火烧对拉萨地区湿草甸湿地土壤养分特征的影响

基于对拉萨地区典型湿草甸火烧样地与对照样地内表层土壤pH、有机质、全量及速效养分含量特征的对比分析,初步探讨了火烧干扰对高原湿草甸表层土壤特征的影响. 结果表明:土壤pH在6.06~6.85之间,火烧干扰导致土壤pH升高;土壤中w(全氮)、w(全钾)分别为2.35~5.34、23.33~28.72g/kg,火烧干扰使其值下降;火烧对土壤中w(全磷)无明显响应;火烧后土壤中w(有机质)(53.97~144.57g/kg)下降,并且与土壤中w(全氮)的变化趋势一致. 土壤中w(速效氮)的季节性差异较大,火烧干扰使生长季初期表层土壤中的w(速效氮)减少,而在生长季旺盛期则增加,w(速效氮)占w(全氮)的比例变化一致;w(速效磷)在2个生长阶段总体增加,占w(全磷)的比例升高,以平地中变化最为明显;w(速效钾)及其占w(全钾)的比例在生长季初期显著增加,后期则下降明显.      

安太堡露天煤矿复垦地土壤养分相关研究

以平塑安太堡露天煤矿为例，研究了矿区排土场矸石风化物和黄土二种主要母质发育的土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾状况及其相关性。结果表明，矸石和黄土母质对有机质、全氮的影响显著，对速效磷、速效钾的影响未达到显著水平；黄土母质发育的土壤有机质和全氮含量呈显著正相关，而矸石风化物有机质和速效钾含量呈显著负相关，有机质和其它的养分指标相关性不显著。     

秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间变异及其与地形因子的关系

在陕西省境内秦岭山脉中段油松-锐齿槲栎混交林集中分布的区域设置20 块调查样地,采取土壤样品测定了该区森林土壤0~20、20~40 和40~60 cm 3 个土层的全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质7 项养分指标。通过计算不同土壤养分指标的变异系数并应用典范对应分析(CCA)技术,对秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间变异与海拔、坡位、坡向和坡度4 项地形因子的关系进行分析。结果表明:①单因素方差分析显示,随着土层深度增加,全氮、有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈极显著下降趋势,而全磷、全钾在不同土层中的含量无显著性差异;②变异系数计算结果表明,各土层的7 项养分指标均表现为中等程度变异性,变异系数最大者是0~20 cm土层速效氮,最小者为0~20 cm土层全钾;③从CCA排序结果看,地形因子对不同土层养分变异的影响程度及因子种类明显不同。0~20 cm表层土壤养分变异受地形因子制约作用较小,20~40 cm土层养分的主要影响因子为坡向和海拔,40~60 cm土层养分的主要影响因子为海拔和坡位,而坡度和海拔则是控制0~60 cm整体土壤层养分变异的主要因素。综上所述,地形高异质性的微生境造成了秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间分布格局的差异。     

稀土尾矿库周边湿地土壤养分的垂直分布特征

以稀土尾矿库周边湿地土壤作为研究对象,无污染的黄河湿地作为对照样地,在不同深度上研究了总磷、水解氮、速效钾和有机质等土壤养分含量的垂直分布特征。结果显示:整体上0~20 cm土层土壤养分含量高于底层,水解氮随着土壤深度的增加显著降低(P全磷>水解氮>速效钾。整个研究区域的土壤肥力普遍较低,土壤养分表现为有机质最优,全磷和水解氮次之,速效钾最差,耕作层土壤养分高于底层。研究明确了稀土尾矿库周边湿地土壤的垂直分布状况,对当地土壤生态环境保护提供参考。     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮对土壤酶活性及养分含量的影响

论文以陕北水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域的生物结皮为对象,研究分析了其对土壤酶活性和土壤养分特征的影响。结果表明:生物结皮对土壤酶活性和土壤养分的影响主要体现在结皮层。结皮层的土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别为下层(0～2 cm)土壤的1.56和1.31倍,碱性磷酸酶活性提高幅度最大,为结皮下层的3.72倍;生物结皮能显著提高结皮层土壤有机质、全氮及速效氮含量(P0.05),研究中结皮层土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮含量分别为15.67 g.kg-1、0.65 g.kg-1和22.51 mg.kg-1,而其下0～2 cm层土壤则分别为5.54 g.kg-1、0.30 g.kg-1和14.6 mg.kg-1;生物结皮对土壤速效磷和速效钾的影响不明显(P0.05);生物结皮层土壤pH值为8.08,低于其下0～2 cm层土壤(pH值为8.32,P0.05)。总之,生物结皮的形成和发育可以改善表层土壤的生物化学性质,对该区植被的恢复与重建具有积极意义。     

