应用模糊相似比作马尾松优良种源推广的适合度分析

应用欧氏距离模糊相似倨先比分析外省马尾松３个优良咎源在浙江省各地区的适合度，取水分，热量和高，径生长量等９２个相似因子，以原产地为固定样品比较省内５个试验点的适合度，分析结果与１０年生试验林生长观测结果基本吻合，贵港种源主要适于浙中，浙西地区，龙中源主要适于浙东，浙中地区，常宁种源主要适于浙中，浙南地区。     

种源与同质园环境对刨花楠幼苗叶功能性状的影响

为了解刨花楠(Machilus pauhoi)叶片在生长过程中对资源的分配利用及对环境变化的响应特征,探究刨花楠叶功能性状变异的主要影响机制,以江西南昌与福建顺昌两地同质园的1.5年生刨花楠苗木为研究对象,分析种源与同质园环境对其叶面积(LA)、叶干重(LDW)、比叶重(LMA)、叶形态指数(LMI)以及叶组织密度(LTD)等主要叶功能性状变化的影响.结果显示,刨花楠苗木的LA、LDW、LMA、LMI及LTD等叶功能性状指标受种源及同质园土壤环境的共同影响,且同质园土壤环境对苗木叶功能性状影响的贡献高于种源(LA性状除外);种源地气温是影响刨花楠种源间苗木叶功能性状变异的主要因素,其中LA主要受种源地7月气温影响(P 0.01),LDW和LMI主要受种源地年均温影响(P 0.01),LMA和LTD则分别受种源地纬度和1月气温影响(P 0.01);土壤养分是影响同质园间苗木叶功能性状差异的主要因素,除LA性状在两同质园间无明显差异外,3个种源苗木的叶功能性状指标值均以江西南昌同质园为大;苗木LA主要受种源地环境或遗传基因影响,LDW、LMA、LMI及LTD等叶功能性状指标则主要受同质园土壤养分高低影响;苗木LA、LDW、LMA、LMI及LTD等叶功能性状指标的表型可塑性指数以LTD最大(0.96),LA最小(0.53).本研究表明刨花楠苗木不同叶功能性状对种源和同质园环境的响应并不一致;结果可为刨花楠优良种源选择、苗木高效培育等提供指导.(图2表4参38)     

不同种源雷公藤叶片营养元素与甲素的季节动态

以引种定植于相同生境条件下的13个不同种源雷公藤为研究对象,通过测定不同季节各种源叶片养分(C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg)以及药用成分雷公藤甲素(TP)的含量,分析各种源雷公藤叶片养分与TP含量季节动态差异以及各养分间及与TP间的相关关系.结果显示:(1)除FJFZ种源的N,FJQZ的P,FJSM1、HNXT、FJSM2、HNCD和ZJJH的K,HNCD、ZJLS的Ca外,其余种源叶片的C、N、P、K含量在生长初期均大于旺盛期和末期,而Ca含量在末期最高,Mg含量的季节变化不明显;除FJFZ、FJSM2、ZJJH、FJQZ四个种源的TP含量在生长期内先增加后减少以及FJSM1、HNXT种源叶片缺失外,其余种源生长期内TP含量均逐渐增加.(2)生长期内,种源HNXT和FJSM1的C,FJLY和FJFZ的N,ZJJH和FJQZ的P,FJLY和HNCD的K,HNCD、ZJLS和FJSM2的Ca,ZJQZ、ZJJH和FJSM2的Mg含量较高.(3)对叶片各营养元素、TP含量相关性分析表明C与Mg,N与K显著或极显著正相关,C与K、P,P与K显著或极显著负相关;TP与C、N极显著负相关,P与TP为极显著正相关.综上所述,HNXT、FJLY与ZJJH三个种源的雷公藤TP含量较高且受养分动态变化影响较大,ZJJH的TP含量最高,结果对雷公藤优质种源筛选以及人工栽培具有参考价值.     

