废印制电路板在硝酸浸提液中的金属溶出规律

以电子元器件脱落为反应终点,研究了摩尔浓度分别为1.11、1.60、2.19、2.73、3.30、4.55 mol/L的硝酸浸提液中废印制电路板上Cu、Sn、Pb、Fe等金属的溶出规律。结果表明:(1)电子元器件脱落时间随硝酸浓度增大而缩短。(2)当硝酸摩尔浓度小于2.73 mol/L时,废印制电路板中Cu几乎不溶出。(3)废印制电路板中Sn和Pb总体随硝酸浓度增大溶出速率加快,反应初期溶出速率都较快,反应后期溶出速率变慢。(4)当硝酸摩尔浓度大于2.73 mol/L时,反应起始Fe迅速溶出达到一个较稳定的值,随着Sn和Pb的耗尽又一次迅速溶出,后一个迅速溶出规律与Cu一致。(5)在硝酸各浓度下,Sn、Pb溶出率一直高于80%且保持很好的一致性。Ni溶出率随着硝酸浓度的增大总体呈直线升高趋势,最终达到95%以上。当硝酸摩尔浓度小于3.30 mol/L时,Cu、Fe、Zn溶出率均为2%~3%;当硝酸摩尔浓度大于3.30 mol/L时,Cu、Fe、Zn溶出率最终分别约为50%、80%和93%。     

不同预处理对电镀污泥电动过程的影响

以风干电镀污泥为电动处理试验材料，水为阳极电解液，柠檬酸柠檬酸铵缓冲液为阴极电解液，施加25 V直流电压条件下电动运行5 d，研究了水、低浓度木钙和硝酸等预处理对电镀污泥电动过程的影响。结果表明，各处理的阴极电解液pH值变化平稳，都维持在3～3.5较理想的范围。而1％木钙、1％硝酸饱和预处理电镀污泥，明显改变了电动过程中电渗流和电流密度的大小，对电镀污泥Cu、Ni的去除率也有明显增加。其中，木钙、硝酸预处理后对Cu的去除率由对照的13.24％分别提高到19.05％和25.55％，即去除量分别增大3 516.35 mg/kg和7 457.62 mg/kg；木钙、硝酸预处理后对Ni的去除率由对照的14.68％分别提高到16.47％和28.85％，即去除量分别增大800.91 mg/kg和6 359.92 mg/kg。     

重金属污染土壤的草酸和EDTA混合淋洗研究

采用不同浓度的草酸(oxalic acid,OX)和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)混合的淋洗方法研究重金属污染土壤的最佳混合淋洗方式,探讨了液固比、淋洗时间及pH对淋洗效果的影响,并分析了0.2 mol/L OX+0.2 mol/L EDTA处理前后土壤中重金属形态的变化。结果表明,采用0.2 mol/L OX+0.2 mol/L EDTA混合的淋洗法可同时去除多种重金属,且对Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr的去除率明显高于单用OX和EDTA,去除率分别为Cu 41.29%、Zn 84.73%、Ni 54.2%和Cr 66.01%。0.2mol/L OX+0.2 mol/L EDTA在液固比为5∶1、淋洗时间为4 h、pH为6时可分别达到最佳淋洗效果,且分别为Cu 62.59%、Zn 93.48%、Ni 55.95%和Cr 71.57%;Cu 50.47%、Zn 86.67%、Ni 61.53%和Cr 72.68%;Cu 44.40%、Zn 81.82%、Ni68.76%和Cr 74.93%。形态分析结果表明,0.2 mol/L OX+0.2 mol/L EDTA能较好地改变土壤中重金属形态的分布。     

利用柠檬酸去除污泥中镉、铅的研究

考察了利用柠檬酸去除厦门某化工厂污泥中重金属镉、铅的适宜工艺条件,包括pH、柠檬酸浓度、转速、温度、反应时间等。考察发现,在pH-3、柠檬酸摩尔浓度为0．2mol／L、转速为200r／min、温度为室温、反应时间为1d左右时,污泥中镉、铅的最大去除率分别为91．5％和96．5％。     

Cu2+和Cr6+对活性污泥处理系统的冲击影响研究

以完全混合活性污泥反应器为试验系统,在作为处理对象的实际餐饮废水中添加Cu2+和Cr6+,分批试验发现添加单一Cu2+的I#系统中,随着Cu2+浓度的增加,污泥浓度及生物相无明显的变化,Cu2+的去除率比较稳定,在90%左右波动;在同时添加Cu2+和Cr6+的Ⅱ#系统中,污泥量明显减少,生物相发生变化,Cr6+浓度达到4.8mg/L,污泥对Cr6+和Cu2+的去除率分别降至27.50%和37.89%.可见,Cr6+对活性污泥系统的毒性远大于Cu2+.     

