The effects of current water management practices on methane emissions in Japanese rice cultivation

Cultivated wetland rice fields are a source of methane (CH₄) emissions. To estimate CH₄ emissions and develop policies to reduce such emissions, information on water management at the farm level is crucial. It is known that farmers implement midseason drainage (MD) to increase rice yields and save water. However, little is known about whether MD is carried out in soils where CH₄ emissions are high and how part-time status will influence management. The objective of this study is to identify factors that determine MD implementation using a binomial logistic regression model based on a farm-level survey in Japan and to indicate possible changes in estimates of CH₄ emissions, accounting for current water management practices. The implementation rates were significantly higher where the soil types were classified as having the potential for high CH₄ emissions. Under current water management practices, the duration of MD and the percentage of continuous flooding were 5 to 7 days longer and approximately 7 % higher, respectively, than the values used by the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan, which in turn are used to report greenhouse gas emissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. By accounting for current water conditions with the Tier 2 method, this study indicates that national estimates of CH₄ emissions from rice straw application areas could be lowered by 12.7 %. These results may contribute to the development of a mitigation policy that will help to further reduce CH₄ emissions.     

近30年中国农业源氮磷排放的格局特征与水环境影响

揭示农业源氮磷排放的空间格局、变化特征及其与水环境状况的关系,对于农业面源污染治理投入的合理配置以及区域农业生产结构优化均至关重要。基于这种认识,建立参数化估算模型测算了1990—2017年中国省域尺度的农业源氮磷排放;从总排放量、单位面积排放量和排放重心迁移三个方面研究农业源氮磷排放的变化特征,并通过相关分析与回归分析揭示农业源氮磷排放与水环境状况的关系。研究发现：1990—2017年中国农业源氮磷排放整体上呈随机分布,表明氮磷排放在省际之间并无显著的相互依赖性,主要受省内因素影响。研究期内年均氮磷总排放量最高的省份依次是河南、山东、四川、湖北、河北、安徽和江苏省,格局特征相对稳定但排放重心经历了东西向的往复式转移并具有北偏西方向的总体转移趋势,其中,氮、磷排放的重心分别向北偏西33.52°和15.45°方向转移了33.94 km及52.31 km。在格局研究基础上,结合空间维的格局特征和时间维的变化特征,将31个省份的氮磷排放划分为高排放增长型、高排放平稳型、高排放倒“U”型、中排放增长型、中排放倒“U”型、低排放增长型、低排放倒“U”型和低排放近似“U”型八类,并利用2017年的自动监测站水质数据进一步验证了氮磷排放与水环境状况的关系。研究结果可作为农业面源污染治理中重点区域瞄准的依据。     

长江经济带水污染物减排的空间效应及驱动因素

构建2011~2015年水污染物排放及社会经济数据库，选取COD、氨氮2项指标，解析“十二五”时期长江经济带水污染物的减排过程与时空特征，并采用空间计量模型定量解析减排空间效应及驱动因素.研究发现：5年间长江经济带水污染物减排过程的集聚特征显著，高排放-高减排区主要位于长江三角洲地区，而环境效益趋差的高排放-低减排区仍然存在.空间效应对长江经济带水污染物减排具有一定影响，本地排污增加不利于邻地减排.人口规模、城镇化水平和农业经济份额是驱动长江经济带水污染物排放的主导因素，到2015年，人口规模和农业经济份额因素的驱动力均有不同程度下降，但城镇化水平的驱动力仍在提升.外商直接投资和工业化水平分别对COD和氨氮排放呈正向驱动，需警惕外资流入和快速工业化进程给相应特征污染物造成的减排压力.亟需推动本地和邻地就排污标准与减排总量达成规制共识，协同建立环境准入、污染付费等深层次减排模式；工程减排的同时共抓结构减排，针对长江经济带驱动因素与污染排放的空间耦合性，从源头倒逼产业结构、消费结构、种植结构、资本结构等向清洁化转变.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from oilfield-produced water in Shengli Oilfield, Eastern China

Greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions from oil and gas systems are an important component of the GHG emission inventory. To assess the carbon emissions from oilfield-produced water under atmospheric conditions correctly, in situ detection and simulation experiments were developed to study the natural release of GHG into the atmosphere in the Shengli Oilfield,the second largest oilfield in China. The results showed that methane(CH4) and carbon dioxide(CO2) were the primary gases released naturally from the oilfield-produced water.The atmospheric temperature and release time played important roles in determining the CH4 and CO2emissions under atmospheric conditions. Higher temperatures enhanced the carbon emissions. The emissions of both CH4 and CO2from oilfield-produced water were highest at 27°C and lowest at 3°C. The bulk of CH4 and CO2was released from the oilfield-produced water during the first release period, 0–2 hr, for each temperature, with a maximum average emission rate of 0.415 g CH4/(m3·hr) and 3.934 g CO2/(m3·hr), respectively. Then the carbon emissions at other time periods gradually decreased with the extension of time. The higher solubility of CO2 in water than CH4 results in a higher emission rate of CH4 than CO2over the same release duration. The simulation proved that oilfield-produced water is one of the potential emission sources that should be given great attention in oil and gas systems.     

基于判别准则基尼系数法的流域初始排污权配置模型

在对流域内区域间初始排污权配置的影响因素与基本原则进行分析基础上,构建流域内区域间初始排污权配置的判别准则,将基尼系数法与判别准则相结合,构建基于判别准则的基尼系数法.应用模型对各区域之间初始排污权配置进行协商调整,保障基尼系数最小化,并且通过建立不同区间水质不达标对排污量配置的惩罚函数,把水质不达标的外部性内化到区域排污量配置上,实现流域内区域间初始排污权的公平合理分配.案例分析表明,模型综合考虑了人口、现状、水域面积、和排污绩效等影响因素,分配结果优于人口、现状分配模式,使得流域内区域间初始排污权分配更具可行性与可操作性.     

经济集聚对区域水污染物排放的影响及溢出效应

基于化学需氧量和氨氮排放数据集,构建影响因素计量模型,探讨经济集聚同水污染物排放的影响效应及其在不同规模城镇下影响程度的差异性,采取双变量空间自相关解析中国经济集聚对水污染物排放的溢出效应,以期为促进经济集聚与污染减排良性互动提供参考。结论如下：（1）从全国总体样本来看,经济集聚能有效降低区域水污染排放强度,经济集聚度每增长1个百分点,化学需氧量和氨氮排放将分别减少0.491%和0.166%;（2）经济集聚对中小城市水污染排放的减排效应更为突出,在化学需氧量估计模型中,中等城市、小城市样本的经济集聚度弹性系数分别为-0.679、-0.546,而大城市及特大城市样本仅为-0.252;（3）经济集聚同水污染物排放的空间溢出效应显著,且呈现高集聚—高排放、低集聚—低排放、低集聚—高排放等空间关联模式,其中,高集聚—高排放区从京津冀向山东半岛绵延分布,还包括哈长城市群、苏北和苏中、长株潭、珠三角等地区。政策启示包括：积极培育中小城市并发挥其经济聚集的减排效应,促进生产技术更新和扩散,提高能源利用效率和环保投入;合理控制大城市经济与人口规模,加快产业结构调整和落后产能淘汰,强化环境规制以防止“污染避难所”效应;遏制经济集聚对水污染物排放的溢出效应,重点推进高集聚—高排放区联防联控和流域共治。     

盐生植物修复海水养殖尾水的研究现状与进展

随着我国海水养殖业的迅速发展,养殖尾水排放量日益增加,目前已超过了陆源入海污水的排放量,并带来了严重的海洋环境问题,因此对养殖尾水修复变得十分重要。本文介绍了盐生植物修复海水养殖尾水的研究现状,综述了其修复能力及修复机理,并总结了盐生植物在净化海水养殖尾水中需关注的问题,展望了该净化技术的发展前景。     

水分管理与秸秆施用对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

2000年6~10月在南京近郊江宁区实施大田试验.主要研究了水稻生长季常规灌溉和连续淹水条件下有机质(小麦秸杆)不同施用量(0,2.25,4.5t/hm2)对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,在连续淹水条件下,CH4排放量与秸杆施用量成正比,N2O排放与秸杆施用量成反比.烤田的N2O的排放量在施用2.25t/hm2秸杆与对照之间无明显差异,但施用4.5t/hm2秸杆处理其N2O的排放量仅为对照或施用2.25t/hm2秸杆处理下的13%左右.综合考虑水稻生长季CH4和N2O排放的全球增温潜势(GWP),在增加有机质的施用量(如按4.5t/hm2施用量秸杆还田)的情况下,烤田的GWP只占连续淹水处理的60%,是减少稻田CH4和N2O综合温室效应的一种有效措施.     