甘河着生藻类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2018年8月(丰水期),在嫩江支流甘河,调查了19个点位的着生藻类群落结构和水环境特征。并运用聚类分析、Mcnaughton优势度分析和IBD(biological diatom index,硅藻生物指数)3种方法研究了甘河着生硅藻群落结构和优势种清洁状况,使用主成分分析、Spearman相关分析和冗余分析等统计分析方法研究了甘河着生硅藻群落和环境因子的响应关系。结果表明:甘河共鉴定出着生藻类90种(属),以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主,生物量丰富。丰水期甘河水生态环境质量状况较为健康,着生硅藻主要由清洁种构成,其中Achnanthidium minutissimum优势度0.48,为绝对优势种。聚类分析结果表明,甘河采样点位可分为3组;其中组1和组2点位主要位于甘河上、中游,上、中游水质、生境质量较好,健康程度较高,优势种均为清洁种,上游Achnanthidium minutissimum优势度达到了0.64;组3点位均位于甘河下游,下游人为干扰较强,健康程度较其余两组偏低,Nitzschia palea和Nitzschia paleaeformis等耐污种在组3的优势度较高。导致甘河着生硅藻群落清洁度由上游到下游逐渐变差的主要水环境因子为电导率、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,其中影响中游硅藻群落结构变化的主要水环境因子为高锰酸盐指数,影响下游硅藻群落结构变化的主要水环境因子为电导率和总磷。由此可见,着生硅藻群落可以较好的指示甘河流域水体有机污染程度和营养富集程度。     

不同种源厚朴叶片性状变异及幼苗生长量研究

以全国8省份19个种源的厚朴(Magnolia officinalis)幼苗为研究对象,测定了叶片性状及生长量.结果表明,不同种源间叶片特征值及叶面积、比叶重和叶绿素含量均存在极显著差异,且与几个基本的环境因子间相关性达到显著水平.不同种源间苗高与地径均存在极显著差异,且厚朴种源苗高从南到北变异逐渐降低,地径则从东到西逐渐减小,即苗期地理变异表现为经纬双向变异,但主要还是以南一北变异为主.叶片性状间及与苗高、地径间的相关性分析结果显示,叶形指数与叶片宽在α=0.01水平上呈显著负相关,叶面积与叶柄长、叶片长及叶片宽在α=0.01水平上呈显著正相关,苗高和地径分别与叶面积和比叶重在α=0.05水平上呈显著正相关.聚类分析结果显示,部分地区厚朴种源呈现典型的区域板块化特征,部分地区则呈现随机变异的特征.     

水分胁迫下不同油松种源SOD、POD、MDA及可溶性蛋白比较研究

采用盆栽控水试验方法,设置正常水分（T1,田间持水量的70%~80%）、轻度胁迫（T2,田间持水量的50%~60%）和严重胁迫（T3,田间持水量的30%~40%）3个水分梯度,对6个油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.种源幼苗（陕西洛南LN,陕西桥山QO,山西灵空山LK,山西芦芽山LY,河北雾灵山WL和辽宁千山QN）的保护酶参数进行了分析。结果表明,在T3下,各种源的可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量差异均极显著（P〈0.01）;LK种源的可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于其它种源,种源LK、WL和LN依靠提高可溶性蛋白质含量来调节细胞渗透势以抵抗干旱胁迫的能力较强;种源QN和QO的SOD活性达到最大,它们通过增加SOD活性来清除O2.-用以抵抗膜脂过氧化的能力较强。整个水分处理过程中,种源LN和LY的POD活性均较高,而QN的POD活性较低,LN和LY通过增加POD活性分解H2O2对细胞破坏的能力较强;各油松种源的膜脂质过氧化程度在T3下均有所降低。     

