生物除磷过程厌氧释磷的代谢机理及其动力学分析

运用充分曝气后的好氧末端活性污泥进行了厌氧释磷实验.结果表明,在厌氧释磷过程中VSS呈现出上升的趋势,而MLSS及灰分均呈现出下降的趋势.当微生物体内的糖原耗尽时,会引起厌氧吸收HAc及释磷过程的中断.得出ΔρPΔρPHB、ΔρGLYΔρPHB、ΔρPΔCOD、ΔρPHBΔCOD各比值的平均值分别为0.48、0.50、0.44、0.92.通过对厌氧吸收HAc及释磷动力学过程进行模拟,得到QHAc,max为164mg·g-1·h-1,QP,max为69.9mg·g-1·h-1,KGYL为0.005,KCOD为3mg·L-1.ΔρPΔCOD与溶液中pH呈明显的线性关系,且得到了二者之间的线性方程.     

Influence of carbon source and temperature on the denitrifying phosphorus removal process

To supply the valuable operating parameters for the popular usage of the new denitrifying phosphors removal process, it is essential to study the dominant biochemical reactions and the characteristics of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB). Thus, parallel batch experiments using DPB sludge were carried out to assess the effect of substrates (sewage, HAc, and endogenous carbon source) on denitrifying dephosphorus removal efficiency in this study. The results showed that the initial specific phosphorus release rate increased with the high concentration of the short-chain volatile fatty acids ratio in the influent, and sufficient phosphorus was released by DPB. This improved the subsequent denitrification and phosphorus uptake efficiency. The specific endogenous denitrification mainly relies on the internal carbon source (PHB) stored by poly-P bacteria. Denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria were very hungry when the internal PHB was consumed. Consequently, the specific endogenous denitrification rate was low and the phosphorus uptake did not happen. On the other hand, in the experiment, the denitrifying phosphorus removal performance under two temperature conditions (8–10°C and 25–26°C) was also investigated and analyzed. It was found that the lower temperature decreased the specific phosphorus release and uptake rate, but did not inhibit the denitrifying phosphorus removal completely. Therefore, the negative influence of the low temperature on the overall phosphorus removal was not significant. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26 (2): 186–192 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

The role of glucose in developing enhanced biological phosphorus removal

Sequential batch reactors were operated to study the mechanism of developing enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) while feeding glucose as the dominant substrate. Initial results indicated that feeding glucose as the dominant substrate caused poor and un-stable EBPR performance, similar to the findings reported by other researchers. The operating procedures for the glucose system were modified to longer anaerobic reaction time, higher glucose concentration in the influent, and shorter aerobic reaction time with a limited DO level. The application of these modified procedures successfully established stable EBPR performance by using glucose as the major substrate. Batch experiments showed that glucose was immediately transported into the bacteria and stored as glycogen and that poly-β-hydroxyvalerate predominated poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) during the anaerobic phase. It was also observed that much lower levels of PO₄-P anaerobic release and PHA accumulation occurred in the glucose induced EBPR system than in the acetate induced EBPR system. It is hypothesized that glycogen might replace the essential energy role of polyphosphate under the anaerobic condition, which results in the deterioration of PO₄-P removal unless these modified operating procedures are applied.     

Simultaneous denitrifying phosphorus accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor

In order to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the biological treatment process, denitrifying phosphorus accumulation (DNPA) and its affecting factors were studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with synthetic wastewater. The results showed that when acetate was used as the sole carbon resource in the influent, the sludge acclimatized under anaerobic/aerobic operation had good phosphorus removal ability. Denitrifying phosphorus accumulation was observed soon when fed with nitrate instead of aeration following the anaerobic stage, which is a vital premise to DNPA. If DNPA sludge is fed with nitrate prior to the anaerobic stage, the DNPA would weaken or even disappear. At the high concentration of nitrate fed in the anoxic stage, the longer anoxic time needed, the better the DNPA was. Induced DNPA did not disappear even though an aerobic stage followed the anoxic stage, but the shorter the aerobic stage lasted, the higher the proportions of phosphorus removal via DNPA to total removal. Translated from Environmental Science, 2004, 25(6): 92–96 [译自: 环境科学]     

