滇池表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及评价

对1995~2011年滇池表层沉积物中As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg等7种重金属的含量及其分布特征进行了分析研究,结果表明,7种重金属元素的平均含量均明显高于云南省土壤背景值,10个沉积物采样点S1~S10均已受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中,草海的污染程度高于外海;相关性和主成份分析结果显示,滇池沉积物中As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn可能具有相同的污染来源。采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对1995~2011年滇池表层沉积物重金属污染状况进行了评价,结果表明,草海表层沉积物中重金属Igeo年均值在0.41~4.44之间,按污染等级划分,除Cr属"轻度"外,其它重金属元素均处于"中度"到"偏重度"污染;同期外海表层沉积物中重金属的Igeo年均值在0.41~2.59之间,Cd和Pb分别属于"中度"和"偏中度"污染,其它5种金属属于"轻度"污染,草海沉积物重金属的污染程度高于外海。草海7种重金属元素的RI均值为861.3,潜在生态危害达到了"严重"程度,各金属的生态危害程度顺序为Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr,Cd和Hg是主要的重金属生态危害因子;同期外海RI均值为236.4,达到"中等"生态危害程度,各金属的生态危害程度顺序为Cd > Hg > Pb > As > Cu > Cr > Zn,Cd是主要的重金属生态危害污染物。     

滇池沉积物内源氮释放风险及控制分区

采用淹水培养法测定了滇池20cm沉积物可释放态氮(EN)、潜在可释放态氮(MN)及稳定态氮(FN)含量,并分析了其空间分布特征,结合沉积物定年数据计算了不同形态氮蓄积量.依据沉积物-水界面氮释放通量、EN蓄积量及MN蓄积量对滇池沉积物内源氮污染状况进行分区,评估了不同区域滇池沉积物内源氮释放风险,并对不同分区提出了污染控制措施.结果表明,滇池沉积物内源氮释放风险:外海南部 >外海北部 >外海中部 >草海,潜在释放风险:外海南部 >外海中部 >草海 >外海北部;滇池沉积物氮污染有由北向南转移趋势;滇池全湖20cm沉积物蓄积TN5757.90t,EN637.72t,MN1320.76t,FN3799.42t.根据沉积物氮污染滇池可划分为高污染区、中度污染区、低污染区及安全区,分别占全湖面积的13.51%、15.02%、46.06%、25.42%,其中高污染区主要分布在草海、外海北部盘龙江附近;中度污染区主要分布在高污染区以下从宝象河到观音山区域及滇池出水口海口等区域;低污染区主要分布在中度污染区以下从广谱大沟到整个外海南部区域.高污染区可采取底泥环保疏浚技术,中度污染区可采取安全生态性高的原位控制技术,低污染区可采取覆盖技术,配合水生植被修复技术.     

滇池沉积物中磷的释放行为研究

滇池分为草海和外海两个水体,且草海污染较外海严重,但是外海的藻类爆发的频率和强度都高于草海。通过实验室模拟,研究了滇池草海与外海沉积物中磷的释放行为及其藻类爆发程度不同的原因。结果表明,两个沉积物中磷的释放动力学都表现了非单一的扩散过程,拟二级动力学模型可以较好描述释放过程。草海比外海总磷高7倍,但是在水中的释放只高2倍。对两个沉积物而言,由于与表面附着的磷有竞争作用,溶解胡敏酸的加入都显著增大了磷的释放。与草海相比,外海的水交换速率慢、水深浅、沉积物有机质含量低、内源磷释放强以及对外源磷缓冲能力弱,这些特征都是有利于藻类爆发的条件。研究表明抑制滇池藻类爆发要同时考虑对外源磷和内源磷的控制。     

滇池湖体及其主要入湖河流沉积物中重金属生态风险的时空分布特征评价

为了表征滇池流域20多年来的底泥重金属生态风险,用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数评价法和Muller地积累指数法对滇池湖体及其5条主要入湖河流的重金属污染进行时空特征评价。就空间分析,得出以下结论:(1)对于滇池湖体,两种评价方法结果一致,即草海污染程度大于外海,并且滇池湖体中污染程度最高的重金属为Cd;(2)对于滇池主要入湖河流,两种方法得到一致的污染程度排序:运粮河>新河>船房河>盘龙江>大清河;(3)关于入湖河流中污染程度最高的重金属,潜在生态危害指数法评价为:船房河、大清河、盘龙江是重金属Hg风险最高,而运粮河和新河是重金属Cd的风险最高。而通过地累积指数评价法得到,5条河流均是重金属Cd的污染程度最高。评价结果的差异,主要是由于潜在生态危害指数法较之地累积指数法还另外考虑了污染因子的毒性特征而产生的。就时间变化分析,以1989年和2005年为例,除了重金属Cr有上升趋势,其余金属总体上呈现随时间下降的趋势,说明滇池流域20多年来的污染治理工作取得了一定的成效。     

