed.A rapid reaction took place for Fenton process at higher initial concentration of H2O2,higher temperatures,and more acidic conditions(pH 3).Similarly, ozonation reaction exhibited rapid rates for higher ozone dose,higher temperatures,and more basic conditions(pH 11).Complete NB degradation in 65 min Was achieved using Fenton process.The conditions of complete elimination of 100 mg/L of initial NB concentration,were 250 mg/L of H2O2 concentration,pH 3,and 10 mg/L of Fe(Ⅱ) concentration.Under these conditions,55% organic carbon elimination Was achieved.Total organic carbon mineralization Was attained in 240 min reaction time by Fenton process with 900 mg/L of H2O2 concentration,and 30 mg/L of Fe(II) concentration.Fenton reaction showed a pseudo-first order kinetic;the reaction rate constant Was ranged from 0.0226 to 0.0658 min-1.Complete NB degradation wag also achieyed for an ozone dose of the order of 2.5 g/L.The ozonation Was studied at different ozone doses.different initial pH(7-11)and at difierent temperatures(15-35℃).NB ozonation kinetic Was represented by a bi-molecular kinetic model which was reduced to pseudo-first order kinetic.The pseudo-first order reaction rate constant was determined to increase at 20℃ from 0.004 to 0.020 min-1 as the used ozone increased from 0.4 to 1.9g/L.     

Enhancement of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of thickened waste activated sludge by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment

Pretreatment of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment (MAP) was studied to improve thermophilic anaerobic digestion efficiency. Uniform design was applied to determine the combination of target temperature (110–210°C), microwave holding time (1–51 min), and NaOH dose (0–2.5 g NaOH/g suspended solids (SS)) in terms of their effect on volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization. Maximum solubilization ratio (85.1%) of VSS was observed at 210°C with 0.2 g-NaOH/g-SS and 35 min holding time. The effects of 12 different pretreatment methods were investigated in 28 thermophilic batch reactors by monitoring cumulative methane production (CMP). Improvements in methane production in the TWAS were directly related to the microwave and alkaline pretreatment of the sludge. The highest CMP was a 27% improvement over the control. In spite of the increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration and the decrease in dewaterability of digested sludge, a semi-continuous thermophilic reactor fed with pretreated TWAS without neutralization (at 170°C with 1 min holding time and 0.05 g NaOH/g SS) was stable and functioned well, with volatile solid (VS) and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) reductions of 28% and 18%, respectively, which were higher than those of the control system. Additionally, methane yields (L@STP/g-CODadded, at standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions of 0°C and 101.325 kPa) and (L@STP/g VSadded) increased by 17% and 13%, respectively, compared to the control reactor.     

超声联合低温热水解促进剩余污泥破解和厌氧消化的研究

为了探索超声和低温热水解预处理技术对剩余污泥厌氧消化性能的影响,进行了单独超声、单独热水解和二者联合的实验研究.以温度和超声能量为控制参数,研究了不同预处理技术对污泥破解度DD（Disintegration degree of SCOD）和有机质溶出的影响.结果表明：联合预处理技术对DD和有机质浓度的增加效果比超声和热水解单独作用之和分别高4.04%、36.62mg/L. DD和实际输入能量之间存在较高的线性相关性（R²=0.977）,即在本研究条件下,输入能量越高,污泥破解效果越好.超声和热水解联合预处理后污泥厌氧消化产甲烷量较原泥增加了30.2%～55.4%.DD和厌氧消化性能之间存在二次非线性关系（R²=0.821）,且厌氧消化性能最高达到877.76LCH₄/kg VSS去除,该峰值出现在超声能量12000kJ/kg TS和热水解温度80℃联合作用条件下.     

pH对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产生的COD、磷及氨氮的影响

城市污水处理厂产生的污泥按照来源的不同可以分为初沉污泥和剩余污泥,通过采用控制pH值的方法,在20～22℃条件下,研究了剩余污泥在不同pH条件下厌氧发酵的情况.结果表明:将剩余污泥的pH值控制为8.0～10.0,在20d的厌氧发酵时间内,溶出的COD(SCOD)要大于pH为5.0～7.0,特别是pH=10.0和pH=11.0时的SCOD值是pH=6.0时的10倍左右,并且第8d产生的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)也为碱性条件大于酸性条件;但酸性条件下溶出的磷及氨氮大于碱性条件.