高铁酸钾氧化降解硝基苯水溶液

采用高铁酸钾氧化降解硝基苯水溶液,研究表明,反应时间、pH值、高铁酸钾投加量、硝基苯水溶液浓度4个因素都会对硝基苯的降解效果产生影响.硝基苯水溶液浓度为55mg·l~(-1)时,初始pH=7-9,高铁酸钾投加量n_(k_2FeO_4):n_(C_6H_5NO_2)10:1,反应时间30min为最优反应条件,硝基苯去除率达到85%左右,COD_(Cr)去除率达到55%左右.通过对反应产物的分析,推测硝基苯首先被高铁酸钾氧化为对硝基苯酚,再进一步被氧化开环生成终产物.     

纳米铁用于饮用水中As(Ⅲ)去除效果

主要考察实验室合成制得的纳米铁对毒性高,迁移能力强,在厌氧地下水中作为砷的主要存在形式的As(Ⅲ)去除效果.通过批实验探讨吸附动力学,以及pH和纳米铁投加量对As(Ⅲ)的去除影响.反应1 h时,0.25 g纳米铁对起始质量浓度为910μg·L-1 As(Ⅲ)的去除率高达99%以上;反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,标准化后的速率常数ksA为1.64mL·m-2·min-1.研究结果表明,具有高反应活性的纳米铁将成为饮用水中砷去除非常有效的吸附材料.     

光助Fe/BiOCl活化过硫酸盐降解橙黄Ⅱ

为研究Fe/BiOCl在光照下活化过硫酸盐(PS)产生硫酸根自由基(·SO_4~-)降解偶氮染料橙黄Ⅱ的催化效果,采用一步水热合成法制备铁掺杂BiOCl纳米催化剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对其形貌与组成成分进行表征.结果显示,铁元素成功掺杂进入BiOCl的结构中,呈现出纳米盘状形貌结构.在光照辐射下,考察Fe/BiOCl活化PS降解橙黄Ⅱ过程中初始pH、底物浓度、Fe/BiOCl催化剂投加量和PS投加量等影响因素对橙黄Ⅱ降解处理效果的影响.结果显示,橙黄Ⅱ降解效率随着pH值的降低而升高,Fe/BiOCl和PS投加量的增加对橙黄Ⅱ的去除率出现先增加后降低的趋势.Fe/BiOCl催化剂投加量为0.5 g·L~(-1),PS的投加量为1 mmol·L~(-1)的条件下时,溶液pH值为3.0,反应60 min后,橙黄Ⅱ降解的效果最佳,其降解速率符合拟一级反应动力学.通过对催化剂Fe/BiOCl稳定性研究,经5次连续循环使用后,脱色率仍然可以保持在79.6%,说明该催化剂具有良好的循环使用性能.通过投加叔丁醇(TBA),甲醇(MeOH),草酸铵(AO),对苯醌(BQ)等自由基猝灭剂,证明光助Fe/BiOCl/PS体系中具有光生空穴,硫酸根自由基,羟基自由基和超氧自由基,其中超氧自由基和光生空穴在反应体系中起重要作用.反应过程中橙黄Ⅱ的降解产物运用GC/MS进行检测,推导得出橙黄Ⅱ的降解路径.     

纳米零价铁对溶液中PCB77的降解及其影响因素

设计了以溶液初始pH值、3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯(PCB77)初始浓度、纳米零价铁(Fe0)投加量、纳米零价硅(Si0)投加量、腐殖酸和环糊精浓度为影响因素的正交试验,研究纳米Fe0降解PCB77时各因素对反应体系中PCB77残留率、氢离子浓度及氧化还原电位变化的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,在溶液初始pH值为4.5,初始ρ(PCB77)为1 mg.L-1,纳米Fe0投加量为10 g.L-1,纳米Si0投加量为0,ρ(腐殖酸)为0.25 g.L-1,ρ(环糊精)为1 g.L-1时,反应2 h后,PCB77残留率最低,为35.2%。溶液初始pH值对反应体系中PCB77的残留率影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之;溶液初始pH值对反应体系中氢离子浓度变化影响最大,环糊精投加量次之;PCB77初始浓度对反应体系中氧化还原电位变化影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之。     

纳米铁去除水体中镉的反应动力学、吸附平衡和影响因素

镉(Cd)具有致癌、无生物降解性和生物累积性特点,日益严重的镉环境污染问题已引起人们广泛关注。纳米铁是一种能有效去除多种有机和无机污染物的吸附剂。采用批实验方式研究纳米铁(nZVI)吸附镉的动力学和去除效率,可为深入研究纳米铁在重金属Cd污染修复的可行性方面提供理论支撑。利用透射电镜和扫描电镜等对实验室合成的纳米铁颗粒进行了表征,结果表明,纳米铁颗粒平均BET比表面积为49.16 m~2·g~(-1),粒径为20—40 nm。探讨了多种影响因素对纳米铁颗粒吸附镉的影响,如溶液pH、反应时间、初始浓度和纳米铁投加量。同时研究了Cd2+的准一级和二级反应动力学,应用Freundlich、Langmuir和Temkin等温吸附模型进行平衡吸附研究。结果表明,纳米铁对水溶液中镉吸附是化学吸附。颗粒内扩散模型表明粒内扩散不是控制反应速率的唯一步骤。吸附动力学研究表明,nZVI吸附Cd2+过程符合准二级反应动力学模型。平衡吸附数据能够很好地符合Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型(r~20.95)。通过Langmuir模型获得室温下吸附剂单层Cd吸附量为256.4 mg·g~(-1)。在pH 7和(25±1)℃条件下,纳米铁能够有效吸附镉。当nZVI颗粒投加量为1.00 g·L~(-1),Cd~(2+)初始质量浓度为74.51 mg·L~(-1)时,24 h之内,Cd2+去除率达到98.62%。纳米铁可作为一种用于水体镉去除的非常有应用前景的材料。     

