微絮凝-超滤工艺处理微污染水源水的中试研究

进行了微絮凝-超滤工艺处理微污染水源水的中试研究.试验结果表明:在微絮凝-超滤工艺中,相同混凝剂投加量(相同金属摩尔浓度)下铁盐比铝盐的混凝效果好;微絮凝-超滤工艺的最佳絮凝时间为120 s左右;最佳混凝剂投加量为2.2 mg/L(以Fe计).微絮凝-超滤工艺在改善出水水质和缓解膜污染方面均优于直接超滤工艺.微絮凝-超滤工艺的出水水质均符合建设部<城市供水水质标准>(CJ/T206-2005)要求.     

微絮凝直接过滤-超滤组合工艺深度处理印染废水

采用微絮凝直接过滤作为超滤的预处理工艺，对印染废水二级出水进行深度处理。考察了微絮凝直接过滤一超滤组合工艺处理效果和不同预处理方式砂滤、微絮凝、微絮凝直接过滤对超滤膜污染影响。实验结果表明，微絮凝直接过滤-超滤组合工艺对浊度、色度和COD平均去除率为99．2％、87％和56％；出水水质能满足《城市杂用水水质标准》（GB／T18920—2002）；与其他预处理方式相比，微絮凝直接过滤能大大地减轻超滤膜的负荷，延缓膜的污染，微絮凝直接过滤是一较优预处理工艺。由于采用变孔隙滤料，该系统具有用药量省的优点。     

污水深度处理微絮凝-D型滤池工艺运行性能与经济性分析

根据昆明市第一污水处理厂深度处理微絮凝-D型滤池工艺的运行数据,评价了工艺出水水质及总磷(TP)去除效果,同时分析了混凝剂投加量及药剂费用。结果表明,微絮凝-D型滤池工艺出水TP平均浓度为0.15 mg/L,最优水平值为0.05 mg/L,95%保证值为0.37 mg/L,TP平均去除率为63.6%。出水悬浮固体(SS)浓度95%保证值为10 mg/L。混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)的投加量在1.5~4 mg Al2O3/L范围波动,去除单位TP的PAC投加量平均值为16.7 mg Al2O3/mg-P,投加比为2~8 mol-Al/mol-P。当投加比超过5时,出水TP浓度可达到0.3 mg/L以下。吨水PAC成本平均值为0.017元/t。     

微絮凝/超滤组合工艺处理实际印染废水

选择微生物絮凝剂(MBF)作为絮凝剂,采用微絮凝/超滤组合工艺处理实际印染废水,开展微絮凝的影响因素、正交实验及超滤处理过程的运行参数等方面研究。结果表明:(1)微絮凝的最佳运行条件为MBF与CaCl2质量比1∶32、MBF投加量30mg/L、pH=7.5、絮凝时间20min。正交实验表明,4种因素对微絮凝工艺的影响顺序依次为MBF投加量CaCl2投加量pH絮凝时间。添加MBF进行微絮凝预处理可显著提高后续超滤工艺中膜渗透通量,而且对超滤膜的寿命影响小。(2)超滤的最佳运行条件为运行压力0.12 MPa、运行周期18min、回收率83%、交替"运行-反洗"方式。(3)在微絮凝/超滤组合工艺最佳运行条件下,实际印染废水中COD由2 782.50mg/L降低至109.39mg/L,综合COD去除率达到96.07%。     

3种工艺处理南方某水库水的超滤膜污染

采用3种不同工艺处理南方某水库水,研究了各工艺中超滤单元运行情况和膜污染原因。对于水库原水直接超滤的工艺A,跨膜压差随运行时间的延长持续增长;对于投加混凝剂后的絮凝出水和沉淀出水再进行超滤的工艺B和工艺C,跨膜压差随运行时间的延长增长不显著。对比3种工艺进水/出水基本水质,浊度与无机金属类物质不是导致膜污染的主要因素。三维荧光光谱分析发现水库原水与絮凝和沉淀出水相比,有较高浓度的富里酸和腐殖酸类有机物。ATRFTIR分析表明含C—OH基团的腐殖酸类有机物会在直接过滤水库原水的超滤膜表面累积,是造成超滤膜不可逆污染的主要物质。对于该水库原水,投加混凝剂后不经沉淀的短流程工艺可有效减缓上述有机物造成的膜污染,具有一定的可行性。     

