纳米TiO_2光催化-超滤法处理模拟二级出水

采用纳米TiO_2光催化-超滤对模拟二级出水进行处理。分别考察了纳米TiO_2光催化剂的投加量、光催化反应时间、光催化过程曝气量、膜出水通量以及回流比对废水中污染物去除率的影响。结果表明:光催化反应最优处理工况,纳米TiO_2投加量250 mg/L、反应时间150 min、曝气量为1.0 L/min、膜出水通量为115 L/(m~2·h)、错流过滤的回流比200%;在此工况条件下,出水的UV254和TOC的去除率分别为96%和84%。     

高浓度钻井废水的混凝-催化氧化处理

以华北油田某深井的高浓度钻井废水(COD高达14 460.0 mg/L)为研究对象,提出了酸化-混凝-催化氧化-吸附的组合处理工艺。重点研制了钻井废水催化氧化处理催化剂(镍基催化剂),通过实验确定了最佳工艺参数条件。着重考察了催化氧化处理的工艺条件,在pH值为4,次氯酸钙投加量为4.4 g/L,催化剂投加量为1.6 g/L的条件下COD降至403.5 mg/L,进一步吸附处理后COD降至139.9 mg/L、色度为30倍、石油类含量为3.8 mg/L、pH为8.0和SS浓度为52mg/L,最终出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)二级标准,处理成本为84.8元/m3。     

TiO_2/活性炭光催化技术在印染废水深度处理中的应用研究

通过TiO2／活性炭光催化剂的光催化氧化作用，对印染废水的生化处理出水进行深度处理。实验考察了pH值、催化剂负载次数、光照时间、催化剂投加量等因素对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：催化剂负载次数为4次，光照时间30min，催化剂投加量为3g时，处理效果最佳。此时出水COD达到50mg／L，色度为2，达到印染行业回用水的标准。     

微絮凝-超滤工艺处理微污染水源水的中试研究

进行了微絮凝．超滤工艺处理微污染水源水的中试研究。试验结果表明：在微絮凝-超滤工艺中，相同混凝剂投加量（相同金属摩尔浓度）下铁盐比铝盐的混凝效果好；微絮凝-超滤工艺的最佳絮凝时间为120s左右；最佳混凝剂投加量为2．2mg／L（以Fe计）。微絮凝-超滤工艺在改善出水水质和缓解膜污染方面均优于直接超滤工艺。微絮凝-超滤工艺的出水水质均符合建设部《城市供水水质标准》（CJ／T206-2005）要求。     

微絮凝-超滤工艺处理微污染水源水的中试研究

进行了微絮凝-超滤工艺处理微污染水源水的中试研究.试验结果表明:在微絮凝-超滤工艺中,相同混凝剂投加量(相同金属摩尔浓度)下铁盐比铝盐的混凝效果好;微絮凝-超滤工艺的最佳絮凝时间为120 s左右;最佳混凝剂投加量为2.2 mg/L(以Fe计).微絮凝-超滤工艺在改善出水水质和缓解膜污染方面均优于直接超滤工艺.微絮凝-超滤工艺的出水水质均符合建设部<城市供水水质标准>(CJ/T206-2005)要求.     

微米级负载型TiO_2催化剂在光催化-膜分离反应器中的应用

基于光催化-膜分离三相流化床反应器的结构特点及膜分离特性,以微米级MCM-41分子筛为载体,采用原位生成法制备微米级负载型TiO2催化剂。针对微米级负载型TiO2催化剂在光催化-膜分离反应器中的分布特性、悬浮特性、分离特性及膜污染特性进行研究。结果表明,曝气量一定的情况下,微米级负载型TiO2催化剂在光催化-膜分离反应器中具有良好的悬浮特性,且优于纳米TiO2。随着催化剂投加量的增加,悬浮浓度也随之增加。光催化反应器底部曝气0.3m3/h、催化剂投加量为1 g/L时为宜。膜分离器中催化剂悬浮浓度明显低于光催化反应器;该微米级催化剂与纳米TiO2相比具有不粘附、不堵塞膜孔等优良特性,能够有效降低膜污染,延长分离膜使用寿命。膜底曝气为0.1 m3/h时,反应器连续运行5 h(未加反冲洗)后,微米级负载型TiO2催化剂和纳米TiO2对膜组件的污染程度分别为膜通量衰减率4.3%和37.4%。反应器连续运行72 h,膜组件依然具有很好的分离特性。     