基于生物膜法磷回收工艺厌氧释磷研究

城市污水经过碳回收后的低碳源进水水质将对活性污泥法强化除磷（EBPR）工艺的运行带来困难.本研究基于生物膜法磷回收的序批式反应器（Biofilm-SBR）对低碳、低磷进水进行磷回收,在BSBR反应器好氧无碳源、厌氧低碳源投加的运行基础上,研究了该工艺在低碳模式下厌氧磷释放的关键影响因素.同时,研究了不同的碳源浓度和碳源投加方式对BSBR工艺释磷的影响.最后,分析了系统中生物膜蓄磷量的变化,并探究其与碳源消耗、释磷效果的量化关系.结果表明,该系统在好氧无碳源、厌氧仅200 mg·L^-1的碳源投加下,即可取得115 mg·L^-1（可溶性磷）的富磷回收液.系统的C_upt/P_rel（释放单位质量磷的COD消耗量）平均为（11.12±1.03）mg·mg^-1,最大蓄磷量为124 mg·g^-1.     

Effects of nitrite on phosphate uptake in anaerobic-oxic process

An anaerobic-oxic (A/O) biological phosphorus removal reactor was operated to study the effect of nitrite on phosphate uptake. The phosphorus uptake profile was determined under different operating conditions. The results indicated that in addition to oxygen and nitrate (DPB_Na, nitrate denitrifying phosphorus removal), to some extent, nitrite could also serve as an electron acceptor to achieve nitrite denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPB_Ni). The quantity and rate of phosphorus uptake of DPB_Ni, however, were evidently lower than that of DPB_Na. The experiment results revealed that nitrite would bring toxic action to phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) when NO₂ ⁻-N ⩾ 93.7 mg/L. The nitrite existing in the anoxic reactor made no difference to the quantity and rate of denitrifying phosphorus removal, but it could reduce the consumption of nitrate. Moreover, the data showed that the aerobic phosphate uptake of DPB_Ni was lower than that of anaerobic phosphorus-released sludge in a traditional A/O process. However, there was not much difference between these two kinds of sludge in terms of the total phosphorus uptake quantity and the effluent quality. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(4): 701–703 [译自: 环境科学]     

Comparison of biochemical characteristics between PAO and DPAO sludges

A successful enhanced biological phosphorus removal(EBPR) was observed in both anaerobicaerobic sequencing batch reactor(An-Ox SBR) to induce growth of phosphorus accumulating organism(PAO) and anaerobic-anoxic(An-Ax) SBR to induce growth of denitrifying PAO(DPAO).Although the EBPR performance of An-Ox SBR was higher by 11.3% than that of An-Ax SBR,specific phosphorus release rates in the An-Ax SBR(22.8 ± 3.5 mg P/(g VSS·hr)) and the An-Ox SBR(22.4 ± 4.8 mg P/(g VSS·hr)) were similar. Specific phosphorus uptake rates under anoxic and aerobic conditions were 26.3 ± 4.8 mg P/(g VSS·hr)(An-Ax SBR) and 25.6 ± 2.8 mg P/(g VSS·hr)(An-Ox SBR), respectively, which were also similar. In addition, an analysis of relationship of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates(PHA) synthesized under anaerobic conditions with phosphorous release(Preleased/PHAsynthesized) and of PHA utilized under anoxic and aerobic conditions with phosphorous uptake(Puptaked/PHAutilized) verified that biological activities of EBPR per unit biomass between DPAO and PAO were similar. An analysis of the specific denitrification rate of DPAO showed that NO-3-N can be denitrified at a rate that does not substantially differ from that of an ordinary denitrifier without additional consumption of organic carbon when the PHA stored inside the cell under anaerobic conditions is sufficiently secured.     