微电解-生物法处理含铬电镀废水的研究

采用微电解生物法组合工艺处理含铬电镀废水,在实验过程中,电镀废水中的重金属离子通过微电解法预处理可去除90%以上,剩余部分被后续工艺的微生物功能菌去除。实验结果表明对Cr6+含量为50mg/L,Cu2+含量为15mg/L,Ni2+含量为10mg/L的废水,经处理后,重金属离子的净化率达999%,且无二次污染。     

嗜酸硫杆菌和黑曲霉对电镀污泥重金属浸出效果

电镀污泥重金属浸出对电镀污泥资源化利用具有重要意义。为了降低处置成本,采用嗜酸硫杆菌与黑曲霉对电镀污泥重金属浸出效果进行了研究。结果表明,采用嗜酸性氧化硫硫杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌混合菌种对含固率为3%的电镀污泥进行为期15 d(培养驯化后)的处理后,污泥中Ni、Cr与Cu的浸出率虽分别高达92.8%、85.0%和96.8%,但耗时久,无法大规模地实际应用。利用黑曲霉对电镀污泥进行为期6 d的处理,Ni、Cr和Cu的浸出率分别达到92.0%、74.4%和55.3%。若采用黑曲霉培养15 d后产生的生物有机酸和同pH的柠檬酸处理电镀污泥4 h后,两者对Ni、Cr和Cu的浸出率分别为:85.0%与94.2%、63.8%与73.7%、57.9%与99.6%。可见,利用黑曲霉发酵菌液浸出电镀污泥中重金属有一定的实际应用价值。     

Cu/Fe和Ni/Fe双金属处理模拟地下水中的铬

研究了零价铁(Fe0)、Cu/Fe、Ni/Fe双金属作为渗透反应格栅(PRB)反应介质对地下水中六价铬〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕去除性能。采用烧杯批次实验研究了铜负载率、镍负载率、投加量及pH对Cr(Ⅵ)去除效率的影响。采用柱模拟室验考察Fe0、Cu/Fe和Ni/Fe双金属作为PRB反应介质对地下水中的Cr(Ⅵ)去除效果。实验结果显示,相对于Fe0,双金属去除效率显著提高,去除效果可达99.7%,速率也是Fe0单独作用时的2倍。Cu/Fe双金属系统随着铜负载率增加去除效率增加,铜负载率达到10%以后,去除效率不再增加,开始有降低的趋势;Ni/Fe双金属系统呈现相同趋势。Cu/Fe、Ni/Fe投加量越大,对Cr(Ⅵ)去除效果越好,并且酸性条件有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的去除。对于Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,Cu/Fe和Ni/Fe双金属比Fe0更具有长效性,其寿命是Fe0单独作用时的2倍以上。     

酸洗废液制取复合亚铁的研制及应用

介绍了利用酸洗废液为原料制备复合亚铁型混凝剂的新方法 ,并用制得的产品应用于电镀和印染废水治理工程。工程应用及实验结果表明 ,对含Ni2 + 、Cu2 + 和Cr6+ 的电镀废水 ,能使Ni2 + 、Cu2 + 出水浓度 <0 .1mg/L ,Cr6+ 未检出 ,还能处理数种化学镀废液。对印染废水 ,COD去除率和脱色率可分别达到 84 %和 98%以上 ,值得进一步研究和推广     

柠檬酸强化电动去除和回收污泥中的重金属

探讨了柠檬酸对污泥中重金属形态的影响,并以柠檬酸为络合剂、以杭州七格污水处理厂城市污泥为研究对象,在0.8 m A·cm-2恒定电流密度条件下运行120 h,在5组柠檬酸浓度分别为0.00、0.05、0.10、0.20和0.30 mol·L~(-1)的条件下,采用自行设计的双层双阳极反应器对污泥中重金属进行电动去除和回收实验。结果显示,柠檬酸能促使污泥中大量的Zn由可还原态转化为酸可提取态,但对Cu的形态影响不大。电动处理实验中,添加柠檬酸后Zn和Cu的去除率都有明显提高,当柠檬酸浓度为0.20 mol·L~(-1)时,Zn的去除率最大达58.3%,Cu的去除率为42.4%;当柠檬酸浓度为0.10 mol·L~(-1)时,Cu的去除率最大为51.7%,Zn的去除率为46.4%。柠檬酸的最佳添加浓度为0.10~0.20 mol·L~(-1),当柠檬酸添加量超过0.20 mol·L~(-1),Zn和Cu的去除率反而会因为络合物在阳极区的沉淀而降低。     

Hybrid process for heavy metal removal from wastewater sludge.