预除氧-沉淀-柱式膜分离组合工艺处理模拟含碘放射性废水

为了优化沉淀-微滤组合除碘工艺,开发预除氧-沉淀-柱式膜分离组合工艺处理模拟含碘放射性废水,考察了小试实验的除碘效果、出水水质及连续出水、间歇出水模式的柱式膜污染情况。结果表明:使用Na_2SO_3作除氧剂、Cu~(2+)作催化剂对原水进行预除氧,投加量分别为150 mg·L~(-1)和1 mg·L~(-1);沉淀剂CuCl投加量为100 mg·L~(-1)。实验装置连续运行216 h,累积处理水量为2 160 L,运行稳定后,I-平均去除率为93.9%,出水水质较稳定,出水Cu2+须进行后续处理。产生污泥的体积较小,浓缩倍数为8 640。间歇出水模式有利于减缓膜污染,柱式膜的最终膜比通量降至初始膜比通量的47%。与沉淀-微滤工艺相比,预除氧-沉淀-柱式膜分离组合工艺装置简单,运行成本降低。     

含表面活性剂的采油废水催化氧化处理

对含有表面活性剂的废水(以下简称表活废水)进行了傅里叶红外光谱分析(FTIR),结果表明,废水中所含表面活性剂主要为环烷酸钠。采用次氯酸钙(Ca(ClO)2)和活性炭-Ni催化氧化处理,在Ca(ClO)2投加量为4 500 mg/L,活性炭-Ni投加量为7 000 mg/L时,反应90 min,出水COD为158.91 mg/L,去除率达62.92%。催化氧化出水经沸石吸附处理,在pH为6.85,吸附时间为2 h,沸石投加量为17 g/L的条件下,吸附出水COD和油含量分别为88.92 mg/L和2.53mg/L,去除率分别为45.65%和90.02%,均达到《污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)》的一级标准要求。催化剂活性炭-Ni和吸附剂沸石均具有较稳定的活性,在重复使用20次后,出水COD的去除率仅分别降低了1.16%和1.32%。     

沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺参数优化研究

简述了沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺(ZCS工艺)的工艺原理,选取了影响沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺污水处理效果的影响因素,通过正交实验,优化了工艺的运行参数.在优化结果为泥龄(SRT)40 d、沸石投加量16.8 g/L、外回流比(R)1、内回流比(r)1、A池碳源投加比(m)0、吸附池溶解氧(DO吸)1 mh/L和O池溶解氧(DOO)2 mg/L的条件下稳定运行后,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中一级B标准的要求.     

强化除磷型A/O-MBR工艺运行稳定性

采用缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器(A/O-MBR)处理合成的生活污水,考察了投加不同浓度的聚合氯化铝(PAC)对该工艺在除磷效能及运行稳定性方面的影响。结果表明,投加PAC可以有效降低出水TP的浓度;在投加量为150 mg/L时,TP的去除率达到最优,为90.1%,出水浓度维持0.48 mg/L左右,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)的一级A标准。投加一定量的PAC可以有效提高微生物的活性;此外,可以降低污泥絮体的Zeta电位,增大污泥絮体的粒径,降低胞外聚合物(EPS)中多糖的浓度,进而有效延缓膜污染的速率。     

Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process

The occurrence and the fate of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ni) during the wastewater treatment process were investigated in the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, operating in the activated sludge mode. For this purpose, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from six different points of the plant, namely, the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of the primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE), the effluent of the secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE), sludge from the primary sedimentation tank (primary sludge, PS), activated sludge from the recirculation stream (activated sludge, AS), and the digested/dewatered sludge (final sludge, FS).

The distribution of metals between the aqueous and the solid phase of wastewater was investigated. Good exponential correlation was found between the metal partition coefficient, logK_p, and the suspended solids concentration. The mass balance of heavy metals in the primary, secondary and the whole treatment process showed good closures for all metal species. The relative distribution of individual heavy metals in the treated effluent and the sludge streams indicated that Mn and Cu are primarily (>70%) accumulated in the sludge, while 47–63% of Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn remain in the treated effluent.     

