三峡水库外来鱼类资源状况初步研究

2020年4～6月和11～12月,在三峡水库干支流8个典型江段开展外来鱼类的种类组成、相对丰度和空间分布特征的初步研究。结果显示：(1)在三峡库区干支流江段共采集到鱼类108种,隶属于8目21科,其中外来鱼类16种,占鱼类总种数的14.81%;(2)在外来鱼类中优势种有3种,分别为短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)、太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)和尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus),其中短颌鲚在除乌江江段以外的其他7个采样江段中均为优势种,相对优势度分布范围为2.05%～18.71%;太湖新银鱼在支流小江和大宁河江段为优势种,相对优势度分别为2.83%和8.39%;尼罗罗非鱼仅在支流小江江段为优势种,相对优势度为1.56%;(3)外来鱼类在干流渔获物中的相对丰度明显低于其在支流渔获物中的相对丰度,其中外来鱼类在支流小江江段渔获物中的体重百分比最高,为12.30%;在大宁河江段渔获物中的数量百分比最高,为57.55%。鉴于目前三峡库区外来鱼类物种的资源状况,建议采取综合防治措施对三峡库区外来鱼类的种群数量进行管理与控制,从而避...     

金沙江中下游特有鱼类的生物学、生态学特征及其保护对策

基于2012～2017年在金沙江中下游干流两个区域江段(攀枝花和巧家)的渔获物调查,对两个区域内长江上游特有鱼类的生物学和生态学特征进行了研究,并在此基础上,探讨了适用于金沙江中下游特有鱼类的保护措施.结果显示:2012～2017年间,共采集到特有鱼类25种,隶属于4科17属;向家坝和溪洛渡蓄水后,各调查区域主要特有鱼类的资源丰度均明显下降;除西昌白鱼外,24种鱼类均为适应流水、砾石生境的种类.基于生物学和生态学特征的分析,认为金沙江中下游干支流的梯级开发以及持续的过度捕捞是影响该区域特有鱼类资源变动的主要因素,因此建议在尽量延长各干流水库回水变动区流水生境江段长度的同时,应在流域规划层面上,保证重要支流生境的自然化;此外,应在重要生境区域加强渔业管理,并同时加快特有鱼类的全人工繁殖工作.     

岷江下游干流段鱼类资源现状及其多样性分析

2014~2016年在岷江下游干流开展了4次鱼类资源调查，共采集到鱼类71种（亚种），隶属于3目11科51属，其中包括长江上游特有鱼类16种。不同调查江段鱼类组成相似性指数分析结果显示，宜宾和乐山江段相似性指数最低，70%；宜宾和屏山江段相似性指数最高，9219%。岷江下游干流江段主要经济鱼类为鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、光泽黄颡鱼（Pelteobaggrus nitidus）和瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus vachelli），在岷江下游整个江段渔获物中各占1610%、1396%和1232%。对调查到的71种鱼类产卵类型进行分析结果显示，产粘性卵鱼类和漂流性卵鱼类分别占渔获物总重量的6828%和2707%。不同调查时间和不同江段多样性指数存在差异，其中5~7月份调查到的鱼类多样性指数高于10~12月份调查结果；乐山和犍为江段间鱼类均匀度Pielou指数存在显著差异（P<005）。从调查结果看，岷江下游干流段鱼类种类丰富，渔获物数量较高，但受岷江下游梯级开发的影响，资源前景不容乐观，需加强保护措施。     

黑水河下游鱼类资源现状及其保护措施

为了解白鹤滩蓄水运行前黑水河下游鱼类资源的现状、受到的主要威胁及其保护措施,于2014年1~12月在黑水河下游干支流江段采用电捕法进行了渔获物调查。结果显示:12个月共调查发现鱼类28种,隶属于3目8科23属,其中喜流水生境、产粘沉性卵、以着生藻类或/和底栖动物为食物的鱼类种类较多;调查区域鱼类个体规格普遍较小,其中齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti、短体副鳅Paracobitis potanini、红尾副鳅Paracobitis varigatus、短须裂腹鱼Schizothorax wangchiachii、前鳍高原鳅Triplophysa anterodorsalis、中华纹胸鮡Glyptothorax sinense和凹尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus emarginatus为调查区域的主要经济鱼类;上半年和下半年的渔获物结构在统计学上差异显著(R=0.81,p=0.1%0.05),鱼类在金沙江干流和黑水河下游之间的相互迁徙比较明显;CPUE呈现先波动下降然后逐月上升的趋势,其中10月份的CPUE最低;丰度生物量比较曲线显示2014年各月的渔获物结构均处于严重干扰状态。黑水河下游河道采砂以及过度捕捞是白鹤滩蓄水前影响黑水河下游鱼类资源的主要因素,建议通过控制采砂的江段、采砂的时间以及全面禁捕保护该区域的鱼类资源。     

