城市交通干道区颗粒物中多环芳烃的源解析研究

通过比值法、因子分析法和多元逐步回归模型对南京市交通干道区颗粒物中的多环芳烃的源解析进行研究。结果表明南京市交通干道区颗粒物中多环芳烃的主要污染源是燃煤源、汽油燃烧排放源和柴油燃烧排放源 ,它们对多环芳烃的贡献率分别为 45 .2 %、34 .0 %和 2 0 .7%     

多环芳烃在不同的颗粒物上的分解速度差别甚大

多环芳烃主要来源于煤的燃烧和炼焦、沥青的溶化、重油燃烧、石油化工产品的生产和汽车尾气的排放等。多环芳烃进入大气中后就会被颗粒物所吸附。颗粒物中的多环芳烃,经测定含有一定数量的多环芳烃致癌物,它可以诱发皮肤癌和肺癌。多环芳烃化合物并非直接的致癌物,必需经过细胞微粒体内的多功能氧化酶活化后才具有致癌性。多环芳烃类的化学结构与致癌活性有密切的关系,其中苯并芘     

焦化厂多环芳烃成分谱特征的研究

在焦炉顶端采集颗粒物样品,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了其中13种多环芳烃的含 量.通过与燃煤烟尘和交通隧道中BaP含量的比较,说明焦化作业是造成多环芳烃污染的重要 污染源之一.将分析结果进行归一化处理后,确定了焦化厂多环芳烃成分谱,这一成分谱在轮 廓特征和特征比值方面都表现出与燃煤型污染的相似性,而与交通型污染差别较大.     

三种农作物秸秆燃烧颗粒态多环芳烃排放特征

收集3种农作物秸秆玉米,水稻和小麦露天燃烧排放的颗粒物样品,并利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对样品中的34种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析,研究颗粒态PAHs的排放因子及可用于源解析的诊断参数.结果表明,3种秸秆燃烧总PAHs的排放因子为644.18~1798.13μg/kg;其中4环PAHs在秸秆燃烧样品中含量最高,约占38.8%~58.8%,6环PAHs所占比例相对较小,约占5.72%~15.17%.PAHs中部分单体具有相对较强致癌性,对环境和人体健康的影响不可忽视.首次检测分子量为300的高分子多环芳烃二苯并[a,e]荧蒽.在玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆燃烧排放颗粒物中的排放因子分别为6.70,2.77和2.92μg/kg.此外,研究发现BaP/BghiP, Phe/Phe+Ant和Flu/(Flu + Pyr)比值可以作为较好的区分秸秆燃烧与其他来源的诊断参数.     

松花江水体中多环芳烃污染源解析因子分析研究

在水体环境中应用污染物源解析模型,从源头上实现对污染物的控制对于遏制水质恶化具有重要意义。该文通过对松花江丰水期18个监测断面和平水期16个监测断的16种EPA优先控制的多环芳烃作为目标污染物,应用因子分析法识别水体中多环芳烃的主要来源,结果显示:松花江流域水体有4个主要的多环芳烃污染源,分别为煤及石油的燃烧源、交通污染源、石油污染物和炼焦污染源。丰水期与平水期多环芳烃污染来源基本一致。根据沿江主要工业分布得出:二松吉林段主要来源于吉林石化等大型石化企业和热电厂的石油燃烧和煤燃烧;二松松原段主要来源于当地的油井石油源和热电厂的燃煤;干流哈尔滨段主要来源于当地热电厂的燃烧和石油燃烧;干流佳木斯段主要源于佳木斯市的焦化厂、热电厂的石油源及煤烧。研究结果可为我国松花江流域水环境中多环芳烃的控制和治理提供参考和科学依据。     

北京地区大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃分布特征

采集北京城乡结合区和郊区冬季12个大气可吸入颗粒物不同粒径样品,用色谱-质谱技术分析鉴定了75种多环芳烃化合物,并对各粒径中美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃做了定量分析,研究其在不同粒径的分布规律。结果表明:城乡结合区大气颗粒物中优控多环芳烃总量明显高于郊区;郊区和城乡结合区大气分别有68%和85%的优控多环芳烃吸附在粒径小于2 0μm颗粒物上;可吸入颗粒物中都相对富集高环数的多环芳烃;2个地区主要污染源可能为化石燃料的燃烧排放,燃煤的影响相对较大。      