一维分层弥散模型在二沉池模拟中的应用

通过在二沉池一维分层模型中加入弥散作用建立了二沉池一维分层弥散模型,并采用数值求解的方法开发了二沉池模拟程序.利用竖流式沉淀池中试试验实测数据验证了模型的可靠性,以COST(欧洲科技领域研究合作组织)624/682文件中基准污水处理厂二沉池晴天时的稳态和动态进水数据为模型输入值,分析比较了一维分层弥散模型模拟程序与国外成熟软件的模拟结果.结果表明,纳入了弥散作用的一维分层模型能较好地描述实际二沉池中的悬浮固体浓度分布,模拟结果具有较好的精度,有待于在二沉池模拟和控制领域进一步深入研究.     

Recent developments in MnO2-based photocatalysts for organic dye removal: a review

The textile industry consumes a large volume of organic dyes and water. These organic dyes, which remained in the effluents, are usually persistent and difficult to degrade by conventional wastewater treatment techniques. If the wastewater is not treated properly and is discharged into water system, it will cause environmental pollution and risk to living organisms. To mitigate these impacts, the photo-driven catalysis process using semiconductor materials emerges as a promising approach. The semiconductor photocatalysts are able to remove the organic effluent through their mineralization and decolorization abilities. Besides the commonly used titanium dioxide (TiO₂), manganese dioxide (MnO₂) is a potential photocatalyst for wastewater treatment. MnO₂ has a narrow bandgap energy of 1~2 eV. Thus, it possesses high possibility to be driven by visible light and infrared light for dye degradation. This paper reviews the MnO₂-based photocatalysts in various aspects, including its fundamental and photocatalytic mechanisms, recent progress in the synthesis of MnO₂ nanostructures in particle forms and on supporting systems, and regeneration of photocatalysts for repeated use. In addition, the effect of various factors that could affect the photocatalytic performance of MnO₂ nanostructures are discussed, followed by the future prospects of the development of this semiconductor photocatalysts towards commercialization.

     

活性污泥的耐盐驯化培养

以某污水处理厂二沉池好氧污泥为接种污泥,采用逐步提高盐度和稳定盐度2种方法对活性污泥进行耐盐性驯化培养,考察驯化结果表明,前一种方法更有利于耐盐菌的培养。对比不同盐度情况下各项指标的去除效果得出:本实验污泥适宜盐度为1%。使用稳定进水盐度的方法,出水指标及各指标的去除率均低于逐步提高盐度法,且镜检结果表明大量微生物死亡。     

焦化废水深度处理试验研究

采用BC法＋复合过滤技术工艺对焦化废水生化出水进行深度处理试验。结果表明，在SE混凝剂投药量为30 mg/L、BC池停留时间为1.5 h、复合过滤器水力负荷为2.4 m³/（m²·h）的条件下，当深度处理进水水质为COD＝196.1 mg/L、色度＝120倍、NH₃-N＝35.1 mg/L时，其去除率分别为74.7%、86.7%和69.7%，出水可达回用水要求。     

Photocatalytic degradation of mixed gaseous carbonyl compounds at low level on adsorptive TiO2/SiO2 photocatalyst using a fluidized bed reactor

An adsorptive silica-supported titania photocatalyst TiO(2)/SiO(2) was prepared by using nanosized titania (anatase) immobilized on silica gel by the sol-gel technique with the titanium tetra isopropoxide as the main raw material and acetic acid as the acid catalyst. Meanwhile the structure and properties of the TiO(2)/SiO(2) photocatalyst were studied by means of many modern analysis techniques such as TEM, XRD, and BET. Gas-solid heterogeneous photocatalytic decomposition of four carbonyl compounds mixture at low concentration levels over ultraviolet irradiated TiO(2)/SiO(2) photocatalyst were carried out with high degradation efficiencies in a coaxial triple-cylinder-type fluidized bed photocatalytic reactor, which provided efficient continuous contact of ultraviolet photons, silica-supported titania photocatalyst, and gaseous reactants. Experimental results showed that the photocatalyst had a high adsorption performance and a good photocatalytic activity for four carbonyl compounds mixture. Some factors influencing the photocatalytic decomposition of the mixed carbonyl compounds, i.e. the gas flowrate, relative humidity, concentration of oxygen, and illumination time, were discussed in detail. It is found that the photocatalytic reaction rate of four carbonyl compounds decreased in this order: propionaldehyde, acetone, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde.     