三峡库区小江鱼类群落特征及其历史变化

为了解三峡库区蓄水后小江流域鱼类群落现状及其历史变化,于2016年春季(5月)、秋季(9月)和冬季(12月)开展了小江鱼类调查。共调查到鱼类37种,隶属于6目11科;种类组成以鲤形目为主,占总数的64.86%,其中黑尾■Hemiculer tchangi和岩原鲤Procypris rabaudi为长江上游特有种类;草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus、赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus、■Elopichthys bambusa、鲫Carassius auratus、鲤Cyprinus carpio、鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix、鳙Aristichthys nobilis和黑尾■构成小江主要经济鱼类。对比历史资料分析显示:两次调查结果相似性指数为0.45(为中等不相似);特有种鱼类退化明显:主要经济鱼类组成发生了改变;土著鱼类物种多样性和资源量均呈明显下降趋势,而适应于静水或缓流水环境的鱼类呈上升趋势。推测水坝建设、过度捕捞及不合理的采砂活动等因素是导致变化的主要原因。结果建议,合理设置水坝(汉丰湖)调水机制,对于保护该水域土著鱼类资源具有重要意义。     

长江上游宜宾江段长鳍吻鮈种群资源量的估算

1998～2002年，对宜宾柏溪与云南水富县交界处至柏溪二二四大桥之间全长约17　km的江段，进行了渔船作业情况和渔获物采样调查统计。在此基础上推算出该江段长鳍吻鮈年渔获量，再采用渔获物体长股分析方法对该江段长鳍吻鮈种群资源量进行了估算，以期为以后监测和评价三峡工程对鱼类尤其是特有鱼类资源的影响提供基础资料。研究结果表明：1998～2002年宜宾江段年总渔获量（〖WTBX〗Y〖WTBZ〗）分别为315 718、732 873、591 337、569 402和611 858尾；相应的长鳍吻鮈年渔获量分别为39 219、22 528、24 458、39 743和13 845尾。1998～2002年宜宾江段长鳍吻鮈年资源量依次为75 162、22 594、49 951、43 308和21 996尾，多年平均为42 602尾，95%置信区间为23 300～61 903尾.     

观音岩水电站蓄水前后金沙江攀枝花江段鱼类群落结构及变化特征

基于2013~2017年金沙江干流攀枝花江段的鱼类资源监测数据，分析了观音岩水电站蓄水前后该江段的鱼类群落结构特征及变化情况。5年共监测到鱼类65种，长江上游特有鱼类共20种，5年均监测到的鱼类有12种，其中11种为喜流水性鱼类。各年度鱼类多样性指数呈现一定波动。ABC曲线及W统计表明2013和2014年鱼类群落结构未受到扰动，但在观音岩水电站蓄水运行后受到严重干扰。CA和NMDS分析显示鱼类群落可以分为两组，组I包括2013和2014年，组II包括2015、2016和2017年，one-way ANOSIM显示这2组在统计学上没有显著性差异。对聚类结果进行SIMPER分析结果显示，在观音岩水电站运行后，产漂流性卵的鱼类丰度明显降低，如圆口铜鱼、长鳍吻鮈等。因此，为了更好地保护攀枝花段的鱼类资源，应采取包括就地或迁地保护、生态调度和人工繁殖放流的针对性措施。     