基于着生硅藻指数的梧桐河水生态健康评价

在黑龙江省梧桐河,调查了13个点位的着生硅藻群落结构和水环境特征,应用8种硅藻指数对该河流水生生态系统进行健康评价,并在此基础上应用主成分分析、相关分析、冗余分析、箱型图分析等统计分析方法研究了影响梧桐河着生藻类群落的主要环境因子和8种硅藻指数在梧桐河的适用情况。结果显示:梧桐河存在一定程度的环境污染,优势种以小型异极藻(Gomphonema parvulum)等耐污种为主。8个硅藻指数中,硅藻属指数(Generic Index of Diatom,GI)、澳大利亚河流硅藻生物评价指数(Diatom Index for Australian Rivers,DIAR;Diatom Species Index for Bioassessment of Australian Rivers,DSIAR)评价结果偏差较大,在梧桐河不适用;相似度指数(Jaccard Index,JI)与富营养化硅藻指数(Trophic Diatom Index,TDI)评价结果较为严格,评分明显偏低;硅藻污染耐受指数(Pollution Tolerance Index,PTI)、硅藻生物评价指数(Diatom Bioassessment Index,DBI)和生物硅藻指数(Biological Diatom Index,BDI)在梧桐河流域适用性最好。根据冗余分析(RDA),将梧桐河流域点位分为3组,第一组点位为中-重度污染,主要影响因子为流速和总磷;第二组点位为轻-中度污染,主要影响因子为磷酸盐、氨氮和溶解氧;第三组点位为轻污染-清洁,主要影响因子为p H和电导率。     

吉林西部碱尘的通量与物质特征分析

选择吉林西部两个典型地区，抽样采集碱尘样品，根据实测结果对日常形成的碱尘进行了通量测定；依据两个采样点的自然地理状况和实测采样记录，提出了吉林西部碱尘具有两种源区类型的认识，即以大布苏湖为代表的萎缩湖泡型和以姜家甸草场为代表的草场退化型。同时，通过对比分析不同时间和采样点的碱尘通量及源区特征，提出了吉林西部碱尘通量与风力条件、日照条件、pH值、物理性粘粒比例正相关，与植被覆盖度、地表物质粒级负相关。对碱尘元素分析结果表明，Ca、Na元素含量明显偏高，Fe、Al元素含量变化则较大；碱尘组成元素含量由多到少的顺序为：Ca、Na、Fe、Al、K、Mg、Ti，与普通尘暴元素组成有着明显的差别。     

火力发电厂灰渣场地理化性质对植物生长的影响

经实地考察分析，对芜湖火力发电厂灰渣场地理化性质和植物生长的关系进行了研究。结果表明，芜湖发电厂灰渣汤地自然定居的植物仅30种，大部分定居物种适于风力传播的繁殖体，它和渣汤周边的植物繁殖体源有重要关系。灰渣汤地理性质不良，养分不平衡而贫癠和重金属浓度过高是限制植物定居的主要因素。     

桤木混交对杉木人工林大型土壤动物群落的影响

调查了中亚热带会同地区13a生杉木纯林(纯林)和8杉木2桤木混交林(混交林)的大型土壤动物群落，并比较了两个林分在群落结构上的差别．结果表明：砹翅目是两个群落在数量上的优势类群，分别占全部大型土壤动物个体数的52．1％和82．4％．杉木跟桤木混交以后，保留了纯林的大部分属性，各类群在大型土壤动物群落中的地位基本保持不变，双翅目、蜘蛛目、膜翅目仍然是最主要的类群，但这种混交方式改变了一些土壤动物的群落结构参数，多度和丰富度出现上升的趋势，均匀度显著降低．在各类群中，主要以双翅目幼虫的多度和相对多度增加幅度较大，这种变化是降低整个群落均匀度的一个主要原因．图3表2参30     

鼎湖山锥栗种子扩散过程中死亡因素分析

研究了锥栗(Castanopsischinensis)种子扩散过程中死亡的主要因素。实验分为无处理组、鸟类取食组、排除鸟类取食组、排除哺乳动物组和种子袋法。结果表明,扩散前种子主要受栗实象甲(Curculiodavidi)取食和病原体感染,其取食率在鼎湖山3种林型之间显示了较大差异。排除实验的研究表明,锥栗种子在扩散后承受啮齿类、鸟类等动物取食和病原体感染致死的巨大压力,其中无覆盖处理实验组的种子取食平均比例高达93.3%,鸟类对种子取食率约为80%,排除鸟类实验组中的种子平均取食率为92.4%,非哺乳动物对种子的取食在3个林型有差异,但不是显著性的。因此,巨大的种子死亡或丧失是锥栗自然更新率非常低的主要原因。     

