从细菌的生化特性看生物脱氮与生物除磷的关系

目前一般的污水生物脱氮除磷机理认为生物反硝化脱氮与生物除磷是两个相互独立、相互竞争的生理过程，并且以这两个生理过程区分反硝化菌和聚磷菌。对生物脱氮除磷工艺中的细菌组成和生化特性的研究发现：硝酸盐还原性和超量吸磷只是两种并不冲突的细菌的生化特性，生物脱氮与生物除磷可以相互结合。即同时拥有这两种生化特性的细菌可以同时进行反硝化吸磷和脱氮生化反应。     

厌氧-缺氧下反硝化除磷对低碳污水的处理性能研究

采用厌氧-缺氧条件运行的序批式移动床生物膜反应器,考察了NO3--N进水浓度及其投加方式对低碳废水(COD=200mg/L)反硝化除磷的影响.经驯化后,反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)在总聚磷菌的份额从15.7%增长到71.3%,富集了DPB.NO3--N的浓度对处理有较大影响.在NO3--N为30mg/L(即C/N=6.7:1)时,COD、PO43--P和NO3--N的去除率分别为97.8%、82.0%和81.2%,实现低碳污水的高效处理.NO3--N较低或较高浓度(20mg/L和40mg/L)时,缺氧段吸磷不充分,PHB由厌氧开始时的2.2mg/g左右分别积累至5.1mg/g和3.5mg/g,影响下一周期磷的释放.1次投加、2次投加和连续流加NO3--N,除对缺氧初期的反硝化吸磷速率有影响外,对反硝化除磷的效率影响不明显.     

反硝化除磷污泥的缺氧吸磷性能研究

为探讨反硝化除磷过程中污泥的缺氧吸磷性能,利用厌氧/缺氧强化驯化得到的反硝化除磷污泥,通过间歇性试验考察不同电子受体类型、不同污泥浓度(MLSS)对吸磷过程的影响。试验结果表明,缺氧条件下反硝化除磷菌(DPB)利用硝酸盐作为电子受体能够彻底吸磷,其吸磷速率约为好氧吸磷的59%;若以亚硝酸盐为电子受体,浓度较低时(10.6 mg/L)的吸磷速率与硝酸盐为电子受体时相当,但较高的亚硝酸盐浓度(22.6 mg/L)会抑制反硝化除磷过程;适当提高污泥浓度能加快缺氧吸磷速度,而过高的污泥浓度会降低污泥对氮、磷的比去除速率,故应将MLSS控制在合理的范围内。     

A_2ON工艺反硝化除磷研究

将活性污泥法与生物膜法相结合,基于反硝化除磷原理,开发出双相序批式脱氮除磷处理工艺A2ON。着重研究生活污水COD/TN比值变化的对除磷脱氮影响。试验结果表明,该工艺处理效果稳定,对水质的适应能力强,可以降低好氧需求,较大程度地减少除磷和反硝化对碳源的竞争,同时保证了世代时间长的硝化菌可稳定生长。     

一株非发酵反硝化聚磷菌的筛选及其代谢模式研究

利用活性污泥与生物膜复合系统富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)并进行了功能菌的筛选及反硝化聚磷实验,考察了乙酸、PO43--P和NO3--N、PHB和糖原的变化,分析了厌氧和缺氧代谢模式以及PHB在此过程中所起的作用.结果表明,分离到的YB菌株与脱氮副球菌属最相似,是一类非发酵的反硝化聚磷菌.厌氧阶段,YB菌株合成1mg的PHB释放0.11mg的P,作为非发酵菌,合成PHB所需要的能量ATP大部分来自聚磷酸盐的释放.缺氧阶段,YB菌株分解1mg的PHB聚集0.15mg的P,PHB分解产生的ATP多用于聚磷过程;与以前报道的聚磷菌在厌氧和缺氧条件下的代谢模式不同.厌氧阶段聚磷酸盐的释放将影响PHB的合成,进一步影响反硝化聚磷效果,因此认为应重点跟踪△P/△PHB和△NO3--N /△PHB,而不是△P/△COD、△NO3--N /△COD或者△P/△NO3--N.     

