我国页岩气开发利用的环境政策分析

我国页岩气开发目前按照常规油气资源来进行环境监管,但与常规油气资源相比,页岩气开发在压裂液、返排液处理等方面具有特殊性,现有法律法规难以完全规制页岩气开发造成的环境问题,建议尽快出台针对页岩气开发利用的专项环境法规、标准和政策,充分考虑水资源和环境承载力,合理布局页岩气产业,积极鼓励支持页岩气绿色开发,并建立对开发区域周边居民的补偿机制,促进我国页岩气产业绿色发展。     

页岩气行业发展的环境风险及对策

水力压裂、水平井技术等先进技术的发展推动了世界各地页岩气产业的进步,但同时也带来了许许多多的水资源、地质资源等方面的环境问题。本文分析了页岩气开发环境问题的成因,并提出了页岩气开发的建议。     

我国页岩气开发法律规制的现状及其完善

页岩气是一种新型的清洁能源,其开发和利用具有重大意义。我国页岩气的开发相对较晚,在页岩气开发和利用的过程中除了面临技术上的困难之外,还面临着法律规制方面保障不完善的难题。目前我国页岩气开发法律规制主要集中在矿产资源、水资源保护、环境影响评价以及财税政策等方面,通过对我国页岩气开发中相关法律规制现状的分析,总结了现存法律规制存在的问题,并提出了完善我国页岩气法律规制的措施与建议,以促进我国页岩气产业的健康发展和国家页岩气产业政策的有效实施。     

避免开发热潮孳生“盲采”乱象——谈页岩气开发环境挑战的应对

我国政府于2012年3月16日发布了《页岩气发展规划(2011—2015年)》,提出2015年我国页岩气产量达到65亿立方米的目标,在页岩气大开发的热潮下,不切实际的"盲开盲采"不仅不利于产业发展,也会对生态环境造成严重损害,因此,需要根据规划要求,做好环境评估,在页岩气开发中采取针对性的环境保护措施。我国页岩气发展政策概述自中美2009年签署《中美关于在页岩气领域开展合作的谅解备忘录》以来,我国政府先后施行了一系列鼓励页岩气行业发展的政策措施。国土资源部于2009年启动"中国重点地区页岩气资源潜力及有利区优选项目",     

页岩气勘探开发环境风险探究

非常规天然气的研究及开发利用是能源界的一大热点,随着技术的推动和相关政策的鼓励,页岩气作为能源新宠迅速发展起来。美国是页岩气开采利用最成功的国家,页岩气甚至给美国带来了一场新的能源革命,同样伴生出很多环境问题。页岩气的开发在我国处于起步阶段,而伴随其在中国的持续发展,必然也会带来一系列的环境问题。介绍了页岩气开发可能对环境造成的影响,并对比了我国和美国在发展页岩气监管方面不同,希望能为我国页岩气开采健康快速的发展提供一些思路。     

页岩气开发中环境风险规制法律制度的完善

随着全世界能源消耗量的持续增长,页岩气作为一种新型非常规天然气能源日渐引起关注和重视.我国国土资源部于2011年12月31日发布新发现矿种公告,宣布页岩气被国务院正式批准为我国第172个独立矿种.国家能源局于2012年3月16日发布的《页岩气发展规划(2011-2015年)》明确指出,要进行社会效益和环保评估,要在页岩气开发各个环节采取有针对性的措施,有效减少或杜绝可能产生的各种环境问题.探讨页岩气资源开发中环境风险法律规制制度并研究其完善之路,可以有效防范环境问题的发生.     

中国页岩气开发过程环境管理现状与对策分析研究

中国页岩气资源储量丰富,随着页岩气商业勘探开发的不断推进,引发的生态环境问题日益突出.从页岩气开采工艺来看,开发对水、大气、土壤及生态地质环境等都有一定的影响.此外,中国页岩气开发过程中还存在法规标准体系不健全、监管机制缺乏、环境准入机制不明等问题.因此,针对页岩气开发所带来的环境风险,亟需完善法律法规与标准体系、严格监督管理、制定开发环境规划.同时,建设环保示范工程,加大环保科研投入,降低页岩气开发的环境影响,实现页岩气开发的绿色可持续发展.     

我国页岩气开发中环境保护法律制度研究——以美国经验为借鉴

能源对于一国的战略意义不言而喻,合理开发利用页岩气成为我国能源发展的新方向,对于满足我国能源消费需求、实现能源可持续发展具有重要意义。但是,页岩气开发中还需要考虑到对生态环境造成的不良影响,而我国现有的环境保护法律法规和制度并不能完全解决开发页岩气可能带来的特殊环境问题。美国是世界上最早开发利用页岩气的国家,其页岩气开发中的环境保护制度较为完善,因此有必要借鉴美国的先进经验并建立符合我国国情的页岩气开发环境保护法律制度。首先从可持续发展的角度,阐述了开发页岩气有利于保障国家能源安全、满足能源消费需求和促进节能减排的重要意义;然后分析了我国页岩气开发中的环保立法现状及其不足;随后总结了美国页岩气开发中环境保护相关的制度体系和监管机制,如美国出台了系列环保法律,制定了环境影响评价制度、排污许可制度和信息公开制度等管理政策,并形成了"以州为主,联邦调控""政监分离"等独具特色的环境保护监管机制,这些先进经验均值得我国借鉴;最后,在此基础上,提出了完善我国页岩气开发中相关的环境保护法律法规和标准规范、建立页岩气开发中环境保护制度的框架、加强对页岩气开发中环境保护监督三方面的建议,以促进我国页岩气开发的可持续发展。     

宁夏产业可持续发展研究

可持续发展是当今世界最受关注的问题之一,对于人口、资源和环境形势都很严峻的地区而言,可持续发展战略下的环境政策尤为重要.宁夏处于经济和社会发展的关键时期,其产业结构还有待进一步完善,同时面临着严峻的资源环境问题.因此,必须采取相应的对策,才能实现宁夏产业的可持续发展.本文在介绍了宁夏产业发展现状的基础上,剖析了其发展中存在的问题,并提出了促进宁夏产业可持续发展的建议.     

页岩气开发

<正>本期话题页岩气,是从页岩层中开采出来的一种非常重要的非常规天然气资源。页岩气的形成和富集有着自身独特的特点,往往分布在盆地内厚度较大、分布广的页岩烃源岩地层中。较常规天然气相比,页岩气开发具有开采寿命长和生产周期长的优点,大部分产气页岩分布范围广、厚度大,且普遍含气,这使得页岩气井能够长期地以稳定的速率产气。——网络综合消息本期讨论我国页岩气矿业权的市场化我国对页岩气矿业权的确定始于2011年12月国土资源部发布的《新发现矿种公告》,宣布经国务院批准,将页岩气认定为我国第172个矿种。从此,页岩气矿业权作为一项独立的矿业权种类开始存在。此后,相关部委先后发布了《页岩气发展规     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.