湖南境内澧水鱼类资源现状与多样性研究

作为洞庭湖一级支流,澧水对洞庭湖乃至长江水系鱼类资源的维持或补充有着重要作用。为了了解澧水的鱼类资源现状,于2010年4月~2011年12月,对湖南境内澧水水系鱼类资源进行调查。共采集鉴定鱼类95种(包括1种湖南鱼类新纪录,4种外来种),隶属于8目19科59属。种类组成以鲤科鱼类为主,占50.53%。多样性分析表明,澧水不同江段鱼类群落多样性处于较好或丰富状态,在空间分布上,鱼类物种数按上、中、下游依次增加,多样性指数也呈上升趋势且差异显著(P<0.05)。相似性及聚类分析表明,澧水鱼类群落可分为3个类群,即:上、中、下游类群;上游与中游类群为中等相似,与下游类群为中等不相似,中游与下游类群相似性总体小于与上游类群相似性。澧水鱼类在洄游、摄食、栖息习性等生态类型上呈现多样化特征。调查江段渔获物组成虽存在差异,但主要以鲤、鲫、翘嘴鲌、蒙古鲌、鲇、黄颡鱼、、银鮈、中华花鳅、子陵吻鰕虎鱼等湖泊定居性或山溪流水性鱼类为主,"四大家鱼"等洄游性鱼类所占比例极低,鱼类小型化现象明显,原因分析主要与水工建设和过度捕捞有关。     

葛洲坝水库鱼类群落结构特征研究

2009~2010年的5~6月和11~12月在葛洲坝库区进行了鱼类资源调查，分析了鱼类群落结构特征。调查期间共收集到鱼类6目10科55种，其中鲤科物种数最多，占总种数的673%。5~6月和11~12月的鱼类群落结构组成、Shannon Wiener多样性指数没有显著差异（〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005）。库区内优势种为贝氏〖FK（W1。1〗〖PS餐鱼1.eps〗〖FK）〗、鳊、〖FK（W1。1〗〖PS餐鱼1.eps〗〖FK）〗和蛇鮈，优势种个体较小，平均体长分别为914±157、2197±353、867±160和1025±223 mm。分析发现，静水缓流型和江湖洄游型鱼类是葛洲坝库区主要的鱼类类群，分别占渔获物重量的502%和465%。丰度生物量比较曲线显示，葛洲坝库区鱼类群落结构受到中度干扰。根据生态类群分析，葛洲坝库区的鱼类群落结构与三峡库区相似，但与葛洲坝坝下江段和建坝前流水环境的鱼类群落结构相比，有明显的差异，说明水文条件变化对鱼类群落结构有明显的影响     

葛洲坝至古老背江段鱼类的水声学调查

2004年10月~2006年5月利用Bisonics DT-X科学回声探测仪(200 kHz)对葛洲坝至古老背-葛洲坝下游中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis Gray)自然保护区核心江段(30 km)的鱼类进行了5次水声学调查。结果表明：鱼类在该江段中分布呈现不均一性,深潭处分布集中,而急流处分布很少,葛洲坝至艾家河江段鱼的密度明显大于艾家河至古老背江段;在中华鲟产卵日,鱼类在葛洲坝至庙咀江段高度密集,2004年的平均密度达到62.62±24.77尾/1 000 m3,2005年的平均密度达到70.58±37.45尾/1 000 m3;整个江段中,体长60~106 mm的鱼类占有较高比例,约7.0%以上,53 mm以下的鱼类和750 mm以上的鱼类占较低比例,均小于2.0%;调查期间,探测到中华鲟产卵亲鱼,初步估算2004年的资源量约为1 453尾,2005年的资源量约为789尾;95%置信度下分别为1 370~1 537尾、775~803尾。     

Formaldehyde in conventional homes in Taiwan

A survey was conducted in the humid environment of Taipei City during April and May of 1991, to investigate the indoor formaldehyde exposure and its health effects on 117 conventional households. The levels of formaldehyde were measured by the pararosaniline method. The details regarding construction, ventilation, combustion of fuel, burning of Chinese incense, and the complaints concerning the respiratory system were obtained by a questionnaire. The results show that the age of the pressed wood used in furniture and indoor decoration, the ventilation rate, the combustion of fuel, and the burning of Chinese incense significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde. The respiratory complaints found in this study were concluded here to be only partially accounted for by exposure to formaldehyde.     

Radon concentrations in a spa in Serbia

The paper presents the results of indoor radon concentration survey in 201 homes and offices in Niska Banja (the Spa of Nis), a well-known health resort and a spa in the South-East of Serbia. Radon indoor concentrations were determined by active charcoal method, according to standard EPA procedure. The indoor radon concentrations were in the range of up to 200 Bq/m(3) (47%), from 200-600 Bq/m(3) (26%) and over 600 Bq/m(3) (27%). Three areas of extremely high average radon concentrations were found (1,340-4,340 Bq/m(3)), with a maximum above 13,000 Bq/m(3). The content of natural radionuclides ((226)Ra, (214)Pb, (214)Bi, (235)U, (228)Ac, (212)Pb, (212)Bi, (208)Tl, (40)K) and (137)Cs, as well as the content of total uranium, thorium and potassium in mud used in peloidotherapy in the Health Institute "Niska Banja" was determined, too. The activities of the radionuclides were determined on an HPGe detector, by standard gamma spectroscopy. The results indicated considerably high amounts of total uranium and thorium (0.021 g/kg mud and 0.003 g/kg mud, respectively), due to the karsts origin of the soil.     

Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria

Concentration levels of 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Pb were analyzed in domestic bottled waters commercially available in Austria. Concentrations up to 0.23 Bq/l, with a geometric mean of 0.041 Bq/l were found for 226Ra. Concentrations for 222Rn ranged from <0.12-18 Bq/l, the geometric mean being 0.54 Bq/l. Lead-210 was analyzed in selected samples, the concentrations ranging from <2 to 34 mBq/l, with a geometric mean of 4.7 mBq/l. Ingestion doses resulting from consumption of these waters were calculated for the geometric mean and the maximum concentrations of the three radionuclides. The effective dose equivalents for different age groups of the population due to the intake of 226Ra range from 0.001 to 0.22 mSv/y and of 210Pb from 0.0003 to 0.05 mSv/y. Ingestion doses from 222Rn are low compared to those from 226Ra and 210Pb, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.011 mSv/y for adults and children, respectively. The doses are compared to the total ingestion dose from dietary intake of natural radionuclides on an annual basis.     

Precipitation-driven decrease in wildfires in British Columbia

Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units.     

Participatory approach in vision setting: emerging initiatives in local municipalities in Japan

In this paper, we present the emerging practices in Japanese local municipalities, in which participatory methods are applied to envision sustainable future and relevant target settings. We selected three local cases: Higashiomi city, Kizugawa city and Nagakute city as emerging initiatives. A comparative analysis was carried out to identify commonalities and differences, and to derive lessons for appropriate governance and systems for participatory deliberation in future visioning. We argue that the deliberation processes served as a platform for effective communication, and that installing a mechanism that allows reflexive deliberation processes is the key to make participatory methods fully functional.     

Trends in lung cancer in London in relation to exposure to diesel fumes

Mortality from lung cancer among males in England and Wales is now beginning to decline, and the urban excess that has persisted for many years is also becoming smaller. There is nothing in these national trends to suggest that pollution from diesel vehicles, which has been increasing in recent decades, would be involved. Some preliminary results are presented from a long-term study of the incidence of lung cancer among London Transport staff, including men who work in bus garages where there are high concentrations of smoke from diesel buses. Over the 25 year period from 1950–1974 the numbers of cases reported in each of the several job categories have been below those expected on the basis of Greater London rates. The absence of data on smoking habits makes it difficult to determine whether the small differences in rates between job categories are of any importance, but the standardised mortality ratios are all well within the range of those found in national studies of lung cancer mortality and smoking in relation to occupation.     

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.     

流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究进展

探讨流域土地利用变化的水质响应,有利于从源头上控制水污染。不同学者在多种边界条件下研究了流域土地利用变化的水质响应,发现流域土地利用变化是造成河流水质发生变化的重要原因。根据是否可以将土地利用活动概化为点状,流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究可分为点状土地利用的水质响应和非点状土地利用的水质响应。准确边界土地利用的水质响应一般是研究流域土地利用空间特征和土地利用结构与水质变化的关系。对于用全流域尺度还是用缓冲区的尺度分析土地利用的水质响应更准确仍存在争论。水域边缘几何形状影响了土地利用与水质的关系。     

Radium equivalent activity concentrations in concrete building blocks in eight cities in Southwestern Nigeria

The radioactivity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K were measured by using gamma ray spectroscopy in 130 concrete building blocks collected from block making sites in eight cities in Southwestern Nigeria. The results were used to compute the radium equivalent activity concentration for each city. The values of the concentrations of the primordial radionuclides varied widely within each city and among the cities. The weighted means for the cities range between 13.3 and 18.4, 28.2 and 71.6, and 176.2 and 336.8 Bq/kg for (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K, respectively. The city weighted means of radium equivalent activity concentrations for the eight cities range from 81 to 145 with a mean of 101 Bq/kg. The maximum for external hazard index was determined as 0.39. All the values are within the safety limits recommended by UNSCEAR [United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1982. Report to the General Assembly, with annexes. New York, United Nations.].