基于聚糖菌和聚磷菌竞争的代谢模型及影响因素

聚糖菌的富集已成为造成EBPR强化生物除磷系统非稳定运行的重要因素之一.本文基于活性污泥数学模型ASM.2D的生物除磷代谢模型,围绕化学计量学和动力学阐述了聚磷菌PAOs胞内糖原的代谢途径以及聚糖菌GAOs在厌氧和好氧条件下的代谢模型,揭示了2类微生物的竞争本质.同时,对比分析了影响代谢模型化学计量学参数的若干因子,如碳源类型、温度、pH条件和污泥龄SRT等;结果发现,这些因素对PAOs和GAOs的代谢模型系数具有重要的影响作用,并进而决定着2类微生物的竞争优势.此外,针对目前对两类微生物的竞争主要集中于厌氧代谢的现状,提出今后的研究重点应放在好氧/缺氧机理方面.     

超低溶解氧条件下的EBPR系统除磷性能

实验采用两个交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)模式运行的SBR反应器,对不同溶解氧(DO)浓度梯度下EBPR系统除磷效果及工艺性能进行了为期127 d的研究.在未控制DO的对照组反应器R1中,好氧段DO≥6 mg·L~(-1),运行的前65 d内工艺除磷性能稳定,除磷率95.9%,出水总磷0.5 mg·L~(-1),但由于系统长期处于过曝气状态,65 d后除磷性能逐渐恶化,直至97 d后系统彻底失效,整个运行阶段(1~127 d)出水总磷一级A达标率为39.4%.对于实验组反应器R2,控制好氧段DO浓度分别为2、1、0.5、0.2、0.1 mg·L~(-1),各工况初期除磷性能均有小幅波动,但除磷率迅速回升,继而反应器达到稳定运行.统计发现,实验组反应器R2在整个运行阶段出水总磷一级A的达标率为94.6%,127 d内仅有6 d不达标,工艺性能远优于R1.DO=2 mg·L~(-1)系统的比吸磷速率接近最大值,而低DO条件对比吸磷速率影响较大.实验还发现,尽管由超低DO(0.1 mg·L~(-1))引起的有机物降解速率低导致系统发生污泥微膨胀,但出水总磷仍能100%达标排放,微好氧EBPR的节能除磷具有可行性.     

Research on polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen transformations: Key aspects to biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen systems

In this paper, a study was conducted on the effect of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen transformations on biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen (DO) systems. Two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2) were operating with anaerobic/aerobic (low DO, 0.15–0.45 mg·L⁻¹) configurations, which cultured a propionic to acetic acid ratio (molar carbon ratio) of 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. Fewer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), total PHA, and glycogen transformations were observed with the increase of propionic/acetic acid, along with more poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and poly-3-hydroxy-2-methyvalerate (PH2MV) shifts. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was 68% and 82% in SBR1 and SBR2, respectively. In the two SBRs, the soluble ortho-phosphate (SOP) removal efficiency was 94% and 99%, and the average sludge polyphosphate (poly-P) content (g·g-MLVSS⁻¹) was 8.3% and 10.2%, respectively. Thus, the propionic to acetic acid ratio of the influent greatly influenced the PHA form and quantity, glycogen transformation, and poly-P contained in activated sludge and further determined TN and SOP removal efficiency. Moreover, significant correlations between the SOP removal rate and the (PHV + PH2MV)/PHA ratio were observed (R ²>0.99). Accordingly, PHA and glycogen transformations should be taken into account as key components for optimizing anaerobic/aerobic (low DO) biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems.     

富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中的水解与生物释磷机制

以某采用A/O生物除磷工艺的污水处理厂排出的富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,设计厌氧消化比较试验,讨论了富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中的磷释放机制.结果发现,剩余污泥消化系统中的SOP(溶解性正磷)释放/PHA(聚羟基烷酸)合成比值大于活性污泥厌氧释磷系统,证实了剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中水解机制是磷释放的主导机制;剩余污泥消化系统中的PHA合成/糖原降解比值小于活性污泥厌氧释磷系统,表明污泥消化系统中的糖原降解不仅仅是生物释磷引起的;厌氧消化系统中抑菌剂的存在对于污泥消化系统的水解释磷机制与生物释磷机制均是不利的.     