Bioleaching processes have been demonstrated to be effective technologies in removing heavy metals from wastewater sludge, but long hydraulic retention times are typically required to operate these bioprocesses. A hybrid process (coupling biological and chemical processes) has been explored in laboratory pilot-scale experiments for heavy metals (cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], chromium [Cr], and zinc [Zn]) removal from three types of sludge (primary sludge, secondary activated sludge, and a mixture of primary and secondary sludge). The hybrid process consisted of producing a concentrate ferric ion solution followed by chemical treatment of sludges. Ferric iron solution was produced biologically via oxidation of ferrous iron by A. ferrooxidans in a continuous-flow stirred tank (5.2 L) reactor (CSTR). Wastewater sludge filtrate (WSF) containing nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) has been used as culture media to support the growth and activity of indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. Results showed that total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of the culture media in excess of 235 mg/L were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth. The oxidation rate increased as ferrous iron concentrations ranged from 10 to 40 g Fe2+/L. The percentage of ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidized to ferric iron (Fe3+) increased as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) increased from 12 to 48 h. Successful and complete Fe2+ oxidation was recorded at a HRT of 48 h using 10 g Fe2+/L. Subsequently, ferric ion solution produced by A. ferrooxidans in sludge filtrate was used to solubilize heavy metals contained in wastewater sludge. The best solubilization was obtained with a mixture of primary and secondary sludge, demonstrating a removal efficiency of 63, 71, 49, and 80% for Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn, respectively.     

污泥中重金属的去除及回收试验

论述了利用离子交换技术循环使用柠檬酸去除污泥中重金属,并置换回收重金属的适宜工艺条件.经柠檬酸处理后,污泥中90%以上的重金属被去除;柠檬酸处理液中的重金属用离子交换法回收,考察了树脂种类、流速、操作方式等因素对离子交换、再生效果的影响;在适宜工艺条件下,重金属的交换率均为100%,而洗脱率均接近90%;柠檬酸及离子交换树脂循环使用,重金属也得到回收,降低了处理成本.     

Electrokinetic enhancement removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater sludge

An enhanced electrokinetic process for removal of metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) from an industrial wastewater sludge was performed. The electrokinetic experiments were conducted under a constant potential gradient (1.25 V cm(-1)) with processing fluids of tap water (TW), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and citric acid (CA) for 5 days. Results showed that metal removal efficiency of heavy metals for EK-TW, EK-SDS and EK-CA systems are 11.2-60.0%, 37.2-76.5%, and 43.4-78.0%, respectively. A highest metal removal performance was found in EK-CA system. The removal priority of investigated metals from sludge by EK process was found as: Cu > Pb > Ni > Fe > Zn > Cr. The results of sequential extraction analysis revealed that the binding forms of heavy metals with sludge after electrokinetic process were highly depend upon the processing fluid operated. It was found that the binding forms of metals with sludge were changed from the more difficult extraction type (residual and sulfate fractions) to easier extraction types (exchangeable, sorbed, and organic fraction) after treatment by electrokinetic process. Results imply that if a proper treatment technology is followed by this EK process to remove metals more effectively, this treated sludge will be more beneficial for sludge utilization afterwards. Before it was reused, the risk associated with metals of more mobile forms to the environment need to be further investigated. The cost analysis was also evaluated for the investigated electrokinetic systems.     

用H2O2/Fe^3＋处理高浓度含甲醛废水的研究

研究采用H2O2/Fe^3＋催化氧化处理高浓度含甲醛废水,探讨了双氧水和催化剂投加量、反应pH及反应温度等操作条件对处理效果的影响,并通过酸溶解回用失活催化剂。结果表明,较优的操作条件为：H2O2/COD（质量比）=2.2～2.6,Fe^3＋/H2O2（摩尔比）=0.048～0.058,反应pH1.80～2.68,反应温度50℃,反应时间40 min;在上述操作条件下,甲醛去除率达到99%以上,COD去除率达到85%以上。失活的催化剂可通过稀酸溶解后循环使用,其效果与三价铁盐作催化剂的基本相同。采用H2O2/Fe^3＋处理含甲醛废水具有比采用H2O2/Fe^2＋较优的效果。     