基于典范对应分析的喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤-环境关系研究

喀斯特地区是典型的生态脆弱区,环境容量小,抗干扰能力低,不同的土地利用方式、海拔、地貌地形特征等环境因子对土壤性质的空间变异有重要影响,峰丛洼地地貌景观异常破碎,石漠化严重,土壤性质对其环境的变化更加敏感.在野外调查取样、实验室分析的基础上,采用典范对应分析(CCA)研究土壤-环境关系.结果表明,不同的环境条件下土壤性质的空间变异有很大差异,全氮、碱解氮、有机碳、速效磷、速效钾、碳氮比的空间变异要比全磷、全钾和pH值的空间变异大,其中全氮、碱解氮和有机碳的空间变异趋势相似;不同的土壤性质与不同的环境因子之间的关联性不同,土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮与裸岩率和坡度有很好的关联性,速效钾主要受植被类型的影响,碳氮比与土壤厚度有很好的相关性,而全钾、全磷和pH值受环境的影响相对较小;不同的环境因子对土壤性质的影响程度大小依次为:土地利用方式>植被类型>裸岩率>坡向>土壤厚度>坡度>海拔高度.除全钾和pH值以外,不同的土地利用方式对土壤性质有显著影响.     

向家坝工程扰动区植被恢复土壤质量评价

以向家坝工程扰动区6种植被恢复模式下的土壤为研究对象,综合考虑表征土壤物理、化学和生物特性的25个土壤指标,利用敏感性分析和最小数据集方法进行土壤质量综合评价.结果表明：基于敏感性分析和最小数据集的土壤质量综合评价模型均能有差别的反映不同植被恢复模式对土壤质量和功能的影响;加权算法下基于最小数据集所计算土壤质量综合评价指数（SQI-MWA）能更敏感的反映出植被恢复措施对土壤质量的影响;有机质、全磷和多酚氧化酶能更好反映土壤质量受不同植被恢复方式的影响差异,推荐作为反映向家坝工程扰动区土壤质量的最优指标组合;土壤质量表现为：植被混凝土样地>厚层基材样地>天然林样地>客土喷播样地>框格梁样地>弃渣地.     

天津滨海地区不同年限吹填土植被恢复与土壤理化性质变异特征

为探索滨海重盐碱地植物恢复过程中土壤理化性质的变异规律,对天津滨海新区5个不同吹填年限的围海吹填区植被特征以及土壤主要理化性质进行综合研究。结果表明:1）随着吹填年限的增加,植被群落由单一的盐地碱蓬群落向盐地碱蓬-芦苇群落及盐地碱蓬-柽柳群落演替,植被种类、植被生物量和植被盖度呈增加趋势;2）随着吹填年限的增加,理化性质发生变异的土层深度也随之增加,0~60 cm土层中土壤容重、含盐量和pH总体呈降低趋势,土壤孔隙度和有机质含量总体呈上升趋势,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量总体无明显规律,且有机质含量和速效氮含量均处于缺乏状态;3）相关性分析结果表明,吹填年限与植被的丰富度、植被盖度、根系深度、植被生物量、土壤总孔隙度及土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而与土壤容重、含盐量、pH、速效钾含量呈显著负相关,与土壤速效氮、速效磷含量无显著关系。上述研究表明,滨海围海吹填区土壤主要理化性质随着吹填年限呈现一定的差异和规律性,植被对于改善滨海吹填土壤理化性质具有直接影响。该研究结果可为滨海重盐碱地的生态建设工作提供参考。     

鼎湖山三种森林类型土壤养分特征及其相关性分析研究

对鼎湖山三种森林类型土壤pH值和养分特征及其相关性进行调查与分析,结果表明:鼎湖山三种森林类型土壤pH值在3.72~4.31之间,属于强酸性土,而且随着土壤深度增加pH值逐渐升高;土壤有机质在6.83～78.43 g·kg-1之间,有机质较丰富.三种森林类型土壤全氮、碱解氮、全钾含量平均值分别为1.53 g·kg-1、384.15 mg·kg-1、24.86 g·kg-1,含量较高,而全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量平均值分别为0.44 g·kg-1、14.29 mg·kg-1、73.38 mg·kg-1,含量相对较低,各种形态钙、镁的含量也比较低.土壤养分含量基本上是季风常绿阔叶林>针阔叶混交林>马尾松林,而且随着深度增加而含量逐渐减少.土壤pH值与有机质、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等养分都呈现出极显著负相关,而土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等养分之间均表现为显著或极显著正相关.     

县域土壤养分空间变异特征及合理采样数研究

以地统计学和GIS相结合,以山东费县为例探讨了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾5种养分空间变异特征及县域尺度土壤养分的合理采样数。研究表明,有效磷的变异系数最大,由大到小依次为有效磷>速效钾>有机质>碱解氮>全氮。有机质、全氮、速效钾3种养分呈现中等强度的空间相关性且变程较大,基于土壤养分的空间相关性和克里格插值的独立验证得出费县有机质、全氮和速效钾3种养分合理采样数分别为1 035、842和1 033个,合理采样间距约为1 352、1 500和1 354 m。碱解氮不存在空间相关性,后续采样需要加大采样密度进一步研究其空间结构性。而有效磷呈现很强的空间相关性,但是变程很小,小范围内受人类活动等随机性因素较大,后续采样不能低于目前采样密度。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.