聚磷生物膜反应器磷负荷提升过程中微生物种群分析

在同步去除及富集磷酸盐的基础上,通过研究水力停留时间(8 h、6 h、4 h)及不同的进水磷浓度考察磷负荷对于反应器的运行效能和微生物群落结构的影响,探究生物膜反应器所能承受的最大磷负荷,并探究微生物种群与工艺性能的响应关系,获取高效生物膜驯化的最优进水磷条件,以及分析该条件下的种群结构.结果表明,在驯化阶段,在磷负荷低于0.18 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)时,磷负荷的提升不会影响磷去除率,磷去除率保持在98.3%;当磷负荷达到0.24 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)时,磷去除率下降到84.3%,但P_(rel)/C_(upt)依旧从最初的0.06上升至0.121.MiSeq测序结果表明优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),从59.2%增长至83.5%,反应器中的优势聚磷菌科为红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae),从11.8%增长至27.3%.在回收阶段,在保证好氧出水达标的情况下,磷酸盐浓度升高至56.4 mg·L~(-1),富集液浓度达到鸟粪石法回收磷的标准.通过增加进水磷负荷可使聚磷菌丰度提高,进而提高了回收液磷浓度.     

基于优质碳源提供的CAMBR复合工艺短程硝化-反硝化除磷研究

挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)是反硝化除磷过程可以利用的优质碳源,为此本研究结合厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)微生物相分离和膜生物反应器(MBR)出水水质优良的特性,构建了CAMBR复合工艺,并通过优化ABR水力停留时间(HRT)等运行条件以提供优质碳源,实现高效反硝化除磷.研究表明,当ABR的HRT为4.8 h时,可获得充足的VFA作为优质碳源,并实现消耗VFA的量为56.1 mg·L~(-1)的同时获得10.43 mg·L~(-1)的释磷,即释放1 mg磷需要的VFA量为5.38 mg,同时实现12.35 mg·L~(-1)的吸磷,而MBR池的吸磷为1.33 mg·L~(-1).短程硝化除磷过程中,缺氧消耗1 mg PO_4~(3-)-P需要0.62 mg的NO-x-N,吸收1 mg PO_4~(3-)-P所需NO_2~--N的量为1.67~2.04 mg.系统出水水质稳定,COD、TN和溶解性PO_4~(3-)-P的平均去除率分别为91%、84%和93%,出水平均浓度分别为30、7.15和0.55 mg·L~(-1),表明CAMBR复合工艺生在处理生活污水过程中可获得稳定高效的反硝化除磷效果.     

进水C/P对SNEDPR系统脱氮除磷性能的影响

为了解不同进水C/P条件下同步硝化内源反硝化除磷(SNEDPR)的脱氮除磷特性.以实际城市污水为处理对象,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/低氧(溶解氧0.5~1.0 mg·L~(-1))运行的序批式反应器(SBR),考察了进水C/P(分别为60、30、20、15、10)对系统C、N、P去除特性的影响.结果表明:适当降低进水C/P(由60降至30)有利于提高系统内PAOs竞争优势.当C/P为30时系统除磷性能最高,厌氧段释磷速率(PRR)和好氧段吸磷速率(PUR,以P/MLSS计,下同)分别高达3.5mg·(g·h)-1和4.2 mg·(g·h)-1,出水PO3-4-P浓度均低于0.3 mg·L~(-1),且PPAO,An高达88.1%;但进一步降低进水C/P至10时,PO3-4-P去除率和PPAO,An分别由38.1%和82.4%降低至3.1%和5.3%,PRR和PUR分别仅为0.2 mg·(g·h)-1和0.24mg·(g·h)-1,系统表现出较差的除磷性能.降低C/P对系统COD去除性能没有影响,COD去除率稳定在85%左右.此外,当C/P由60降低至20时,系统硝化性能变差,表现为出水NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度分别由0和6.9 mg·L~(-1)升高至5.1 mg·L~(-1)和16.2 mg·L~(-1);而当C/P进一步降低至10时,系统硝化性能得以恢复,但亚硝积累特性遭到破坏,表现为出水NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度逐渐降低为0,但出水NO-3-N浓度由0.08 mg·L~(-1)升高至14.1 mg·L~(-1).SNED率先由62.1%降低为36.4%后又逐渐提高至56.4%.C/P低于15时,有利于提高GAOs的竞争优势,且C/P由20降至10时系统脱氮性能得以恢复,原因在于GAOs内源反硝化作用的增强.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

