膜生物反应器高度净化有机物的特性

分别采用膜生物反应器(MBR)和普通生物反应器(CSTR)对苯胺废水进行处理，结果表明MBR处理效果优于CSTR，处理水苯胺浓度接近动力学极限浓度。测定了两种反应器中微生物的最大比基质利用速率qmax分别为2．084d^-1和1．650d^-1，亲和常数Ks值分别为0．237mg／L和0．309mg／L。间歇试验证明MBR能富集培养基质亲和性高的专一性微生物。这类微生物降解速率不随基质浓度而变化，且能更彻底地降解有机物，适用于微量有机物的高度净化。     

大骨节病病区饮水中自由基的测定

大骨节病病区饮水中有机物——腐植酸的黄腐酸级分浓度偏高,已知腐植酸含有具有生物功能的半醌自由基。为配合病因研究,本文建立了一种简易的饮水中自由基浓度的测定方法;以GDX-102树脂吸附饮水中的有机物,干燥后以ESR谱仪直接测定,文中对干扰及测定条件进行了研究,并用之测定了内蒙、黑、吉、冀等省部分病区饮水中自由基浓度。结果表明,病区饮水中自由基浓度明显高于非病区。     

有机化合物厌氧生物降解性的测定和预测

测定有机物厌氧生物降解性的方法包括非特性参数和特性参数测定法。本文着重介绍有机物厌氧生物降解性的筛选测定法，以基团贡献法为基础，不外加其它理化参数的有机物结构与生物降解性关系的预测已经由简单的线性模型发展至专家系统和人工神经网络模型，并显示出极好的应用前景。     

32种芳香化合物的好氧生物降解性表征

本文采用芳香化合物生物降解产生的二氧化碳量作为表征其生物降解性的指标，测定了３２囊芳香化合物好氧生物降解１２ｄ产生的二氧化碳量，在此基础上提出了定性划分有机物生物降解性的标准，按照此标准对３２种芳香化合物的生物降解性进行了划分；另外还探索了影响生物降解性的诸因素。     

有机化合物生物富集因子快速测定方法

本文运用二室模型，研究了挥发和非挥发性有机物在鲤鱼体内生物富集因子快速测定方法。     

水体颗粒物以及土壤对有机物吸附常数的测定

本文介绍了用批量平衡测定水体悬浮颗粒物以及土壤对有机物吸附常数的测定方法，并给出实例和方法的注意事项。     

合成有机物结构—生物降解性关系的研究

本文综述了合成有机物生物降解性的研究方法，以及定性结构－生物降解性关系（ＳＢＲ），重点综述了芳香类化合物的结构与生物降解性的关系，研究这一关系有助于有毒化学品生物降解性的预测。     

有机化合物动态定量结构—生物降解关系（QSBR）模型研究

本文通过分析影响有机物生物降解的基本因素，指出ＱＳＢＲ模型应综合反映影响有机物生物降解的四个方面：取代化合物的摄入、取代化合物的诱导作用，毒性物质的形成和基础酶的缺乏，在此基础之上给出了动态ＱＳＢＲ的概念模型及方法学基础，并利用其研究了氯代芳香化合物的生物降解性。     

基于嗅觉的臭气浓度测定方法综述

畜禽养殖、垃圾填埋、化工、市政等活动产生的大量臭气，不仅会影响居民的日常生活，甚至可能会影响人体的健康.世界上很多国家制定了臭气的排放标准，将臭气浓度作为评价臭气的重要指标，并制定了臭气浓度测定的标准化方法，但现行的方法存在耗时长、测定结果不准确等问题，使得臭气排放难以获得有效监管.本文介绍了基于嗅觉的臭气浓度测定方法，分析了各方法的适用范围及优劣势，指出了测定方法中存在的问题并提出可能的解决途径，为进一步完善测定方法提供了参考.     

有机物对蒽酮-硫酸法测定葡萄糖含量的影响

本文主要对污水生物处理中常见小分子有机物如乙醇、乙醛、甲酸、丙酮、乙酸异戊酯进行研究,甄别出干扰物,对不同浓度干扰物的影响及干扰物存在对不同浓度葡萄糖测定的影响进行定量分析.结果表明,乙醇对葡萄糖测定无影响,甲酸、丙酮和乙酸异戊酯使测定结果存在负偏差,乙醛使测定结果存在正偏差,且偏差值随着有机物浓度和葡萄糖浓度的增加而增大.建立了蒽酮-硫酸法葡萄糖含量测定的校正方程,研究结果可为相关领域采用该法测定葡萄糖含量提供参考.     