基于韦伯-费希纳定律的海河流域水库水环境预警评价

水库作为水源地在流域水环境安全中具有重要作用.根据韦伯-费希纳定律(Weber-FechnerLaw,W-F),选取与水库水环境关系密切的水质评价指标,通过确定水环境综合影响指数Ki值与水环境状态之间的关系,建立基于人类感觉强度与外界水环境质量变化关系定量化的水环境预警模型.并以海河流域4座水库为实例进行应用与验证.结果表明:水库Ki值与水环境状态是线性函数关系,水库Ki值与营养指数间是指数函数关系.此模型可以用于流域内不同时空条件下水库水环境状态和富营养化的预警与水环境综合评价.官厅水库水环境综合影响指数Ki值为0.0494,水环境综合预警等级为轻警,主要的污染指标为COMMn、TN和TP.4座水库的Ki值变化范围在0.0107～0.0564之间,密云水库富营养化预警级别为轻警,官厅水库、潘家口水库和岳城水库均为中警;4座水库水环境预警等级空间上差异明显,从高到低顺序为潘家口水库、官厅水库、岳城水库、密云水库.潘家口水库水环境时间上恶化趋势明显,建议加强流域水库水环境的监控和采取更严格的管理措施.     

冷凝水回流对堆肥腐熟度和污染气体排放影响

为探究堆肥过程中高温水蒸气携带的冷凝水回流对腐熟度及温室气体排放的影响,本文以猪粪和厨余垃圾为堆肥原料,在60L密闭好氧堆肥反应器中进行48d的高温好氧堆肥实验.结果表明,堆肥高温期产生的饱和水蒸汽因发酵罐封闭体系不能及时排出,会在发酵罐壁形成冷凝水回流入堆体中,整个堆肥过程冷凝水产率为物料湿重的18%.此外,回流冷凝水中主要成分为NH₄⁺-N(11.40g/L)、溶解性有机碳(6.3g/L)以及无机盐离子,具有较高的EC值(41.05mS/cm)和pH值(9.22),而较高的NH₄⁺-N含量使冷凝水回流处理的堆肥产品种子发芽指数(GI)略达到腐熟(71.4%),与排出处理相比GI下降了25.5%.同时,冷凝水回流使NH₃和CH₄排放量分别增加了55.2%的60.2%,但是CO₂和N₂O排放量分别降低了16.8%的34.8%.研究表明,冷凝水回流可降低17.8%总温室效应.本文建议堆肥过程将高温水蒸气冷凝排出,一...     

Barium in North Atlantic rain water: A reconnaissance

There are very few published data for barium (Ba) in atmospheric precipitation but the available data together with aerosol studies suggest that Ba may be enriched in the atmosphere over levels predicted from crustal and marine sources. To investigate Ba atmospheric cycling further, 108 precipitation samples collected at five rural or remote sites around the North Atlantic were analysed for barium by inductively coupled plasma emissions spectroscopy. The results of this study suggest that barium from marine sources contributes little to the total concentration in precipitation. Crustal and anthropogenic source are, however, significant though the relative importance of both varies at the different sites.     