基于LMDI的中国二氧化硫排放区域变化的因素分解

运用LMDI方法将中国SO2排放变化分解为规模效应、区域经济结构效应、能源强度效应、能源结构效应、产污系数效应和污染治理效应六个因素,并进行了东、中、西和东北四个地区的差异分解分析。结果表明：规模效应是造成各地区SO2排放增加的最重要原因,不同地区不同时段SO2排放的减排因素不同。1999―2003年间,东部、中部地区能源结构和产污系数的减排效应显著,西部、东北地区能源强度和产污系数效应突出;2003―2006年间,东中西部污染治理和产污系数减排效应明显,东北地区能源效率减排贡献大;2006―2009年间,东部、中部的污染治理和能源效率减排贡献突出,西部的产污系数效应和污染治理作用显著,东北的产污系数和能源强度效应突出。建议按照不同地区结合实际情况实行灵活的减排政策。     

我国东南丘陵区化肥和农药污染状况分析

过分省和典型地区化肥和农药使用情况对比，结合实地调查采样分析的研究方法，从不同尺度上分析了我国东南丘陵区化肥、农药扩散污染的状况及其发展趋势。结果表明，浙江、广东和福建３省化肥和农药施用量较高，引起的扩散污染也较为严重；广西、湖南、海南和江西４省化肥和农药的施用量还不高，但近期有迅猛上升的势头。     

元宝山冷杉濒危原因初探

元宝山冷杉是仅分布于广西融水县元宝山上的濒危树种。本文分析认为致使其濒危的主要原因是气候变迁，此外，种子发芽率低、群落环境以及人为活动影响也是导致其濒危的重要原因。建议在严格保护和管理现有生境的同时，开展人工辅助更新，并在生境相似的地方育苗造林。     

Living at the Edge: Local versus Positional Factors in the Long‐Term Population Dynamics of an Endangered Orchid

Abstract: Populations at the margin of geographic ranges of distribution have been considered more vulnerable than central ones, but recent reviews have caste doubt on this generalization. We examined the reproductive and demographic performance of a rare Euroasiatic orchid (Cypripedium calceolus) at its southwesterly range limit and compared our findings with those of previous studies of nine central populations at the center of the orchid's range. We sought to test the central‐marginal model and to evaluate factors involved in long‐term performance of forest Eurosiberian species with peripheral populations in southern European mountains. We characterized (structure, temporal fluctuations, herbivory, reproductive success, and recruitment at different habitats) four Pyrenean populations of C. calceolus of different sizes (5–3500 ramets) and monitored three of them for up to 13 years. Two quantitative stochastic models (count data and matrix models) were used to assess population trends and viability and the effect of herbivory. Contrary to expectations, and despite the negative effect of sporadic events of herbivory, the peripheral populations we studied (except the smallest one) performed similarly or better than populations occurring in central part of the species’ range in terms of reproductive success and population growth rates. Landscape changes over the last 50 years suggest that natural reforestation could be involved in the success of this plant at its southern limit. Forest expansion in the mountain regions of southern Europe may provide new opportunities for plants with geographic distributions centered mainly at higher latitudes and give some hope for their recovery in future scenarios dominated by biodiversity loss.     

辽宁省农用地质量空间分布格局及影响因素研究

采用GIS技术、地统计学分析和景观生态学方法对辽宁省农用地质量的空间分布规律及其多样性、均匀度、集中度、优势度等进行研究,结果表明：辽宁省农用地质量的区域分异明显,等别表现出由辽西低山丘陵区和辽东山地丘陵区向中部平原区的递增规律。探讨农用地质量空间格局的影响因素,发现农用地自然质量空间分布格局主要受到地带性因素与大尺度的非地带性因素的控制,农用地利用质量和经济质量空间分布格局受到人类活动的影响显著。     

Under the shadow of Asian Brown Clouds: Unbalanced regional productivities in China and environmental concerns

China has seen rapid economic growth over the past two decades, but severe environmental problems have accompanied this, such as the looming danger of Asian Brown Clouds. This paper analyzes the regional development of China by examining economic performance and environmental factors. Technical efficiency and productivity changes in 31 regions of China are computed for the period 1997–2001. In the case of regional GDP, the fast-developing eastern (coastal) regions experience higher technical efficiency and productivity growth than the inland central and western regions. When environmental factors are incorporated, the eastern regions still perform better than inland regions, both from static and dynamic analysis. This phenomenon is termed the 'double deterioration' of the inland areas in China. Double deterioration is attributed to the lack of economic resources to replace highly-polluting production equipment and technology in those less developed regions.     