Anoxic phosphorus removal in a pilot scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch process

The anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch (A²/O OD) process is popularly used to eliminate nutrients from domestic wastewater. In order to identify the existence of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB), evaluate the contribution of DPB to biological nutrient removal, and enhance the denitrifying phosphorus removal in the A²/O OD process, a pilot-scale A²/O OD plant (375 L) was conducted. At the same time batch tests using sequence batch reactors (12 L and 4 L) were operated to reveal the significance of anoxic phosphorus removal. The results indicated that: The average removal efficiency of COD, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, and TN were 88.2%, 92.6%, 87.8%, and 73.1%, respectively, when the steady state of the pilotscale A²/O OD plant was reached during 31–73 d, demonstrating a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. Phosphorus uptake took place in the anoxic zone by poly-phosphorus accumulating organisms NO₂⁻ could be used as electron receptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal, and the phosphorus uptake rate with NO₂⁻ as the electron receptor was higher than that with NO₃⁻ when the initial concentration of either NO₂⁻ or NO₃⁻ was 40 mg/L.     

Effect of carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge

Effect of added carbon source and nitrate concentration on the denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge was systematically studied using batch experiments, at the same time the variation of ORP was investigated.Results showed that the denitrifying and phosphorus uptake rate in anoxic phase increased with the high initial anaerobic carbon source addition. However once the initial COD concentration reached a certain level, which was in excess to the PHB saturation of poly-P bacteria, residual COD carried over to anoxic phase inhibited the subsequent denitrifying phosphorus uptake. Simultaneously, phosphate uptake continued until all nitrate was removed, following a slow endogenous release of phosphate. High nitrate concentration in anoxic phase increased the initial denitrffying phosphorus rate. Once the nitrate was exhausted, phosphate uptake changed to release. Moreover, the time of this turning point occurred later with the higher nitrate addition. On the other hand, through on-line monitoring the variation of the ORP with different initial COD concentration, it was found ORP could be used as a control parameter for phosphorus release, but it is impossible to utilize ORP for controlling the denitrificaion and anoxic phosphorus uptake operations.     

DPB污泥浓度对反硝化除磷的影响

为了进一步了解反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）污泥质量浓度（MLSS）对反硝化除磷过程的影响,进行一系列厌氧、缺氧模拟试验．研究考察DPB污泥的MLSS对厌氧释磷、缺氧反硝化吸磷的影响。结果表明：MLSS越高,释、吸磷速率及反硝化速率越高;MLSS对释、吸磷比速率和反硝化比速率的影响较小;厌氧总释磷量由污水中可利用COD的多少决定,DPB污泥的MLSS只影响到达释磷平衡的时间：污水中含氮量偏低引起反硝化吸磷段NO3^-不足时,DPB污泥厌氧释磷量高于反硝化吸磷量．MLSS越高经缺氧反硝化吸磷处理后水中含磷量越高。     

SBR的反硝化吸磷脱氮现象研究

通过改变生物除磷脱氮工艺SBR(A／O／A／O)的运行参数，对其缺氧段进行研究，发现：进入缺氧段的聚磷菌体内的PHB是否充足，是缺氧吸磷现象是否明显的关键。在SBR的缺氧段也存在反硝化吸磷现象，此反应装置的活性污泥中含有大量的可利用NO3^-作为电子受体，进行缺氧反硝化吸磷的反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)。     