滇池水中细菌和古菌氮代谢功能基因的空间分布

氮代谢在滇池水生态系统氮素循环和转化过程中起到重要的作用,不仅真核生物参与氮素转化,原核生物作为氮素循环的主要驱动者,在氮素生物化学循环中的作用更不容忽视.基于16S rDNA高通量测序技术,监测滇池草海和外海区域13个点位,分析滇池水中原核生物氮循环功能关键基因的分布特征.结果发现,滇池水中细菌35门, 427属,主要以变形菌门和拟杆菌门为优势门类;古菌14门, 61属,主要以广古菌门为优势门类;β多样性指数显示滇池整体细菌丰富度指数高于古菌,草海细菌多样性指数高于外海.PICRUSt功能解析表明细菌和古菌具有功能上的丰富性,细菌中有35个参与氮代谢的KO通路,涉及氮异化硝酸盐还原基因nirB、一氧化氮还原酶基因norB和硝酸还原酶基因nasK等关键基因;古菌中有23个参与氮代谢的KO通路,涉及固氮酶基因nifH、nifK和nifD,古菌固氮酶基因拷贝数显著高于其它氮代谢基因,草海中古菌氮代谢能力整体高于外海,滇池水中古菌比细菌固氮潜能更大.本研究从原核生物氮循环中功能基因的角度,探讨滇池不同区域水中细菌和古菌氮循环差异,为进一步揭示氮循环机制,解决氮素污染引起的富营养化提供理论参考.     

让滇池这颗“高原明珠”重放光彩

滇池位于云贵高原中部,属金沙江(长江)水系,地处长江、珠江、红河三大河流水系的分水岭地带,由于其处于昆明市主城区下游,故而对昆明市经济社会的发展和宜人气候的形成起着重要作用.滇池流域面积2920平方公里,为南北长、东西窄的湖盆地,其中山地和湖滨分别占流域面积的70%和20%,水面约占10%.滇池是典型的半封闭宽浅型湖泊,无外来水资源补给,分为草海和外海两个部分.滇池出水经螳螂川、普渡河流入金沙江,分别有两个人工控制出口,其中,草海部分的出口是西园隧洞,外海部分的出口是海口中滩闸.     

基于SOM和多元分析的滇池沉积物污染特征空间模式研究

联合运用层次聚类分析(HCA)、判别分析(DA)和自组织映射神经网络(SOM)3种数值方法,对滇池2008—2010年17个底泥监测点位(10个常规点位及7个新增点位)9种污染物进行空间差异性和相似性分析,并评价各指标在空间的分布特征及监测点代表性.结果表明:滇池沉积物整体污染程度为草海>外海中部及南部>外海北部.As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn污染最严重的点位是断桥;草海中心的凯氏氮污染最严重,其他指标污染水平仅次于断桥;Cr和TP污染最严重的点位是新增点位盘龙江2;海埂是全局污染最轻的点位.现有的常规监测点位对整体污染特征的代表性较弱,建议取消异质性最低的白鱼口、观音山西、观音山东和罗家营站点;考虑污染特征和监测点位空间分布的均匀性,建议将盘龙江2、海埂和马料河设为常规监测点位.     

滇池水葫芦规模化控养生态环境效应分析

水葫芦规模化控养是"十二五"期间滇池治理的重要措施之一。首先介绍了滇池水葫芦规模化控养现状,比较了滇池草海和外海在水葫芦控养前后水质的变化情况,指出滇池水葫芦规模化控养对草海水体生态恢复效果显著,可以在滇池选择适宜水葫芦生长的水域继续扩大水葫芦控养面积,使水葫芦在滇池生态治理中发挥更大的作用。     

基于绝对主成分-多元线性回归的滇池污染源解析

定量解析污染源是湖泊流域水环境管理的重要基础.基于滇池草海和外海多年水质监测数据,采用主成分分析（PCA）方法识别了主要水质指标的污染源类型,利用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型（APCS-MLR）得到不同污染源对水质的贡献程度.结果表明,草海主要的污染源有农业面源、城市面源和内源3类,外海的主要污染源是农业面源、城镇生活污染源、城市面源和内源4类.与河流水污染源解析结果不同,底泥内源与气象因子对滇池主要水质指标的影响较大.     

滇池沉积物不同分子量溶解性有机质分布及其与Cu和Pb的相互作用

采用平衡渗析法、离子计和光谱分析等技术研究了滇池表层沉积物中DOM(溶解性有机质)的分子量分布特征及不同分子量的DOM对Cu和Pb的结合能力. 结果表明,草海和外海沉积物中DOM的分子量组成有显著差异. 草海沉积物中DOM主要以分子量为3.5~5.0ku的组分为主;外海沉积物中DOM以分子量为0.5~2.0ku的组分为主. 滇池各级分子量DOM的腐殖化程度(以A3/A4计,A3、A4分别为DOM在300、400nm处的紫外吸光度)在1.57~6.00之间,而且DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性随着分子量的增加而增大. 离子计分析和三维荧光光谱特征表明,Cu趋向于和分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM结合,而Pb趋向于和分子量≤0.5ku的DOM结合. 用结合容量和分配系数(K_d)表征Cu、Pb与DOM在两相中的结合能力,分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM中的w(Cu)最大,草海和外海分别为717.65和340.27mg/g;分子量≤0.5ku的DOM中的w(Pb)最大,草海和外海分别为2988.84和5073.45mg/g.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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