改进的模糊综合评价法及在河道水质评价中的应用研究

基于传统模糊综合评价法权重和最大隶属度原则的不足,建立改进的模糊综合评价法,采用超标倍数法和熵权法组合确定权重,并以加权平均得分BT作为同级别水质优劣比较和水质类别判定的依据,最后用改进的方法对苏州古城区2013年河道水质进行综合评价.结果表明:苏州古城区水质整体较好,水质以Ⅲ、Ⅳ类为主.但水质空间变异明显,呈现出城北水质比城南好,主河道水质比小河道好的特点.与传统的模糊综合评价相比,改进的模糊综合评价法弥补了传统方法的缺陷.     

标识指数评价法在2014年宁夏沙湖水质评价中的应用研究

利用综合水质标识指数法及单因子水质标识指数法结合起来分析宁夏沙湖2014年具有代表性的项目监测数据,表达了沙湖水体的综合水质信息.结果表明水质单因子指数除溶解氧(DO)和总磷(rP)为Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类水质外,其他三项指标(氨氮、COD、BOD)均超出地表水功能区划的Ⅲ类水质要求,综合水质标识指数全部超过地表水Ⅲ类水质;水质定性评价结果中所有监测断面均受到轻度污染,定量评价结果表明受氨氮、COD、BOD参数影响显著,有机还原性污染物较严重,应引起重视.     

基于底栖动物群落特征的再生水回用河道环境质量评价

为更加全面地分析污水处理厂再生水回用于城市河道的生态安全性并评价其生境状态,该研究在宁波市某再生水回用河道的生态修复段进行了水质监测和底栖动物采样调查,通过计算Wright指数和综合水质标识指数对研究河段水质状况进行了分级评价。结果表明,再生水输入河道生态修复段后,河道常规水质指标稳定达到水环境功能区目标,Wright指数与其他自然水体相比也无明显差异。底栖动物指数与常规水质指标相结合的评价方法,可为再生水回用于景观河道的生态效应提供更为全面、合理的评价依据。     

基于单项指数法和模糊综合评价法对松花江吉林市段水质的评价

在松花江吉林市段布设了14个监测断面,对各监测断面BOD5、CODMn、氨氮、总磷及溶解氧等水质因子进行枯水期、平水期、丰水期的水质监测,运用单项指数法和模糊综合评价法对监测结果进行评价。单项指数评价结果表明枯水期水质为Ⅳ类,BOD5、CODMn为主要污染因子;平水期为Ⅴ类,BOD5为首要污染因子;丰水期水质Ⅳ类,首要污染物为BOD5、CODMn。模糊综合评价结果表明枯水期仅有F、I、L三个监测断面水质超过Ⅲ类水标准,且均隶属于Ⅳ类;平水期出现I、L两个隶属于Ⅳ类水的监测断面和一个隶属于Ⅴ类水的监测断面J;丰水期水质均达到Ⅲ类以上水质标准。对比两种评价方法,模糊综合评价法更适于松花江吉林市段的水质评价。     

模糊数学法在晋江水质评价中的应用研究

利用模糊数学综合评价法,选取溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)、六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]做为指标对2010年-2014年泉州湾河口湿地晋江流域石砻断面进行水质综合评价与分析,并将评价结果与综合污染指数法的评价结果进行对比.结果显示:在模糊数学评价法中2010、2012、2014年均为Ⅱ类水质,2011和2013年为Ⅰ类水质;评价结果与综合污染指数法的基本一致.表明2010年-2014年晋江流域石砻断面水质良好,模糊数学综合法在水质评价中可行.     

丹河晋城段水质评价及变化趋势分析

采用综合水质标识指数法对丹河晋城段在2006年-2010年间6个断面水质进行了综合评价,分析结果表明6个断面水质在2010年均能达标,各类水质污染物中,氨氮在丹河晋城段超标范围最广,超标程度较深,是影响丹河水质的主要污染物。同时应用Speraman秩相关系数法对丹河晋城段6个断面在近5年间的水质变化趋势进行探究,分析结果表明丹河晋城段6个断面中水东桥和后寨两个断面水质呈显著好转趋势,其它4个断面水质变化比较稳定。     

标识指数法在河流水质评价中的应用

水体质量评价已成为当前开展水环境规划管理,以及污染综合防治方面所不可缺少的基础工作.本文在对河流水质现状评价系统的调研分析和对水质状况全面了解的基础上,通过与传统的综合指数水质评价法的对比,采用一种全新的水质标识指数法对上海市苏州河支流之一彭越浦河1993～2003年10年间监测数据进行了综合分析.并对水质标识指数法在河流水质评价中的应用方法、优缺点进行了探讨.结果表明,与综合指数评价法的应用进行的比较,水质标识指数法反映的河流水质信息更多、更客观,值得进一步推广.     

标识指数法在河流水质评价中的应用

水体质量评价已成为当前开展水环境规划管理，以及污染综合防治方面所不可缺少的基础工作。本文在对河流水质现状评价系统的调研分析和对水质状况全面了解的基础上，通过与传统的综合指数水质评价法的对比，采用一种全新的水质标识指数法对上海市苏州河支流之一彭越满河1993-2003年10年间监测数据进行了综合分析。并对水质标识指数法在河流水质评价中的应用方法、优缺点进行了探讨。结果表明，与综合指数评价法的应用进行的比较，水质标识指数法反映的河流水质信息更多、更客观，值得进一步推广。     

洞庭湖水质及富营养状态评价

根据2009年洞庭湖水质监测数据,参照GB3838-2002中Ⅲ类水质标准,采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和综合营养指数法对洞庭湖水质及富营养状况进行评价。单因子法结果表明,在总氮、总磷不参与评价的情况下,2009年洞庭湖湖体水质整体为优;湖水中总氮、总磷污染严重,监测断面总磷浓度均劣于Ⅲ类水质要求。综合营养指数评价结果表明,洞庭湖水质处于中营养和轻度富营养水平;综合污染指数评价进一步表明,洞庭湖湖体水质劣于入湖口水质,入湖口水质劣于出湖口水质的分布特征。     

水质标识指数法在鉴江流域水质评价中的应用研究

通过单因子水质标识指数法和综合水质标识指数法,以2008年-2015年茂名市4条主要干支流的监测数据为基础,选取溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮和总磷为监测对象,对同一条河流不同断面及同一时段不同河流的水质监测数据进行分析,评价河流综合水质的污染情况及功能区达标情况,并对鉴江、罗江、袂花江和小东江的综合水质随时间变化进行了定量评价.结果表明,2015年鉴江上游与下游单元对干流的污染贡献最大,中游单元的污染程度最小,由中游至下游污染程度逐渐加重,即鉴江的污染主要来自下游;支流中小东江污染程度最高,袂花江与罗江的水体相对较好.2008年-2015年期间鉴江、罗江、袂花江、小东江的年综合水质变化呈现出不同程度的改善、恶化,其综合水质曲线呈波浪式并在一个水质类别之间上下浮动,综合水质均达到水功能区水质目标要求.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.