丁草胺在土壤中吸附特性研究

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了丁草胺在三种不同有机质含量土壤中的吸附特性曲线,采用批量平衡法,用三种土壤对丁草胺进行吸附,并通过改变三种土壤的投加量、温度和pH进行实验。实验结果表明,丁草胺在三种不同土壤中的吸附平衡时间大约为12h,以快速吸附为主,土壤的有机质含量是影响土壤吸附性能的重要因素,土壤有机质含量与土壤对农药的吸附呈正相关,土壤的投加量越大固相中的吸附量也越大,丁草胺在土壤中的吸附随着温度的升高而减弱,但影响并不明显;碱性条件不利于土壤对丁草胺的吸附量。     

施肥类型和水热变化对农田土壤氮素矿化及可溶性有机氮动态变化的影响

为了揭示土壤水分、温度和添加不同氮肥对大沽河流域农田土壤氮素矿化的影响,设置对照(CK)、添加尿素N 120mg·kg~(-1)(Ur)和添加尿素N 36 mg·kg~(-1)+有机肥(相当于添加N 120 mg·kg~(-1),UM)这3个处理进行为期84 d的室内恒温培养实验,实验共设3个培养温度(15、25和35℃)和3个水分梯度[60%、75%和90%田间持水量(WHC)].结果表明,施肥类型和培养温度对土壤氮素矿化速率、累积矿化量和氮潜在矿化势(N0)均具有显著影响(P0.01).与CK处理相比,Ur和UM处理的矿化速率和累积矿化量分别增加了1.46~8.17和2.00~8.15倍.各施肥处理的土壤氮矿化速率和累积矿化氮量随温度升高而增加,且各温度梯度之间差异均达到显著水平(P0.05).与未施肥处理相比,Ur和UM施肥处理均能够显著提高土壤中可溶性有机氮(SON)的含量,且施肥处理土壤中SON含量与氮素累积矿化量之间有显著负相关关系,表明SON作为一个不可忽视的组分,参与了土壤氮素矿化过程.升高温度能显著提高土壤中SON的矿化速率和矿化强度,但水分对各处理土壤的SON无显著影响.此外,施肥处理显著降低了土壤氮矿化的温度敏感性(Q10)(P0.05),尿素配施有机肥处理的土壤的氮矿化温度敏感系数最低(Q10=1.01),说明配施有机肥显著降低了土壤氮素矿化速率对温度变化响应的强度,这有利于减缓高温条件下矿质氮的释放速率,并提升作物对氮素的利用效率.     

型煤燃烧固硫中的温度效应

以氧化钙作为固硫剂的型煤中适当加入Ｆｅ,Ｓｉ添加剂组分,燃烧生成新的固硫体系后进行了２种不同温度条件下的进样实验。１．型煤样品分成６份,进行逐渐升温实验,分别加热到１１７０℃－１２２０℃,温度间隔１０℃,恒温１／４ｈ,２．型煤样品分成７份,进行先升温后进样实验,将加热炉分别升温至要求温度１０００℃－１２２０℃＋后进样,温度间隔５０℃,恒温１／２ｈ,实验表明：在Ｆｅ,Ｓｉ体系的型煤燃烧过程中,当进样     

初温和终温对废轮胎热解产物分布影响

以热重分析和固定床热解实验为基础,研究初温和终温对废轮胎热解产率及气相产物特性影响。实验结果表明:废轮胎的热解过程存在两个主要失重过程,第一失重温度区间为200～500℃,第二失重温度区间为650～800℃;升温速率仅改变了热解的最大失重速率,并未改变废轮胎最终热解失重率。固定床实验表明:初始温度低于100℃时,废轮胎在800℃时热解已基本结束;当终温为800℃,初始温度在100～550℃范围内时,随着初始温度的提高,固、气两相产物产率均提高,而液相产物产率降低;其中气相中H2、CO、CH4的含量高于初始温度小于100℃时的含量;分析认为:可通过调节热解的初始温度调节废轮胎热解在不同热解阶段的时间分配,适当提高热解初始温度有利于提高整个热解过程中的时间利用效率、改变废轮胎热解产物的分布;废轮胎热解气化的最佳温度区间为500～800℃。     