Biodegradation of triclosan and triclocarban in sewage sludge during composting under three ventilation strategies

TCS and TCC can be biodegraded during sewage sludge composting. Ventilation significantly accelerated the biodegradation of TCS and TCC in sludge. Composting can reduce the environmental risk of TCS and TCC in sewage sludge. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in home and personal care products as antimicrobial agents. After these products are used, TCS and TCC enter the terrestrial environment and pose a great risk to humans and animals. In this research, the biodegradation of TCS and TCC was investigated during sewage sludge composting with ventilation rates of 108, 92, and 79 m³/min. TCS and TCC were mainly biodegraded in the mesophilic and thermophilic phases, and the biodegradation rates improved with an increase in ventilation. After sewage sludge was composted for 16 days with forced ventilation (108 m³/min), the concentration of TCS decreased from 497.4 to 214.5 μg/kg, and the concentration of TCC decreased from 823.2 to 172.7 μg/kg. The biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were 65.2% and 83.1%, respectively. However, after the sewage sludge was stacked for 16 days, the biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were only 17.0% and 18.2%, respectively. The environmental risks of TCS and TCC in the sewage sludge piles significantly decreased after composting. In the sludge pile with a ventilation rate of 108 m³/min, the RQ values of TCS and TCC decreased from 8.29 and 20.58 to 3.58 and 4.32 after composting for 16 days, respectively. There is still a high risk if the sludge compost is directly used as a culture substrate. Nevertheless, the environmental risk could be decreased distinctly if a reasonable quantity of sludge compost is applied to land to ensure an RQ of<1 for TCS and TCC.     

Degradation of bisphenol A by microorganisms immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres

In this study, microorganisms （named B111） were immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres prepared by the inverse suspension crosslinked method. The biodegradation of bisphenol A （BPA） and 4-hydro- xybenzaldehyde, a degradation product of BPA, by free and immobilized B lll was investigated. The BPA degradation studies were carried out at initial BPA concentrations ranging from 25 to 150 mg·L^-1. The affinity constant Ks and maximum degradation rate Rmax were 98.3 mg·L^-1 and 19.7mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for free B111, as well as 87.2mg·L^-1 and 21.1mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for immobilized B 111, respectively. 16S rDNA gene sequence analyses confirmed that the dominant genera were Pseudomonas and Brevundimonas for BPA biodegradation in microorganisms B 111.     

有机污染物生物降解途径的理论预测

本文报道了一个可用于有的生物降解途径理论预测的软件包，应用ＣＮ－ＤＯ／２方法计算分子的结构参数，经过解析结构参数给出有机污染理论上可能遵循的生物降解途径。     

试验方法和接种物来源对苯甲酸钠快速生物降解率的影响

化学品的快速生物降解性直接影响其在环境中的迁移、转化和归宿，是鉴别其环境危害性和持久性的基本指标，是政府管理部门对化学品进行风险管理的重要科学依据，在生态毒理测试中具有非常重要的地位。为探讨试验方法、接种物来源以及两者的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率的影响，2013~2015年间以广州地区2个主要处理生活污水的污水处理厂(DTS、LD)为接种物来源，采用OECD 301系列试验方法(301B、301D和301F)进行了苯甲酸钠的快速生物降解性试验，共获得89个标准化测试数据。统计分析结果显示，接种物来源、试验方法与接种物来源的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率影响不显著，但试验方法单一因素的影响显著。本研究表明，当受试物为易生物降解时，接种物来源、试验方法和接种物来源的交互效应对该受试物的生物降解率无显著的影响，但在同一条件下，选择不同的试验方法往往会导致最终生物降解率出现明显差异。     

试验方法和接种物来源对苯甲酸钠快速生物降解率的影响

化学品的快速生物降解性直接影响其在环境中的迁移、转化和归宿,是鉴别其环境危害性和持久性的基本指标,是政府管理部门对化学品进行风险管理的重要科学依据,在生态毒理测试中具有非常重要的地位。为探讨试验方法、接种物来源以及两者的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率的影响,2013—2015年间以广州地区2个主要处理生活污水的污水处理厂(DTS、LD)为接种物来源,采用OECD 301系列试验方法(301B、301D和301F)进行了苯甲酸钠的快速生物降解性试验,共获得89个标准化测试数据。统计分析结果显示,接种物来源、试验方法与接种物来源的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率影响不显著,但试验方法单一因素的影响显著。本研究表明,当受试物为易生物降解时,接种物来源、试验方法和接种物来源的交互效应对该受试物的生物降解率无显著的影响,但在同一条件下,选择不同的试验方法往往会导致最终生物降解率出现明显差异。     

