渗透式反应墙技术修复铬污染地下水的研究进展

我国地下水铬污染问题日益凸显,铬污染地下水的修复治理极为迫切。渗透式反应墙技术(PRB)作为一种地下水修复的新型技术,可实现铬污染地下水持续原位处理。归纳总结了PRB技术修复铬污染地下水常用的活性填料、工程应用中的关键设计参数和施工工艺,在此基础上扼要分析了PRB技术实现工程化应用过程中存在的主要问题及展望。     

基于改进DRASTIC模型、GIS和层次分析法(AHP)的地下水U(VI)污染风险评价

以某铀尾矿库为例,应用层次分析法(AHP)对DRASTIC进行改进,得出AHP-DRASTICLL模型,并构建了综合指数体系,在此基础上,基于GIS平台对某铀尾矿库区地下水受U(VI)污染风险进行了评价和污染区的污染风险划分。由地下水风险区划图得出尾矿库周围与砂卵砾石层区风险较高,丘陵地带风险较低,其结果较好地反映了实际的污染风险现状。     

基于改进DRASTIC模型、GIS和层次分析法(AHP)的地下水U(Ⅵ)污染风险评价

以某铀尾矿库为例,应用层次分析法(AHP)对DRASTIC进行改进,得出AHP-DRASTICLL模型,并构建了综合指数体系,在此基础上,基于GIS平台对某铀尾矿库区地下水受U(Ⅵ)污染风险进行了评价和污染区的污染风险划分.由地下水风险区划图得出尾矿库周围与砂卵砾石层区风险较高,丘陵地带风险较低,其结果较好地反映了实际的污染风险现状.     

地下水污染修复的零价铁PRB技术

零价铁可渗透反应墙(Fe0-PRB)技术,已被证明是一项修复由卤代烃、卤代芳烃和有机氯农药以及一些有毒金属(如铬、硒、铀、砷和锝等)引起的地下水污染的有效技术.本文总结了国内外利用零价铁PRB修复受污染地下水的研究成果和动态,并结合当前该技术面临的问题分析了研究方向和发展前景.     

地下水原位治理的渗透性反应墙技术

渗透性反应墙是地下水污染原位治理领域中的一类新型高效技术,其机理是借助充填于墙内的、针对不同污染物质的不同反应材料与污染物质进行化学反应与生物降解,达到污染物去除的目的。本文系统介绍了地下水原位治理渗透性反应墙技术的结构组成、类型、工作机理,对其安装过程进行了综合论述,对其存在的问题进行了分析,对其应用发展前景进行了展望,为该技术在国内的实际应用和推广提供一定的参考依据。     

地下水污染修复的可渗透性反应墙技术

系统介绍了一种新的地下水污染治理技术——渗透性反应墙，阐述了可渗透反应墙的类型、活性材料的选取、反应机理，可渗透反应墙的构建、应用实例以及存在问题等，并展望了其今后还需深入研究的方向，认为其是一种非常有发展前景的环境污染修复技术。这将为在我国开展该方法的研究和应用打下基础。     

某铀尾矿区及其周边水系中氟的含量特征与成因分析

矿山开采导致大量的氟元素得到释放,进入水体造成氟污染。选取某铀尾矿库区排放水、尾矿库渗滤水及其周边浅层地下水作为研究对象,研究和分析了该铀尾矿库及其周边水系中氟的含量特征与成因。结果表明:研究区尾矿库排放水、尾矿库渗滤水和浅层地下水中氟的浓度平均值分别为30.93、21.27和1.82 mg/L。尾矿库排放水氟的含量均未达到排放要求;周边浅层地下水氟污染严重,超标率达到85.7%。总体而言,尾矿区及其周边水系中氟的含量较高,整体污染严重。而影响水系中氟的含量除人为因素外,还包括p H值、TDS以及当地气候条件等重要因素;水系中的F~-与HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)以及其它阴、阳离子都在一定程度上呈现正负相关,表明氟的含量也可能受这些阴、阳离子的影响。     

低浓度铀污染地下水的生物还原矿化修复研究进展

随着核能资源的开发利用,低浓度铀污染地下水引起的环境问题日益突显,如何高效低耗地处理低浓度铀污染地下水成为当今的研究热点。生物还原和生物矿化是修复低浓度铀污染地下水的2种有效方法,而相关研究主要集中在单一机制上,生物还原耦合生物矿化修复低浓度铀污染地下水的研究还缺少系统报道。文章简述了生物还原和生物矿化的机制、参与微生物以及反应产物的稳定性,论述了生物还原耦合生物矿化修复低浓度铀污染地下水的优势、作用机制,同时从微生物和环境因子2个方面总结了耦合机制修复低浓度铀污染地下水的影响因素,提出生物还原耦合生物矿化修复低浓度铀污染地下水的强化方法,并对该技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

铀尾矿库地下水污染风险评价方法研究

针对尾矿库中铀对地下水的污染风险,通过选取污染物废液产生量、污染毒性、污染物迁移性和场地运行时间4个污染源特征指标建立污染源荷载风险评价体系,并采用层次分析法确定权重,再结合地下水的固有脆弱性评价,用两者风险等级相叠加的方法划分出5种地下水污染风险等级。同时,以某铀尾矿区为例进行地下水污染风险评价,结果表明该地区地下水污染风险级别为中低风险等级。     

改进AHP-DRASTIC模型用于地下水U(Ⅵ)污染风险评价及回归分析

以某铀尾矿库为例,应用层次分析法(AHP)对DRASTIC进行了改进,并增加两个新的指标,得出改进后的AHPDRASTICLL模型。分别采用常规DRASTIC模型、改进DRASTICLL模型、AHP-DRASTICLL模型对某铀尾矿库区地下水受U(Ⅵ )污染风险进行了评价。结果表明:尾矿库周围与砂卵砾石层区风险较高,丘陵地带风险较低。采集监测井U(Ⅵ )浓度样本数据,与3个模型标准化综合评分值建立线性回归关系,常规DRASTIC模型相关系数R2=0.7795;改进DRASTICLL模型相关系数R2=0.8278;AHP-DRASTICLL模型相关系数R2=0.8581。分析结果表明AHPDRASTICLL模型能更加准确地反映地下水受污染的可能性。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.