熔融制样XRF法测定海洋沉积物中10种主量元素的条件优化

采用四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂混合熔剂（67∶33）,硝酸锂为氧化剂,溴化锂为脱模剂,熔融制作样片,利用X射线荧光光谱仪,用土壤、水系沉积物和海洋沉积物等标准物质拟合校准曲线,系统研究了熔剂、稀释比、脱模剂、熔融温度与时间对测定结果的影响,并分析了产生这些影响的机理,优化改进了X射线荧光光谱(XRF)法同时测定海洋沉积物中主量组分(Na₂O、MgO、Al₂O₃、SiO₂、P₂O₅、K₂O、CaO、Fe₂O₃、MnO、Ti₂O)的分析方法。结果表明,当样品与混合熔剂在熔融稀释比例为1∶10的条件下混合均匀,在700 ℃预氧化200 s,升温至1050 ℃熔融10 min,实验优化获得高质量的熔片,较大的稀释比与未知烧失量（loss on ignition,缩写为LOI）校正结合,无需对样品烧失量进行校正,简化了分析步骤。对海洋沉积物标准物质GBW07314进行精密度考察,各组分含量的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.32%～2.05%,方法检出限为70～270 μg/g。对海洋沉积物、水系沉积物、岩石矿物和土壤4类标准样品进行准确度考察,测定值与标准推荐值无显著性差异。表明方法准确可靠,能满足地质与地理类海洋沉积物、水系沉积物、岩石矿物和土壤等样品准确定量分析。     

基于Meta-analysis的生物炭对土壤硝态氮淋失和磷酸盐固持影响

如何控制农业土壤硝态氮和磷酸盐淋失及其所导致的面源污染是人类社会当前面临的一个重要的全球性环境问题.生物炭因其在土壤改良方面表现出的巨大潜力而备受关注,针对其应用对土壤养分保持、利用的影响也展开了诸多研究.然而,已有的独立实验研究所报道的相关结果之间存在很大的差异,使得生物炭减少土壤硝态氮和磷酸盐淋失的潜在机制以及适宜生物炭制备条件（生物炭类型）等方面尚不明确.基于荟萃分析（MA）方法,通过整合不同文献中的实验结果,系统研究了生物炭对土壤硝态氮淋失和磷酸盐固持影响及其内在机制.总体上,生物炭能够显著减少硝态氮淋失37.1%,显著提高磷酸盐固持20.8%;从各影响因素分组的结果来看,生物炭碳氮比、热解温度和添加率对硝态氮淋失响应具有显著影响;而生物炭比表面积、热解温度和土壤有机碳含量对磷酸盐固持响应具有显著影响.基于MA得到的结果,分别从不同的角度探讨了生物炭降低土壤硝态氮淋失和提高磷酸盐固持的潜在机制.综合上述结果,秸秆和木质类原料、中高温热解温度（400~600℃）条件下制备的生物炭适宜于减少硝态氮的淋失;秸秆和木质类原料、高温热解温度（>600℃）条件下制备的生物炭适宜于提高磷酸盐的固持.研究结果能够为更好地指导生物炭用于控制土壤硝态氮和磷酸盐面源污染的实践应用提供科学理论依据.     