中国东海水体中多氯联苯的浓度及其组成特征

东海由于受到长江和闽浙沿岸工业污水输入以及电子垃圾处理场排放的影响,被认为是多氯联苯重污染区域。本研究利用"科学三号"科学考察船,于2012年10月执行的东海航次期间,从中国东海不同区域采集到11个表层水样,测定其中溶解态多氯联苯的浓度。中国东海水体中多氯联苯浓度为（0.59~1.68）ng/L,相比国内外海域,属于中低等水平。研究结果表明,海水多氯联苯浓度和盐度之间存在显著负相关性,说明沿岸河流冲淡水搬运的多氯联苯是东海水体中多氯联苯的重要来源;此外其组成以三氯,四氯和五氯为主,这与我国历史上多氯联苯的使用情况吻合。通过水体中不同氯代化合物浓度和对应K_OW理论浓度值的比较发现,两者之间整体吻合较好,表明化合物的物理化学属性是控制其在水体中浓度的重要因素。然而,东海近岸水体中六氯联苯污染程度略高于理论浓度值,这一潜在的污染来源可能和东海沿岸省市电子垃圾处理场有关。     

碱改性净水污泥对水中氨氮的吸附效能研究

采用氢氧化钠浸渍法改性净水污泥,研究了碱改性净水污泥对水中NH+4的去除性能.同时,考察了模拟废水pH、吸附剂投加量、NH+4初始浓度、吸附温度及吸附时间对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,当pH为弱酸性或中性,投加碱改性净水污泥20 g·L-1时,在室温下对初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的NH+4模拟废水振荡吸附120 min,可达到氨氮排放二级标准.将实验数据分别用吸附等温模型和动力学模型进行拟合,发现净水污泥对NH+4的吸附符合Langmuir模型和二级动力学模型,且净水污泥对氨氮的吸附包括静电吸引和离子交换两种作用机理.     

公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物水溶性离子排放

以一辆国Ⅴ柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,试验研究了柴油（D100）,体积混合比例分别为5%（B5）、10%（B10）和20%（B20）的废食用油制生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的尾气颗粒物水溶性离子（Water soluble ions,WSI）排放特性.结果表明：国Ⅴ柴油公交车尾气颗粒物呈弱酸性;WSI约占颗粒物质量的3%,主要集中在PM_0.5~2.5和PM_2.5~18粒径段,阴离子占WSI总量的72%~79%;废食用油制生物柴油对公交车尾气颗粒WSI种类没有影响;随着废食用油制生物柴油混合比例的增加,公交车尾气颗粒物WSI阴、阳离子浓度、颗粒物酸性整体增大,WSI浓度峰值向小粒径段移动;CaCl₂和NaCl可能是柴油公交车尾气颗粒物Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Na⁺的主要存在形式;控制废食用油制生物柴油硫、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Cl^-含量,优化缸内燃烧减少NO_x排放,对降低柴油公交车尾气颗粒物WSI排放具有重要意义.     

Relationships of nitrous oxide fluxes with water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands

The effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the influent on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, together with the relationships between N₂O and water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands, were investigated with laboratoryscale systems. N₂O emission and purification performance of wastewater were very strongly dependent on COD concentration in the influent, and the total N₂O emission in the system with middle COD influent concentration was the least. The relationships between N₂O and the chemical and physical water quality variables were studied by using principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis to predict N₂O flux. The multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that different water parameters affected N₂O flux with different COD concentrations in the influent, but nitrate nitrogen affected N₂O flux in all systems.     

Methane emissions and related physicochemical soil and water parameters in rice–fish systems in Bangladesh

Lowland rice fields constitute a semi aquatic environment, which is potentially suitable for fish production. Little is known about the effect of fish on greenhouse gas emissions from integrated rice–fish systems. An experiment was carried out at the Bangladesh Agricultural University to assess the effect of the stocking of fish on methane emissions from rice fields. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) were stocked in a mixed culture and subjected to three different input regimes: (1) urea fertilization according to the recommendation of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), (2) supplementary feeding at 2 × maintenance level and (3) an elevated feeding schedule where 4 × maintenance level was fed initially and 2 × maintenance level towards the end of the growth period. Rice only with urea fertilization according to BRRI-recommendation was included as the control. The presence of fish increased methane emissions in all three rice–fish treatments. Average emission over the cropping season was 34, 37, and 32 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the rice–fish treatments, respectively, and 20 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in rice only. Apart from an increase in methane emission, a significant drop (p < 0.05) in floodwater pH and dissolved oxygen concentration was observed in the rice–fish plots. Both parameters were the lowest in the treatment where a higher feeding rate was provided. Due to the fish activity, floodwater in the rice–fish treatments was more turbid, as reflected in higher particulate inorganic matter (PIOM). An elevated level of dissolved methane was observed in the floodwater of the feed supplemented rice–fish plots. Methane emissions showed negative correlation with morning and afternoon pH of the floodwater (r = −0.46; r = −0.56, p < 0.001) and morning and afternoon dissolved oxygen level (r = −0.53; r = −0.46, p < 0.001). Positive correlations were recorded between morning and afternoon floodwater temperature (r = 0.49; r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and with air temperature (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). The results suggest that the stocking of fish has an increasing effect on methane emissions from rice fields.     