复合人工湿地中反硝化除磷作用的发生及其稳定性

将2套潮汐流人工湿地(T-A和T-B)构建为复合人工湿地(HCW),研究了HCW中反硝化除磷作用的发生及其稳定性.结果表明,当HCW按照两段进水潮汐流方式连续运行时,T-A的反硝化除磷性能和T-B的硝化性能均可得以强化,HCW随之具有理想的同步脱氮除磷效果;周期性补充碳源的磷移除操作可缓解T-A中磷素的过量积累,同时可提高反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)胞内聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)的合成量,有助于HCW反硝化除磷效果的高效与稳定;当磷移除周期为30 d时,T-A在反硝化除磷过程中对TP与NOx--N的去除率分别为(97. 86±0. 70)%和(98. 29±2. 62)%,在磷移除过程中的磷素释放量、PHB合成量(以C/填料计)及补充碳源利用率分别为(1 486. 29±123. 25) mg、(4. 43±0. 57) mmol·g~(-1)和(94. 65±2. 66)%,HCW的磷素回收效率则为63. 97%.本研究为人工湿地同步脱氮除磷提供了新的思路,又进一步拓展了磷回收技术的研发和应用范围.     

Effects of nitrite on phosphate uptake in anaerobic-oxic process

An anaerobic-oxic (A/O) biological phosphorus removal reactor was operated to study the effect of nitrite on phosphate uptake. The phosphorus uptake profile was determined under different operating conditions. The results indicated that in addition to oxygen and nitrate (DPB_Na, nitrate denitrifying phosphorus removal), to some extent, nitrite could also serve as an electron acceptor to achieve nitrite denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPB_Ni). The quantity and rate of phosphorus uptake of DPB_Ni, however, were evidently lower than that of DPB_Na. The experiment results revealed that nitrite would bring toxic action to phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) when NO₂ ⁻-N ⩾ 93.7 mg/L. The nitrite existing in the anoxic reactor made no difference to the quantity and rate of denitrifying phosphorus removal, but it could reduce the consumption of nitrate. Moreover, the data showed that the aerobic phosphate uptake of DPB_Ni was lower than that of anaerobic phosphorus-released sludge in a traditional A/O process. However, there was not much difference between these two kinds of sludge in terms of the total phosphorus uptake quantity and the effluent quality. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(4): 701–703 [译自: 环境科学]     

低C/N条件下MUCT工艺的反硝化除磷特性

以C/N较低的污水为处理对象,重点研究和分析了MUCT工艺缺氧区的反硝化除磷特性.结果表明,①缺氧区1因为COD浓度相对较高,回流污泥中的硝酸盐氮优先被传统反硝化菌利用,不能作为DPB的电子受体,所以主要发生释磷反应;②缺氧区2内DPB利用厌氧段贮存大量PHB为碳源,以硝酸盐氮为电子受体进行吸磷,且吸磷量逐日提高,从最初的0 .93 mg/Ｌ增加至18 mg/Ｌ,缺氧吸磷率最终稳定在40%左右;③缺氧区3内,由于硝酸盐氮和COD浓度过低,进行无效释磷反应过程,释磷量在0 .27～3 mg/Ｌ之间;④系统对COD、TN、TP的去除率较高,出水TN和TP浓度分别在10 mg/Ｌ和0 .9 mg/Ｌ以下.     

Characteristics of anoxic phosphors removal in sequence batch reactor

The characteristics of anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake were investigated in sequencing batch reactors using denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria （DPB） sludge. The lab-scale experiments were accomplished under conditions of various nitrite concentrations （5.5, 9.5, and 15 mg/L） and mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） （1844, 3231, and 6730 mg/L）. The results obtained confirmed that nitrite, MLSS, and pH were key factors, which had a significant impact on anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake in the biological phosphorous removal process. The nitrites were able to successfully act as electron acceptors for phosphorous uptake at a limited concentration between 5.5 and 9.5 mg/L. The denitrification and dephosphorous were inhibited when the nitrite concentration reached 15 mg/L. This observation indicated that the nitrite would not inhibit phosphorus uptake before it exceeded a threshold concentration. It was assumed that an increase of MLSS concentration from 1844 mg/L to 6730 mg/L led to the increase of denitrification and anoxic P-uptake rate. On the contrary, the average P-uptake/N denitrifying reduced from 2.10 to 1.57 mg PO4^3--P/mg NO3^--N. Therefore, it could be concluded that increasing MLSS of the DEPHANOX system might shorten the reaction time of phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake. However, excessive MLSS might reduce the specific denitrifying rate. Meanwhile, a rapid pH increase occurred at the beginning of the anoxic conditions as a result of denitrification and anoxic phosphate uptake. Anaerobic P release rate increased with an increase in pH. Moreover, when pH exceeded a relatively high value of 8.0, the dissolved P concentration decreased in the liquid phase, because of chemical precipitation. This observation suggested that pH should be strictly controlled below 8.0 to avoid chemical precipitation if the biological denitrifying phosphorus removal capability is to be studied accurately.     

