沈阳地区一次颗粒物重污染天气过程的气象成因分析

为探究沈阳地区重污染天气成因,文章利用地面、高空气象观测资料、风廓线雷达资料、NECP再分析资料以及大气污染物监测资料,对2019年3月1~6日沈阳地区出现的一次持续性重污染天气过程,探讨了大气污染物质量浓度、地面气象要素变化特征、大气环流配置与外来输送等特征。结果表明,均压场、地面风场弱及辐合、高温高湿是本次重污染天气出现的原因;逆温层结建立、大气垂直运动差,造成污染加剧;来自京津冀东部地区和辽宁中南部地区的PM2.5外来输送对本次污染也有影响。     

2012年广州典型灰霾过程个例分析

针对2012年珠江三角洲地区出现的2个典型灰霾个例(3月18~21日,10月13~15日),利用广州番禺大气成分综合观测基地的同期观测资料集,包括:能见度(VIS)、大气颗粒物质量浓度(PM10/PM2.5/PM1)、黑碳浓度(BC)等观测数据,分析过程中的气溶胶物理光学特征;配合过程的天气类型,气象要素和后向气流轨迹等对过程的成因进行综合分析.结果表明:在两个典型灰霾过程中,番禺日均能见度低至5.3km,黑碳浓度小时均值最高达19.0μg/m3、PM2.5浓度小时均值最高达163.0μg/m3,细粒子与黑碳粒子污染特征较为明显.两次典型灰霾过程分别受到冷锋前-均压场-冷锋前天气形势和台风外围-准均压场-冷锋前天气类型等不利于污染物输送扩散的气象条件影响.珠江三角洲地区低能见度的霾天气主要发生在高相对湿度的条件下,并可推断在珠江三角洲地区湿季的气溶胶吸湿能力明显高于干季.     

南京1月不同气象条件对大气环境影响比对研究

随着经济的快速发展和城市群的迅速增加,长三角地区大气污染愈发严重。该研究利用大气污染和卫星观测资料,并结合气象资料,对长三角西部典型城市南京两年1月份的大气污染特征和典型污染日进行比对分析。结果表明,风向、风速、相对湿度等气象条件是影响2 a重污染日频次不同的重要原因;除了冷空气南下型,冷锋前型、冷高压后部型、冷高压控制型、均压场型和倒槽暖区型均有利于重污染天气的形成。相对于2014年1月,2013年受冷高压影响更加深入,在冷高压控制下达到的严重污染日更多。高空大气环流形势、地面风场、近地面垂直速度ω、逆温层高度与厚度的不同,以及近地面是否有湿层出现,均是造成不同污染过程程度差异的主要原因;冬季1月污染爆发时,混合层高度与PM_(2.5)的质量浓度呈现负相关关系。     

华北地区冬半年空气污染天气客观分型研究

利用2013—2016年冬半年ERA-interim再分析资料,以及同期空气污染资料、地面常规气象观测资料和探空资料,采用PCT (Principal Component Analysis in T-mode)客观分型方法对华北地区冬半年海平面气压场进行天气分型,并探究不同月份不同天气型对应的空气污染状况及污染气象参数分布特征,进而从污染气象学的角度揭示重污染潜势天气型的气候特征.结果表明:冬半年海平面气压场共对应9种天气类型,其中,5型(均压场型)、6型(高压内部型)和8型(高压后部型)为3种重污染潜势天气型,冬半年对应的PM_(2.5)均值浓度分别为144.11、136.99和148.26μg·m~(-3),而1型(T型高压前部型)和3型(低压底部型)为两种清洁天气型,冬半年对应的PM_(2.5)均值浓度分别为97.12和80.83μg·m~(-3);重污染潜势天气型对应的边界层结构呈现出稳定能量大、混合层厚度和通风系数小的大气层结稳定的静稳天气特征,其能够反映大气污染潜势;研究还发现,即使是同一天气型,其在不同月份对污染物的扩散影响也存在差异,因此,建议在今后的污染潜势天气型研究中分月份进行.本研究可为华北地区空气污染潜势预报及大气重污染预报预警的客观化、自动化提供科学依据和技术支持.     

基于PCT方法的京津冀冬季PM2.5重污染天气型分析

T模态斜交主成分分析法（PCT）分析的天气过程时间尺度越长,该算法的优势越明显,天气分型结果也更完整,可信度越高.利用京津冀地区2014年冬季-2019年冬季（每年12月-翌年2月）的环境监测资料,以区域平均PM_2.5日均值大于150 μg·m^-3为标准,筛选出72个京津冀地区PM_2.5重污染日,采用ERA5提供的0.25°×0.25°气象再分析资料,应用PCT算法将72个PM_2.5重污染日海平面气压场客观地分为高压前部型、锋前低压型、高压后部型、均压场型和弱低压型5种类型,分别占总PM_2.5重污染天数的34.72%、20.83%、16.67%、16.67%和11.11%.另外,对2017年2月12-16日京津冀地区PM_2.5重污染过程的分析表明,重污染天气过程中随着逐日天气型的演变,污染物浓度特征、近地面风场和大气污染物污染传输路径均发生相应变化.     