强化生物除磷过程中污泥胞内糖原的红外光谱分析

采用傅里叶中红外光谱对强化生物除磷过程中污泥胞内糖原物质进行了表征,并将污泥样品与糖原标样的红外光谱进行对比,确认糖原物质在1020 cm-1峰附近有较明显的特征吸收贡献.因此,采用红外光谱945~1150 cm-1区域内的吸收光谱数据,结合测得胞内糖原的含量,应用偏最小二乘法和BP神经网络算法分别建立了污泥红外光谱与糖原含量的定量分析模型.结果显示,偏最小二乘法得到的测量值与预测值具有较小的平均绝对误差(MAE),其相关系数达到0.921.     

小球藻高效净化猪场废水厌氧发酵沼液研究

为了净化脱除养猪场废水厌氧发酵沼液中的主要污染物,本文利用臭氧氧化对沼液灭菌并且降解其中的大分子有机物(效果优于高压蒸汽灭菌法),然后高效培养小球藻转化为生物质变废为宝.研究了通入不同体积浓度CO_2以及在沼液中补充部分营养盐对微藻生长净化沼液的影响.当CO_2体积浓度从2%逐渐增加到30%时,微藻生物质产量和脱除污染物效率先升后降,并在体积浓度为15%时达到峰值.当沼液中补充添加营养盐10 mg·L~(-1)磷和1 mg·L~(-1)铁时,微藻生物质产量相对未添加条件进一步提高了29.1%,达到了5.81 g·L~(-1),相应的COD、TN、NH_3-N、TP和抗生素替米考星等污染物脱除效率分别提高到88.5%、91.2%、93.6%、98.9%和90.7%.因此,小球藻可高效净化猪场厌氧发酵沼液同时生产高值生物质,具有良好的应用前景.     

系列混合碳源条件下颗粒化EBPR系统菌群结构变化规律研究

在SBR反应器中接种富含聚磷菌的活性污泥,采用一系列不同丙酸/乙酸比例混合的碳源进行EBPR系统污泥的颗粒化培养,并考察了颗粒化进程中的系统菌群结构变化,以及不同混合碳源条件对系统功能菌种竞争的影响.结果表明,污泥颗粒化过程对EBPR系统菌群结构产生了较大的筛选作用.原本在系统中占优势的一类Uncultured bacterium被迅速淘汰;Uncultured Rhodocyclaceae bacterium、部分Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis、部分Denitrifying bacterium、Acinetobacter及部分Uncultured alpha proteobacterium分别逐渐被淘汰.在各个成熟的颗粒化EBPR系统中,除磷微生物主要为Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium与Uncultured alpha proteobacterium.不同混合碳源条件培养的颗粒化EBPR系统菌群结构差异主要表现为Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis(聚糖菌)与Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium(聚磷菌)菌群数量的不同.混合碳源中乙酸比例的提高可造成颗粒化EBPR系统中Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis的增长,使系统的除磷效率下降.而碳源中丙酸比例相对较高的条件有利于Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium增长,从而有助于颗粒化EBPR系统维持较好的除磷效率.     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.     

基于磷回收的低温微氧EBPR系统的表观与微观特性

在低溶解氧(DO=1mg/L)条件下启动2个厌氧/好氧交替运行的SBR(A/O-SBR),中温(22±1)℃SBR1和低温(14±1)℃SBR2,考察侧流磷回收工艺对低耗主流强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统污染物去除性能?微生物种群结构和磷回收潜能的影响.结果表明,SBR1和SBR2的脱氮及COD去除性能未受磷回收操作的影...