SBR中短程反硝化除磷菌的培养驯化研究

以周期运行培养方式在间隙反应器中驯化以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷菌,并比较了硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为电子受体时反硝化除磷的效果.结果表明,经厌氧/好氧+厌氧/缺氧(连续投加硝酸盐)+厌氧/缺氧/好氧(连续投加亚硝酸盐)方式成功筛选出能以亚硝酸盐作电子受体的反硝化除磷菌,该系统磷的去除率可达88.62％;在外加硝酸盐,...     

污泥龄对A/A/O工艺反硝化除磷的影响

以实际生活污水培养驯化污泥的小试规模A/A/O工艺为研究对象,进行了污泥龄（SRT）为8、10、12和15 d时对反硝化除磷的影响研究.结果表明,随着污泥龄的延长,反硝化除磷对系统除磷所起的作用越大,反硝化聚磷菌缺氧利用单位PHAs的反硝化数量和吸磷量也迅速增加,聚磷菌好氧利用单位PHAs的吸磷量并没有受到影响,以SRT为12 d时反硝化除磷和系统脱氮除磷效果为最好.结果还表明,去除单位氮所需COD数量随污泥龄的延长呈减少趋势,而去除单位磷所需COD数量呈增大趋势.对于我国典型的城市污水而言,SRT为12 d和15 d时去除单位氮和磷所需的外碳源数量较8 d时要低,从而使反硝化除磷作用可真正地达到节省碳源和能源的目的.     

不同电子受体对反硝化除磷菌缺氧吸磷的影响

利用厌氧/缺氧/好氧交替运行模式培养和富集反硝化除磷污泥,通过在缺氧段分别投加不同浓度的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,进行了反硝化除磷菌（DPB）在不同电子受体条件下的缺氧吸磷试验.结果表明,在保证有足够的硝酸盐电子受体的情况下,DPB的缺氧吸磷速率几乎不受硝酸盐浓度的影响,在试验条件下,缺氧阶段每消耗1 mg NO^-₃-N吸收约1 mg PO^３－_４-P;在一定浓度条件下,亚硝酸盐能够作为电子受体参与DPB反硝化吸磷,DPB在较低亚硝酸盐浓度（NO^-₂-N在5～20 mg/L范围）下的缺氧吸磷速率高于以硝酸盐为电子受体时的缺氧吸磷速率,并且缺氧吸磷速率在这个范围内随NO^-₂-N浓度的升高而降低;亚硝酸盐对DPB缺氧吸磷的抑制程度随其浓度的增加而增强,当NO^-₂-N≥35 mg/L时,DPB的缺氧吸磷反应几乎完全停止.     

1株脱氮除磷菌的筛选及其特性研究

采用YG培养基,结合蓝白斑筛选、异染粒染色及好氧除磷能力检测等实验,从城市生活污水处理厂好氧生化池的活性污泥中分离出7株好氧除磷菌;再经硝酸盐还原产气和缺氧培养实验,筛选出1株高效脱氮除磷菌;通过16S rRNA基因同源性比较和生理生化鉴定,初步将其鉴定为Pseudomonas grimontii,命名为C18.菌株C18在好氧培养24h后,培养基中上清液磷浓度从38.7mg/L降低到2.28mg/L,除磷率达94.1%.C18在缺氧培养24h后,培养基中上清液磷浓度从44.5mg/L降低到5.21mg/L,除磷率达88.3%;上清液硝酸盐氮浓度从184.2mg/L降低到30.6mg/L,脱氮率达83.4%.菌株C18最适脱氮除磷温度为30℃;最适脱氮除磷pH为7.5.     