应用稳定碳同位素组成特征研究环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的来源

采集了乌鲁木齐市与郑州市非采暖季的环境空气颗粒物 ,用二氯甲烷做溶剂提取、硅胶柱层分离出多环芳烃样品 .用气相色谱 /燃烧系统 /同位素质谱测定了多环芳烃单化合物的稳定碳同位素组成 .结果表明 :这 2个城市的TSP与PM10 中多环芳烃单化合物稳定碳同位素组成相比较没有明显的区别 ;两城市的颗粒物样品中 ,分子量较小菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘和苯并 (e)芘的稳定碳同位素组成没有明显的区别 ,平均值范围为 - 2 3 4‰～ - 2 4 8‰ ,分子量较大的多环芳烃的δ13 C出现了明显差异 ,乌鲁木齐市环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃单化合物的δ13 C随着其分子量的增大比郑州市更贫13 C ,乌鲁木齐市的环境空气颗粒物中的苯并 (a)芘、茚并 (1,2 ,3 cd)芘、苯并 (ghi)的δ13 C值分别为 - 2 8 3‰、- 31 8‰和 - 30 2‰ ,郑州市为 - 2 4 4‰、- 2 9 4‰和 - 2 6 3‰ .结合对两城市燃煤量和机动车拥有量的对比分析 ,本研究认为 :在非采暖季 ,这两个城市环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染主要是以煤的炭化、气化、燃烧以及机动车尾气为主的复合型污染 ,而机动车尾气...     

多环芳烃在某工业园区周边环境介质中的分布

采集并分析了位于某工业园区下风向2个村庄周围的土壤、积尘、空气、地下水和地表水样品中16种PAHs的浓度。发现以大气扩散和空气颗粒物沉降方式进入环境的PAHs,在各环境介质中的浓度为:积尘土壤空气地下水和地表水。通过分析样品中多环芳烃的组分发现:不同环境介质中PAHs的组分差异较大,而在两个村相同环境介质中组分较为相似。通过分析树脂吸附、颗粒物截留2种方式所采集的空气样品发现:二、三环多环芳烃主要存在于气相,五环以上的主要存在于颗粒物,四环在两相中同时存在。通过轮廓图法推测:所调查的2个村多环芳烃类污染物的主要来源相同。通过特征成分比值法发现:2个村空气颗粒物中的多环芳烃主要来源于燃煤污染源。     

拉萨市城区大气和拉鲁湿地土壤中的多环芳烃

对拉萨城区大气及郊区湿地土壤中多环芳烃的研究表明,大气中的多环芳烃,颗粒物占27.69%,气相状态占72.31%;由于高原高强度的紫外线辐射,无论是颗粒相还是气相状态存在的多环芳烃含量均是夜晚高于白天;颗粒物中的多环芳烃主要为3个苯环数以上的,而气相状态的多环芳烃多为2和3个苯环数的芳烃及芘.湿地土壤中的多环芳烃主要来自于大气,其中气相状态占52.56%,颗粒物占47.44%.     

褐煤与烟煤燃烧排放可吸入颗粒物的特性

分别对燃烧褐煤与烟煤两个电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的粒度分布、显微结构及重金属和多环芳烃在可吸入颗粒物中分布特征进行研究。研究表明:不同煤种燃烧排放可吸入颗粒物的形态都以球形颗粒为主,表面比较光滑,同原状飞灰相比,可吸入颗粒物以实心结构为主,多孔和空心结构较少;随着可吸入颗粒物粒径的减小,重金属和多环芳烃含量呈现逐渐增加的趋势;褐煤燃烧排放可吸入颗粒物中重金属总量要高于烟煤燃烧排放重金属总量,尤其是褐煤燃烧排放As含量明显高于烟煤燃烧排放As含量,原因是由于褐煤中As含量大于烟煤中As含量;褐煤燃烧排放可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃总量要高于烟煤燃烧排放多环芳烃总量与煤种的挥发份有很大的关系。研究旨在为大气颗粒物的源识别、可吸入颗粒物的污染控制与资源综合等方面提供科学的依据。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.