滇池流域水污染防治收费政策实施绩效评估

分析了滇池流域现行的排污收费制度、污水处理收费制度和阶梯水价政策的实施效果,采用DEA方法的C2R模型和BC2模型对2001~2012年滇池流域水污染防治收费政策实施绩效进行了评估.结果表明:排污收费制度、污水处理收费制度和阶梯水价政策对降低滇池流域废水和污染物的排放以及提高流域用水效率均起到了较好的促进作用,且各政策实施绩效水平较高,综合效率值均值为0.902;影响滇池流域水污染防治收费政策的主要因素为单位COD排放工业增加值,可通过提高排污费征收标准或者排污费改税等措施,以进一步降低企业污染物的排放量;作为有效实施的环境经济政策,适当调整政策的征收标准,有利于提高各政策的实施效率.     

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N2O emission from three plantation soils in South China

Introduction Nitrousoxide(N2O)isoneofthemostimportantgreen housegases,whichcontributestoglobalwarmingand consumptionofO3inthestratosphere(Breuer,2000,Solomon,1999).N2Oconcentrationincreasesatarateof0.25%peryear,57%ofwhichisderivedfromthesoildue tonitrific…     

中国典型城市机动车排放演变趋势

选择中国12个典型城市建立1990~2009年机动车排放清单,分析各城市机动车排放历史演变趋势.结果显示,1990~2009年,研究各城市CO、VOCs、NOx和PM排放因子分别降低57%~81%、53%~78%、22%~74%和31%~76%.20年间,各城市CO和VOCs排放量总体在2000年后陆续达到增长峰值后开始下降,总量分别增长1.0倍和1.4倍;NOx和PM排放量总体保持持续增长,分别增长3.2倍和3.3倍.各城市汽油车是CO和VOCs排放主要贡献源,LDA-G、MDTB-G和HDTB-G对各城市机动车CO和VOCs排放的贡献和分别为约70%~90%和约50%~85%,其中LDA-G的排放贡献明显提高.LDA-G、MDTB-G、MDTB-D和HDTB-D贡献了80%~90%的NOx排放,其中MDTB-D和HDTB-D的排放贡献率从平均57.8%上升为72.7%.对于PM,MDTB-D和HDTB-D占排放的70%~90%.此外,部分城市摩托车排放的贡献不容忽视.     

Impact of urban water supply on energy use in China: a provincial and national comparison

To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and help mitigate climate change, urban water systems need to be adapted so that electrical energy use is minimised. In this study, energy data from 2011 was used to quantify energy use in China’s urban water supply sector. The objective was to calculate the energy co-benefits of urban water conservation policies and compare energy use between China and other countries. The study investigated influencing factors with the aim of informing the development of energy efficient urban water infrastructure. The average energy use per cubic metre and per capita for urban water supply in China in 2011 was 0.29 kWh/m³ and 33.2 kWh/cap year, respectively. Total GHG emissions associated with energy use in the urban water supply sector were 7.63 MtCO₂e, or carbon dioxide equivalent. Calculations using these indicators showed significant energy savings could result from water conservation measures. A comparison between provinces of China showed a direct correlation between energy intensity of urban water supply and the population served per unit length of pipe. This may imply energy and emission intensity can be reduced if more densely populated areas are supplied by a corresponding pipe density, rather than by a low-density network operating at higher flow rates. This study also found that while the percentage of electrical energy used for urban water supply tended to increase with the percentage of population served, this increase was slower where water supply was more energy efficient and where a larger percentage of population was already supplied.