曝气+化学絮凝法预处理环氧丙烷废水简

根据环氧丙烷废水的特点，应用电化学法处理具有较高的可行性。运用电化学法处理PO废水前必须进行废水预处理，用以提高电流效率和延长极板寿命。采用曝气和化学絮凝结合的方法去除PO废水中的Ca²⁺，同时去除部分COD。对曝气、无机絮凝剂（PACl、PFS）和有机絮凝剂（PAM）对PO废水处理过程中的曝气量、曝气时间、投药量、复配和沉降时间等主要影响因子进行了实验研究，通过比较Ca²⁺、COD的去除效果、絮凝剂用量、沉降时间、处理成本等方面，在设定的实验参数下得到最佳预处理方案为：曝气量为2.5 L/min，曝气45 min，投加Na₂CO₃粉末24 kg/t 废水，充分混匀后加入PFS+PAM复配絮凝剂。本方案具有废水处理效果好（Ca²⁺的去除率为77.03%，COD的去除率为37.46%）、投药量少（（100+7.5）g/t废水）、沉降时间短（5 min）、处理成本低（0.675元/t废水）等优点。通过对比经预处理和不经预处理后电化学法对COD去除效果、电流和处理后阴极表面，验证了预处理方案的必要性与可行性。     

偶氮二异庚腈生产废水处理试验和工程调试

偶氮二异庚腈的生产过程中产生大量的废水,其有机物和氨氮含量高,生化性差.为解决其处理达标问题,采用氨氮吹脱-上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)-A/O- NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化的组合工艺对其进行了试验研究.结果表明,该工艺对COD、氨氮的去除率分别达到99％、98％以上.并在此试验研究的基础上,投资建设了一个污水处理站,采用氨氮吹脱-UASB-A/O-二级好氧-NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化-气浮池的组合工艺,经过一年多的运行,出水水质稳定,对COD、氨氮的去除率分别为99％、98％以上,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准.     

Competitive removal of pharmaceuticals from environmental waters by adsorption and photocatalytic degradation

This work explores the competitive removal of pharmaceuticals from synthetic and environmental waters by combined adsorption-photolysis treatment. Five drugs usually present in waterways have been used as target compounds, some are pseudo-persistent pollutants (carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and sulfamethoxazole) and others are largely consumed (diclofenac and ibuprofen). The effect of the light source on adsorption of drugs onto activated carbons followed by photolysis with TiO₂ was assessed, being UV-C light the most effective for drug removal in both deionized water and river water. Different composites prepared from titania nanoparticles and powdered activated carbons were tested in several combined adsorption-photocatalysis assays. The composites prepared by calcination at 400 °C exhibited much better performance than those synthesized at 500 °C, being the C400 composite the most effective one. Furthermore, some synthetic waters containing dissolved species and environmental waters were used to investigate the effect of the aqueous matrix on each drug removal. In general, photocatalyst deactivation was found in synthetic and environmental waters. This was particularly evident in the experiments performed with bicarbonate ions as well as with wastewater effluent. In contrast, tests conducted in seawater showed adsorption and photocatalytic degradation yields comparable to those obtained in deionized water. Considering the peculiarities of substrate competition in each aqueous matrix, the combined adsorption-photolysis treatment generally increased the overall elimination of drugs in water.     

A2O工艺中N2O的产生与逸散特征简

目前污水处理过程中产生温室气体的问题已经引起普遍关注。本文通过实验室小试，研究了不同污水水质条件下A²O工艺中N₂O的产生特征，以及氧化亚氮还原酶编码基因nosZ含量对N₂O产生量的影响。结果表明，在A²O工艺中的各单元均有N₂O产生，其中厌氧池产生量最大，约占总产生量的32%~85%；A²O工艺产生的N₂O主要通过逸散进入大气，少量随二沉池出水进入到环境中。N₂O的产生量与污泥中nosZ的含量成负相关，而碳源和DO对含有nosZ基因的反硝化细菌有明显的影响，低DO环境和充足的碳源能够极大的促进其含量的提高，从而显著减少N₂O的产生量。