同时硝化/反硝化除磷工艺的脱氮除磷效能

为实现同时硝化/反硝化除磷(SNDPR),在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中,采用厌氧/好氧和厌氧/缺氧/好氧2种运行模式驯化污泥,并考察了厌氧/低氧模式下SNDPR过程中COD、PHB、TP、TN、DO和电化学参数的变化规律。结果表明,经2阶段驯化,反硝化聚磷菌比例提升至85.9%,硝化速率达5.97 mg(/L.h),实现了反硝化除磷菌和硝化菌的良好共存;在厌氧/低氧模式下,SNDPR对低碳城市污水具有良好脱氮除磷效果,TP、TN和COD去除率达到93.7%、79%和87.7%;PHB与COD降解、TN降解和TP吸收有良好的相关性,也是SNDPR过程的碳源驱动力;pH和ORP曲线上"谷点"预示厌氧释磷结束,pH曲线"折点"指示SNDPR结束。     

污泥龄及pH值对反硝化除磷工艺效能的影响

以SBR成功富集后的反硝化聚磷菌（DPBs）为研究对象,分别考察了污泥龄（SRT,35、25、15 d）及pH值（7.5、8.0、8.5）对反硝化除磷过程的影响.结果表明,SRT从35d缩短至25d,使活性污泥浓度（MLVSS）从2821 mg·L^-1降低为2301 mg·L^-1,而污泥负荷（F/M,以COD/MLVSS计）从0.256kg·（kg·d）^-1增加至0.312 kg·（kg·d）^-1,虽然净释磷量及净吸磷量有所下降,但是由于污泥活性的增加,此阶段厌氧释磷、缺氧吸磷及比反硝化速率均达到最高,分别为25.07、15.92及9.45 mg·（g·h）^-1,污泥含磷率从4.78%升为5.33%,出水PO₄^3--P浓度保持在0.5 mg·L^-1以下,即PO₄^3--P去除率稳定在95%以上;当SRT进一步缩短为15d时,MLVSS低至1448 mg·L^-1,污泥中DPBs占聚磷菌（PAOs）的比例从82.4%骤降为65.7%,表明过短的SRT使得DPBs逐渐从系统中流失,此阶段污泥含磷率降至3.43%,释磷、吸磷及比反硝化速率亦出现不同程度的降低.随着pH值的升高（7.5~8.0）,厌氧释磷及缺氧吸磷速率也升高,pH值为8.0时分别达到25.86mg·（g·h）^-1和16.62 mg·（g·h）^-1;当pH超过8.0后,除磷效率快速下降,推测为磷化学沉淀导致.     

Simultaneous denitrifying phosphorus accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor

In order to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the biological treatment process, denitrifying phosphorus accumulation (DNPA) and its affecting factors were studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with synthetic wastewater. The results showed that when acetate was used as the sole carbon resource in the influent, the sludge acclimatized under anaerobic/aerobic operation had good phosphorus removal ability. Denitrifying phosphorus accumulation was observed soon when fed with nitrate instead of aeration following the anaerobic stage, which is a vital premise to DNPA. If DNPA sludge is fed with nitrate prior to the anaerobic stage, the DNPA would weaken or even disappear. At the high concentration of nitrate fed in the anoxic stage, the longer anoxic time needed, the better the DNPA was. Induced DNPA did not disappear even though an aerobic stage followed the anoxic stage, but the shorter the aerobic stage lasted, the higher the proportions of phosphorus removal via DNPA to total removal. Translated from Environmental Science, 2004, 25(6): 92–96 [译自: 环境科学]