宁夏典型工业城市2020年1月重污染过程特征及成因

2020年1月宁夏回族自治区典型工业城市石嘴山市出现了长时间、高强度PM_2.5污染天气.为揭示多因素综合作用对重污染天气的影响,在分析逐日空气质量指数（AQI）和常规污染物浓度变化特征的基础上,选取重点污染时段（2020年1月1—17日）为研究对象,基于环境空气质量数据、加密自动气象观测数据及NCEP再分析资料,采用统计分析、污染特征雷达图、气流后向轨迹聚类及天气诊断相结合的方法对重污染过程特征和成因进行分析.结果表明:①2020年1月1日、3日石嘴山市重污染天气主要受燃煤、工业（钢铁、焦化）和机动车等高强度污染排放影响,PM_2.5主要来自一次源;9日重污染天气PM_2.5受二次颗粒物生成影响显著,本地扬尘也有贡献,ρ（PM_2.5）和AQI均达峰值,分别为216 μg/m3和266;其他时段重污染天气由污染物累积和混合造成.②乌海市及其周边污染气团跨区域传输是促使石嘴山市出现高强度PM_2.5污染天气的另一重要因素,当巴彦淖尔市—乌海市—石嘴山市为一致偏北气流、风速小于2 m/s时,易使乌海市及其周边污染气团向南扩散,石嘴山市ρ（PM_2.5）出现短时间爆发增长.③持续高湿静稳气象条件使污染天气长时间维持并加重,当欧亚大陆中高纬度500 hPa盛行纬向弱西风气流、近地面石嘴山市处在蒙古弱高压底部均压场、风向为弱偏北风或偏东风时,易形成持续性PM_2.5污染天气;当风速减至0.7 m/s、相对湿度增至78%时,污染加重.研究显示,此次持续PM_2.5重污染过程是本地高强度污染排放、二次颗粒物生成、区域传输与不利气象条件等因素综合影响和相互叠加的结果;当出现静稳、高湿等不利气象条件时,应加强对各类污染物排放的管控力度,同时充分利用石嘴山市及其周边加密自动气象观测资料,研判污染发展趋势和传输特征,及时开展与乌海市及其周边地区的大气污染联防联控.      

南京冬季重霾天气过程与颗粒物污染特征

2013年12月1-9日利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,结合气态污染物和颗粒物化学组分外场观测,对2013年1月11-16日南京冬季一次持续重霾天气过程与颗粒物污染特征进行分析。结果表明,此次重霾过程,南京地面相对湿度较高且伴随静小风,近地层的水平输送条件较差,污染物不易扩散;天气环流形势稳定,地面受高压控制且处于均压场内,垂直方向存在明显逆温,为霾的形成提供有利的气象条件;大气PM10和PM2.5的小时最大浓度分别高达433μg/m3和325μg/m3,水平能见度低于1 km。PM2.5平均占PM10的72.4%,PM1平均占PM2.5的50.6%,颗粒物以细粒子为主,且PM2.5对能见度的影响随相对湿度的增加而减弱。水溶性离子SO42-、NO3-、NH4+是PM2.5中的主要成分,其占总浓度61%,同时SO2转化率(SOR)和NO2转化率(NOR)分别为0.35和0.31,表明霾天更有利于二次气溶胶转化。此外,PM2.5中无机盐的主要存在形式有(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3以及少量NH4Cl。水溶性离子浓度与能见度呈现明显负相关性,说明PM2.5中水溶性离子对能见度的降低起主要作用。     

2014年2月下旬京津冀持续重污染过程的静稳天气及传输条件分析

利用常规气象观测资料、空气质量监测资料、再分析资料和数值模式资料,分析了2014年2月20-26日京津冀地区持续重污染天气过程的环流背景、气象要素特征、静稳天气条件和传输条件.结果表明：2月20-26日,亚洲东部受弱高压脊控制,京津冀及周边地区位于地面高压后部,等压线较为稀疏,气压梯度小,造成地面风速较小;与此同时,混合层高度低,通风系数小和逆温存在,构成重污染天气出现和维持的气象条件,均不利于大气中污染物和水汽的垂直和水平扩散.静稳天气指数对于重污染天气有一定的指示意义,高静稳天气指数通常对应高PM_2.5浓度,且二者变化趋势一致性高;2月20-26日静稳天气指数总体上大于2014年1-3月其他几次污染过程,且在高位长时间维持,造成此次污染过程更严重.此外,传输条件也是京津冀重污染天气的主要成因：地面高压西侧的偏南或偏东气流有助于污染物和水汽向京津冀地区输送和聚集,使能见度进一步降低、污染物浓度进一步升高.     

长治市重污染天气特征分析

基于2016年1月至2017年2月的长治市空气质量监测数据及气象资料,本文对长治市重污染日逐月分布及其对应的天气类型和气象要素特征进行了系统分析。结果表明:该期间长治市共发生33d重污染天气,12月和1月PM2.5浓度最高;区域稳定的气象条件是形成重污染的主要原因,地面气象要素主要表现为小风(1.23 m/s),湿度较大(52.8%)的特点;高压类、低压类和均压类三种地面天气形势所占污染天数的比例分别为78.8%、9.1%和12.1%,其中500h Pa高度场为偏西气流,同时地面处于高压后部,是导致长治市发生重污染天气过程的重要原因之一。     

基于TSI天气分型方法的长沙PM_(10)浓度特征研究

根据2008-2012年长沙市的逐日的高空、地面气象资料,采用TSI天气分型法将长沙市的天气按季节进行分型,并利用2011-2012年逐日PM10浓度资料讨论了四季不同天气类型下PM10浓度特征和污染等级特征,结果发现:长沙四季的天气均可分为6种天气型,且各季各天气型的天气特征差异明显。长沙市PM10污染不是很严重,最高能达到4级即中度污染程度,且出现频率很低。各季均以PM10污染等级为良的情况最多,发生频率在66.1%~75.4%。春季在1型和3型天气下容易出现PM10轻度污染;夏季在1型和6型天气下容易出现PM10轻度污染;秋季在1型和3型天气下容易出现PM10轻度污染;冬季在1型和6型天气下容易出现PM10轻度污染。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.