不同干燥方式对喀斯特流域土壤氮形态测定的影响

不同预处理方式对不同类型土壤样品氮含量的分析结果具有不同程度的影响,尤其是对喀斯特流域石灰性土壤氮含量测定影响的相关研究较少,其影响程度和机理尚不清楚。本研究通过采集喀斯特流域乌江中上游四种不同土壤质地表层土壤(0～20 cm),对比了实验室内不同干燥方式和野外现场提取对氮含量测定结果的影响。结果发现石灰性土壤在干燥过程中,不同氮形态含量总体均表现出烘干土>风干土>新鲜土,表明烘干和风干过程会造成氮含量的测定结果相对于现场提取有不同程度的增加。在不同温度烘干过程中,NH₄⁺-N和有机氮(N_org)的增加量与温度成正比,并且在不同的温度条件下可能受不同氮转化机理的控制,升温会促进土壤的矿化作用以及N_org的转化,而当温度较高(105 ℃)时,土壤中氮的增加还可能来自于微生物自身在高温条件下的分解;烘干过程中,不同温度处理下的NO₃^--N含量之间没有明显差异,但均显著高于现场提取测定的结果,其中40 ℃下的烘干土中NO₃^--N含量最高,表明在该温度条件下硝化作用和矿化作用达到峰值,造成了NO₃^--N的累积。不同质地的土壤在干燥过程中各氮形态的增加量也有差异,可能由于不同土壤中微生物种类和活性的差异在烘干过程中对氮的固定效率不同。本研究明确了喀斯特流域石灰性土壤中不同形态氮在不同预处理方式下具有区别于其它地区土壤的特征,研究结果可以为未来研究喀斯特地区土壤氮循环过程以及氮评价等提供参考和技术示范。     

农药与土壤的关系

农药一旦进入土壤就可能被破坏而与土壤分子相结合或转移到临近的水土中。这一过程受土壤的某些控制。这些性质包括;土壤的温度、pH以及土壤中水分,粒土、有机质和微生物的量。土壤的粘土类型和有机质的含量是确定有多少被土壤吸收的最重要因素有机质含量也是确定有多少农药与土壤进行了化学结合的重要因素,这种结合是实验室内测试土壤中的农     

变温环境对典型石灰土有机碳矿化的影响

采用野外采样和室内培养试验,研究了不同土地利用类型(林地和旱地)下的石灰土表层土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化对变温环境的响应.两种供试土样分别采自贵州省普定县天龙山区域的典型林地和旱地的0~10 cm表层.在培养试验中,依据积温相同的原则,设置变温(范围:15~25℃,变温间隔12 h)和恒温(20℃)两个温度处理,培养时间为56 d.在整个培养期内,旱地石灰土变温处理的SOC累积矿化量(63.32 mg·kg-1)虽略低于恒温处理(63.96 mg·kg-1),但两者之间差异不显著,而森林石灰土变温处理的SOC累积矿化量(169.46 mg·kg-1)则显著低于恒温处理(209.52 mg·kg-1)(P<0.05),这表明不同土地利用类型的石灰土SOC矿化对变温环境的响应不同.受植被和土地利用类型的影响,森林石灰土和旱地石灰土表层的SOC含量和组成差异显著,这可能是导致其SOC矿化对变温环境响应差异的重要原因.另外,各温度处理中,土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量与SOC日均矿化量之间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明制约土壤DOC生成是温度影响土壤有机碳矿化的一个重要途径.在培养过程中,土壤微生物量碳含量不能有效反映恒温和变温下的SOC矿化差异,结合矿化动力学分析可知,同恒温相比,变温虽然不能通过改变微生物数量来影响SOC矿化,但能通过改变微生物群落的总体活性来影响SOC矿化过程.     

黄土高原不同植被覆盖下土壤有机碳的分布特征及其同位素组成研究

土壤有机碳（SOC）含量及其8^13C值随深度变化的趋势可以反映植物残体的输入及其在土壤中分解累积特征,有助于揭示SOC循环过程及规律。本研究以黄土高原不同植被类型覆盖条件下的黄土剖面为研究对象,通过测定土壤属性、SOC含量和植物优势种、枯枝落叶、土壤有机质的稳定同位素组成,对该区域SOC深度分布和有机质8”C值组成差...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.