Mast seeding under increasing drought: results from a long-term data set and from a rainfall exclusion experiment

Mast seeding, the synchronous, highly variable seed production among years, is very common in tree species, but there is no consensus about its main causes and the main environmental factors affecting it. In this study, we first analyze a long-term data set on reproductive and vegetative growth of Quercus ilex in a mediterranean woodland in order to identify the main environmental drivers of interannual variation in flower and seed production and contrast the impact of climate vs. adaptive factors as main causes of masting. Second, we conducted an experiment of rainfall exclusion to evaluate the effects of an increasing drought (simulating predictions of global change models) on both reproductive processes. The annual seed crop was always affected by environmental factors related to the precipitation pattern, these abiotic factors disrupting the fruiting process at different periods of time. Seed production was strongly dependent upon water availability for the plant at initial (spring) and advanced (summer) stages of the acorn maturation cycle, whereas the final step of seed development was negatively affected by the frequency of torrential-rain events. We also found clear evidence that seed masting in the study species is not only regulated by selective endogenous rhythms, but is mainly a physiological response to the variable environment. Our results from the rainfall exclusion experiment corroborated the conclusions obtained from the 26-year fruiting record and demonstrated that the high interannual variation in seed crop was mainly determined by the success in seed development rather than by the flowering effort. Under a global change scenario, it could be expected that the drier conditions predicted by climate models reinforce the negative effects of summer drought on seed production, leading to negative consequences for tree recruitment and forest dynamics.     

Height-growth response to climatic changes differs among populations of Douglas-fir: a novel analysis of historic data

Projected climate change will affect existing forests, as substantial changes are predicted to occur during their life spans. Species that have ample intraspecific genetic differentiation, such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), are expected to display population-specific growth responses to climate change. Using a mixed-effects modeling approach, we describe three-year height (HT) growth response to changes in climate of interior Douglas-fir populations. We incorporate climate information at the population level, yielding a model that is specific to both species and population. We use data from provenance tests from previous studies that comprised 236 populations from Idaho, Montana, and eastern Washington, USA. The most sensitive indicator of climate was the mean temperature of the coldest month. Population maximum HT and HT growth response to changes in climate were dependent on seed source climate. All populations had optimum HT growth when transferred to climates with warmer winters; those originating in sites with the warmest winters were taller across sites and had highest HT growth at transfer distances closest to zero; those from colder climates were shortest and had optimum HT growth when transferred the farthest. Although this differential response damped the height growth differences among populations, cold-climate populations still achieved their maximum growth at lower temperatures than warm-climate populations. The results highlight the relevance of understanding climate change impacts at the population level, particularly in a species with ample genetic variation among populations.     

PCDD/Fs emission, risk characterization, and reduction in China’s secondary copper production industry

Secondary copper production is one of the key polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) emission sources in China, but research and data on this issue are rare. In 2004, when the Stockholm Convention entered into force in China, PCDD/Fs emissions from secondary copper production contributed to 32.2% of the total release. In this paper, PCDD/Fs emission dynamics from secondary copper industry were discussed and cumulative risks were characterized. From 2004 to 2009, industrial policies played an indirect role in PCDD/Fs reduction, but its effects are still limited. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and central regions were among the top three of dioxin emissions from secondary copper production in China. Shanghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi had comparatively higher accumulated risk and were recommended as the priority regions for promoting PCDD/Fs emission control in China. From 2009 to 2015, the PCDD/Fs emission dynamics in the secondary copper industry were presented through simulation. PCDD/Fs emission equations were established, resulting in the recommendation of control technology conversion rate at 30% for small scale smelters and 51%–57% for large and medium-sized enterprises in 2015. In conclusion, both indirect policy and direct control technology retrofitting should be integrated for more effective PCDD/Fs emission reduction in secondary copper industry.