淀粉基黄原酸盐处理重金属废水的条件优化研究

采用淀粉基黄原酸盐处理含重金属的电镀废水 ,对淀粉基黄原酸盐的用量、pH值和反应时间等条件进行了研究。结果发现 ,1L含氰电镀废水 (含Cr3+15mg/L、Cu2 +3mg/L、Ni2 +9.2mg/L和Zn2 +6mg/L) ,加入 1g淀粉基黄原酸盐 ,调节 pH为 8,搅拌 1h ,过滤 ,处理后的废水中Cr3+、Cu2 +、Zn2 +和Ni2 +残余浓度分别为 0 .0 8mg/L、0 .0 1mg/L、0 .1mg/L和 0 .0 8mg/L。含有重金属盐的残渣 ,可用硝酸处理 ,以回收重金属     

EDTA强化电动力学修复重金属复合污染土壤

在自制的电动力学装置中,研究多种重金属复合污染土壤的电动力学修复,通过在阴极添加络合剂EDTA来提高修复效率。实验结果表明,EDTA的引入提高了修复过程中的电流值,且EDTA与重金属的络合提高了污染物向电极液的迁移效率,从而强化了电动力学修复效果。在设定的浓度(0、0.01、0.02、0.05和0.1 mol/L)中,0.1 mol/L的EDTA具有最佳的修复效率。在此实验条件下,污染土壤中的总铜、总铅和总镉的去除率分别为90.2%、68.1%和95.1%。电动力学修复后,对土壤重金属进行化学形态分析,发现电动力学修复显著改变了土壤重金属存在形态,修复后土壤中的铜、铅、镉主要以较稳定的有机态和残余态形式存在,显著降低了对周边生物和环境的毒害。     

Removal of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge by isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria

The removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb) from anaerobically digested sludge from the Yuen Long wastewater treatment plant, Hong Kong, has been studied in a batch system using isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. The inoculation of indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria and the addition of FeSO4 accelerated the solubilization of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb from the sludge. pH of the sludge decreased with an increase in Fe2+ concentrations and reached a low pH of 2-2.5 for treatments receiving both bacterial inoculation and FeSO4. After 16 days of bioleaching, the following heavy metal removal efficiencies were obtained: Cr 55.3%, Cu 91.5%, Zn 83.3%, Ni 54.4%, and Pb 16.2%. In contrast, only 2.6% of Cr, 42.9% of Cu, 72.1% of Zn, 22.8% of Ni and 0.56% of Pb were extracted from the control without the bacterial inoculation and addition of FeSO4. The residual heavy metal content in the leached sludge was acceptable for unrestricted use for agriculture. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of using the isolated iron-oxidizing bacteria for the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge.     

污泥生物沥滤工艺优化和重金属分配研究

为了得到嗜酸硫细菌沥滤污泥中重金属的最佳工艺参数,对沥滤过程进行3因素4水平的正交实验研究。3种影响因素的水平设置分别为:污泥浓度35、25、15和5 g/L,单质硫投加量15、10、5和1 g/L,接种量15、10、5和3 g/L。对沥滤过程污泥中7种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的去除率进行极差分析,提出了因素影响程度依次为单质硫投加量污泥浓度接种量,且最佳工艺条件为:污泥浓度25 g/L,单质硫投加量10 g/L,接种量为5%。采用超声波-离心方法,分步提取污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的2种形态:松散结合态(LB)和紧密结合态(TB)。分析其中的重金属浓度,提出沥滤后重金属在污泥EPS的赋存以LB为主。     

电镀污泥回收重金属的新工艺

合理、经济地处理混合电镀污泥,回收其中有价值的金属具有重要意义。以不同的酸作为浸出剂对电镀污泥中的金属进行了浸出效果实验。结果表明,在相同条件下,各酸的浸出效果顺序为:硫酸>盐酸>王水>硝酸;液体水与固体电镀污泥比为3,干污泥为5 g,硫酸加入量为15 mL,时间1 h条件下,混合电镀污泥中金属铜锌的浸出率最大,达到97.38%。分别采用铁和铁锰合金还原剂常温还原低熔点重金属离子铜、锌,浸出液中99%以上含量的铜、锌沉淀,使低熔点重金属与黑色金属铁、锰、铬有效分离。低熔点混合重金属可以用来做铜合金添加剂使用,最后沉淀的混合黑色金属氢氧化物处理后可以用来做炼钢合金添加剂使用。