城市给水厂常规工艺铬（Ⅵ）去除风险分析与应急处理方法研究

铬（Ⅵ）是突发性水污染常见污染物之一。研究表明，我国给水厂常规工艺出水铬（VI）超标风险较高，当污染强度为0．20m∥L时，投加混凝剂（PAFC）100mg／L，出水铬（VI）浓度为0．10mg／L，无法满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749．2006）0．05mg／L的要求。活性炭吸附法不是理想的铬（Ⅵ）应急处理方法，当污染强度为0．114～0．794mg／L时，在未调节原水pH（7～8）的条件下，增加活性炭投加量，去除效果无明显改善，出水铬（Ⅵ）浓度大于0．05mg／L。硫酸亚铁还原沉淀法是可行的铬（Ⅵ）污染应急处理方法，当铬（Ⅵ）污染强度为2．00mg／L，pH为7～8时，投加硫酸亚铁16mg／L，铬（Ⅵ）去除率达99．1％，出水铬（VI）与铁浓度分别为0．019和0．021mg／L，满足标准要求，改变硫酸亚铁投加量可满足不同污染强度下应急处理的需要。     

海水微絮凝预处理对超滤膜通量的影响

以聚合氯化铁为絮凝剂,研究了海水微絮凝预处理过程的絮凝特征以及对超滤膜通量的影响。考察了微絮凝对海水中有机物的去除作用,并采用体系稳定动力学参数、絮凝指数评价不同絮凝剂投加量在海水中的絮凝效果,探讨了微絮凝对超滤膜污染的改善作用。实验结果表明,微絮凝预处理能强化超滤膜对海水UV_(254)的去除效果,与超滤相比提高了27.5%,可有效去除海水中的蛋白类有机物。超滤膜直接过滤海水可造成膜通量严重下降,采用微絮凝作为预处理能有效减缓超滤膜污染,且减缓效果与絮凝剂的投加量密切相关,当PFC的投加量为40 mg·L~(-1)时,膜比通量J/J_0值大于0.9。     

响应曲面法优化强化混凝工艺处理微污染水

为进一步提高微污染水中氨氮、有机物去除效果,采用响应曲面法对强化混凝工艺处理微污染水的影响因素和去除效果进行研究,实验以混凝剂投加量、助凝剂投加量和助凝剂投加点为影响因素,浊度、氨氮和COD去除效果为响应值,利用Design-Expert软件对实验数据进行处理,得到二次响应曲面模型,各因素间的交互作用对响应值的影响以及优化水平值。模型优化结果显示,强化混凝处理微污染水的最佳工艺条件为:PAFC投加量17.80 mg·L~(-1),PAM投加量0.39 mg·L~(-1),PAM于快速搅拌结束投加,此时浊度、氨氮、COD的去除率分别为68.03%、10.92%和30.2%,最终通过模型的验证证明了响应曲面法用于优化强化混凝工艺处理微污染水的可行性和有效性。     

微絮凝-微滤用于印染废水回用反渗透预处理的试验研究

采用微絮凝过滤-微滤作为反渗透的预处理工艺,用于印染废水二级生化出水回用深度处理.试验考察了预处理效果、工艺参数和反渗透系统运行情况,分析了膜污染的类型及特点.试验结果表明,微絮凝过滤-微滤作为反渗透的预处理工艺,系统运行稳定,相对于超滤-反渗透的"双膜法"工艺,投资和运行费用相对较低,有推广应用价值.     

混凝-超滤短流程工艺处理北方水库原水

采用混凝-超滤膜短流程工艺对大伙房水库原水进行处理，考察其除污染性能和膜污染情况，并对该短流程工艺参数进行优化。结果表明，当利用超滤膜直接过滤原水时，膜污染较重，并且对污染物质的去除率较低；而采用混凝．超滤短流程工艺时，膜污染得到一定程度上的缓解；当絮凝剂投加量为7mg／L、膜清洗周期为30min时，对浊度、CODMn和UV254的去除率分别为95．61％、40．42％和37．12％，出水水质能够满足生活饮用水卫生标准。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.