生物表面活性剂与蒽降解菌的协同降解效应

对蒽生物降解中铜绿假单胞菌S6分泌的生物表面活性剂的作用进行了研究.结果表明,在接种蒽降解菌A10之前1d及与接种A10同时投加60mg.l-1的生物表面活性剂能够最大程度地促进蒽降解,相比于未添加表面活性剂的样品,降解率分别提高了16.50%和18.03%.过高浓度的生物表面活性剂会在一定程度上抑制蒽的降解.对蒽降解过程的分析表明,提前投加生物表面活性剂能明显促进蒽的降解且一直保持较好的降解效果.蒽降解过程中,生物表面活性剂能够被微生物利用,具有生物可利用性,是一种环境友好的生物制剂.     

有机污染物生物降解性预测模型

生物降解性是评估污染物环境持久性的重要依据,也是化学品是否获准生产及进入市场的评价指标。采用17位生物降解领域专家评估的生物降解等级数据,通过功能树(FT)算法建立了包含15个分子结构参数的初级生物降解和最终生物降解预测模型。外部验证结果表明,模型具有较好的预测准确性,初级生物降解性加权准确度(weighted accuracy,WA):训练集WA=84.1%,验证集WA=78.9%;最终生物降解性WA:训练集WA=91.0%;验证集WA=83.6%。预测正确性对化合物的杠杆值作图,表征了生物降解性模型的应用域。     

阿特拉津在土壤中的生物降解研究

运用恒温培养法研究了阿特拉津在河北省白洋淀地区农田土壤中的生物降解动力学，并从中分离鉴定了土壤中降解阿特拉津的优势菌种，研究结果表明，该土壤对阿特拉津具有一定的降解能力，非生物＋生物的降解、非生物降解和生物降解的速率分别为０．０２６２ｄ＾－１，０．００５５４８ｄ＾－１和０．００８１９４ｄ＾－１，半衰期分别为２６ｄ，１２５ｄ和８５ｄ，发现土壤中降解阿特拉津的优势菌种为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ     

Bioavailability evaluation of naphthalene in soil using persulfate oxidation and ultrasonic extraction method

Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of a soil contaminant readily available for microbial degradation and for naphthalene it could be estimated by conventional exhaustive extraction methods. In this study, a novel method that employed persulfate oxidation in combination with ultrasonic extraction (POUSE) was developed. Three parameters, temperature, duration of persulfate oxidation, and the ratio of persulfate to soil organic matter (2S,082 /SOM; g g-1), were investigated to obtain an optimum operating conditions. Under the condition, naphthalene bioavailability estimated by the POUSE method was verified and compared with other three exhaustive methods i.e. sonicator, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and soxhlet extraction (SE). When the S2,O(8)2-/SOM ratio was controlled at 11.6 g g-1, the optimum operating conditions of the POUSE method were 70 degreesC and 3 hr, for the temperature and duration. Under these conditions, the residual naphthalene concentrations were correlated well with the residual naphthalene concentrations for both the cases of freshly spiked and aged soils. By contrast, the sonicator, SFE, and the SE overestimated the naphthalene bioavailability since these three methods extracted naphthalene much more than that of biodegradation test. These results demonstrated that the POUSE could estimate more precisely the naphthalene bioavailability.     

Comparison of sequential with intimate coupling of photolysis and biodegradation for benzotriazole

Benzotriazole (BTA) is an emerging contaminant that also is a recalcitrant compound. Sequential and intimate coupling of UV-photolysis with biodegradation were investigated for their impacts on BTA removal and mineralization in aerobic batch experiments. Special attention was given to the role of its main photolytic products, which were aminophenol (AP), formic acid (FA), maleic acid (MA), and phenazine (PHZ). Experiments with sequential coupling showed that BTA biodegradation was accelerated by photolytic pretreatment up to 9 min, but BTA biodegradation was slowed with longer photolysis. FA and MA accelerated BTA biodegradation by being labile electron-donor substrates, but AP and PHZ slowed the rate because of inhibition due to their competition for intracellular electron donor. Because more AP and PHZ accumulated with increasing photolysis time, their inhibitory effects began to dominate with longer photolysis time. Intimately coupling photolysis with biodegradation relieved the inhibition effect, because AP and PHZ were quickly biodegraded and did not accumulate, which accentuated the beneficial effect of FA and MA.

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