Fenton法降解水中布洛芬

采用Fenton法降解水中布洛芬,考察了H2O2投加量、FeSO.47H2O与H2O2的比值、初始pH、反应时间等因素对布洛芬去除率的影响,通过正交实验确定影响作用大小依次为:[Fe2+]∶[H2O2]的物质的量之比>H2O2的投加量>pH值,最佳的反应工艺条件为:H2O2的投加量为3 mL.L-1,[Fe2+]∶[H2O2]的物质的量之比为1∶10,反应初始pH值为3,反应时间为40 min.在最佳条件下布洛芬的去除率达到86%以上.同时对布洛芬降解反应动力学进行了研究,发现Fenton降解布洛芬符合二级反应动力学规律.     

生物炭负载纳米铁活化过硫酸盐去除土壤中的五氯联苯

以污染土壤中检出量较高的PCB118为目标污染物,采用银杏叶提取液绿色合成纳米铁材料(nZVI)、玉米秸秆制备生物炭(BC),将nZVI负载在BC表面合成生物炭负载纳米零价铁复合材料(BC-nZVI),利用制备的BC-nZVI复合材料催化活化过硫酸盐(PS)去除土壤中PCB118。主要探讨了在生物炭负载纳米零价铁活化过硫酸盐体系(BC-nZVI/PS)中复合材料BC-nZVI碳铁比及其投加量、PS浓度、pH值、温度等因素对PCB118去除速率的影响。结果表明,反应时间为24h时,碳铁比为2?1时BC-nZVI反应体系对土壤中PCB118去除效果优于其他3种比例。实验条件下,随着BC-nZVI的投加量由0.002 g增加到0.500 g,PS浓度由0.05 mol·L^-1增至0.35 mol·L^-1,温度由15℃升高到45℃,土壤中PCB118的去除率分别增加了32.4%、10.6%及14.7%。随着溶液初始pH值由3升到9,土壤中PCB118的去除率降低了11.4%。单因素实验数据显示,在BC-nZVI的投加量为0.500 g,PS浓度为0....     

CdS-TiO2复合光催化剂可见光下降解黄连素

采用沉积法制备CdS-TiO2复合光催化剂,利用UV-Vis DRS、XRD等方法对其进行表征,并在可见光下对黄连素废水进行处理,考察了催化剂投加量、黄连素初始浓度、黄连素初始pH值对黄连素去除率的影响.研究结果表明,在常温下制备的CdS-TiO2复合光催化剂,对可见光有较好的响应能力;在催化剂投加量1.5 g.L-1,黄连素初始浓度80 mg.L-1的条件下,催化剂对黄连素的去除效果显著,可达80%以上.pH对反应的影响不大.该催化剂循环使用3次仍具有较高的光催化活性与化学稳定性.     

高铁酸钾/254nm紫外光氧化降解水体中双酚A

采用高铁酸钾/紫外光氧化降解双酚A水溶液.考察了高铁酸钾投加量、双酚A初始浓度、pH、降解时间等参数对双酚A的CODCr去除率的影响,通过正交实验得出了最佳降解参数,并对降解产物进行了紫外光谱分析.研究表明,高铁酸钾投加量为39 mg,pH值为11,双酚A浓度10 mg·L-1条件下降解30 min,双酚A最佳CODCr去除率为88.24%.     

CWPO体系中污泥炭催化降解头孢氨苄废水

通过加入正丁醇以共沸蒸馏法对剩余污泥进行脱水,再对污泥进行干燥、焙烧和改性得到污泥炭催化剂.将污泥炭催化剂用于催化湿式过氧化氢氧化体系,处理头孢氨苄废水.采用响应面法中的中心组合设计实验,考察反应温度、初始pH和过氧化氢投加量对TOC降解率的影响,反应温度和过氧化氢投加量具有显著交互作用.在最佳实验条件下(T=50℃、pH=3.00、H_2O_2=0.071 mol·L~(-1)),TOC去除率为59%,接近预测的TOC去除率(60%),在95%的置信区间内,说明该模型可靠.SEM、TEM、TPD-MS、XPS和FT-IR等分析结果表明污泥炭表面存在纳米尺寸片状结构,这种结构中存在酚羟基、羰基、羧基等活性官能团和醌类结构,且ICP-OES、EDAX和~(57)Fe穆斯堡尔谱等分析结果表明,污泥炭中含有不同价态的Fe,能有效地催化过氧化氢分解,将头孢氨苄转化为苯甲酸、丁二酮等小分子物质,再进一步完全氧化.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.