重庆市颗粒物中元素分布特征及来源分析

2012年在重庆市6个采样点采集PM10和PM2.5样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子光谱仪(ICP-OES)对样品中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb共17种元素含量进行测定,在此基础上对各元素浓度分布特征进行分析,并采用富集因子法(以Al元素为参比元素)和主因子分析法定性分析其污染的主要来源。结果表明,除Al、Ca、Co外,其他与人类活动相关的各元素更容易富集于PM2.5上。Zn、As、Pb、Cd在PM10和PM2.5中极强富集,表明重庆市燃煤、城市交通、工业等污染严重。大渡口和沙坪坝站点PM10和PM2.5中各元素的污染程度相对偏高,南坪、缙云山、巴南、茶园4个采样点各元素的污染程度相对偏低。主因子分析结果表明,土壤尘、建筑尘、燃煤工业尘、道路尘是重庆市PM10和PM2.5的主要来源。     

常州市春季大气PM2.5中金属元素的分析及污染特征

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法,同时测定大气PM2.5中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Zn、Si、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Cd和Pb等18种金属元素的分析方法.样品用HNO3+H2O2(5∶1)经微波消解系统进行前处理.该方法操作方便,酸用量少,由于是密闭消解,对环境污染也少.经过反复调试,确定了仪器最佳操作条件.结果表明,各种元素标准曲线的线性相关系数均在0.9990以上,方法检出限在0.07 μg/L ～1.16 mg/L之间,精密度实验中各元素的RSD均小于7.53％,回收率在91.38％～117.53％之间.该方法能够快速有效地实现多元素同时测定,检测线性范围宽,测试结果准确可靠,可以应用于大气颗粒物中多种金属元素的测定.采用富集因子分析法对常州市大气中PM25做来源分析表明,常州市大气PM25中,大部元素的富集因子都大于10,其中,Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Co和Pb在各个采样点的富集因子都非常高,表明主要来自于人为污染.     

潞城市大气PM_（10）中化学元素分布特征

利用ICP-AES分析了潞城市采暖期和非采暖期4个不同功能区PM10样品中16种化学元素,对不同元素的时空分布特征进行了研究,并采用富集因子和主成分分析初步研究了潞城市PM10中元素的主要来源。结果表明,潞城市PM10中重金属污染较为严重,且各元素在采暖期的平均浓度均明显高于非采暖期。PM10中Ca、V、Cr、As、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al和Pb的富集因子EF〉10,主要来源于人为污染;而Na、Mg、Si、Fe和K的EF〈10,除部分来自人为活动外,主要来自土壤风沙等自然来源。主成分分析结果显示,潞城市PM10中元素的主要来源按贡献率大小依次为：煤烟尘和工业粉尘50.39%,自然源34.37%和机动车尾气15.24%。     

黄石市冬/春季大气PM_(10)中重金属形态特征研究

采用三级序列提取程序分离黄石市黄石港区、西塞山区、大冶市、阳新县PM10中的不同形态重金属,并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱对分离后液体中8种重金属(Cu、Cd、Zn、Cr、As、Pb、Ni、Co)的含量进行测定。同时,将传统金属生物有效性系数(k)进行加权,从而以重金属生物有效性综合系数(K)直观表征4个区域空气PM10中重金属对人体健康的危害程度。结果表明:(1)As为黄石市主要重金属污染物,冬季西赛山区As的质量分数为85.5%。(2)黄石港区PM10中冬季Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和春季Cu、Cr、Pb,西塞山区PM10中冬季Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni、Co和春季Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Co,大冶市PM10中冬季Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和春季Cd、As、Pb,阳新县PM10中冬季Zn、Cd、As、Pb和春季Zn、Cd、Pb,其k均大于0.2,对当地居民的健康存在潜在风险或风险。综合评价,阳新县冬季和大冶市春季的大气重金属污染较严重,其K分别为0.544和0.340,对人体健康风险较大。     

北京市PM2.5污染特征 、来源分析及其重金属健康风险评价

分析了2016年北京市的PM_(2.5)及其中的Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cr、As、Ni、Cd、Sb、Co、V、Ba、Al、Fe、Mg、Ti、Ca、S 18种元素含量,并对重金属As、Cr、Pb、Cd、Ni、Mn、Cu和Zn进行了相应的健康风险评价。结果表明:PM_(2.5)质量浓度为14.63～206.35μg/m~3,年平均值为74.00μg/m~3,超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准(35μg/m~3)1倍多;PM_(2.5)中S、Zn、Sb、Pb和Cd的富集程度较高,主要来源于机动车尾气排放、燃煤和工业活动;Mn、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Ni 8种重金属对儿童、成人女性、成人男性的非致癌总风险均小于1,不存在非致癌风险;As、Cd、Cr和Ni 4种重金属的致癌风险为1.94×10~(-7)～6.04×10~(-5),均小于10~(-4),部分重金属可能存在潜在致癌风险,主要是As和Cr存在潜在致癌风险。     

太仓大气细颗粒物的粒径分布及来源分析

超大城市大气环境日益改善的同时,其周边卫星城市的大气环境将逐步得到关注.利用静电低压撞击器(ELPI)在线测量上海周边卫星城市太仓大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)粒子数浓度和质量浓度的粒径分布;结合太仓大气PM2.5样品中Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sr、CA和Pb等15种元素的浓度...     

大辽河主要污染源重金属特征及污染评价

为了解大辽河水环境中重金属污染来源及其污染程度,对大辽河上游来水以及主要排污口的表层水体和表层沉积物主要重金属(Cr、Co、Cd、Mn、Zn、Ni、Cu、Pb、As)浓度进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数评价法和地累积指数评价法对表层水体和表层沉积物污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,大辽河上游来水中Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、As、Pb元素浓度均低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅰ类标准规定的限值;太子河中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb元素浓度较高,海城河Mn、As元素浓度较高;主要排污口水体中Cr、Cu、As、Cd、Pb元素浓度均低于GB 3838—2002的Ⅰ类标准规定的限值,其中纱厂潮沟、港监潮沟排污口水体重金属浓度较高。大辽河沉积物重金属浓度表现出自上游向下游递减的特征,西潮沟、港监潮沟排污口沉积物重金属浓度高于其他排污口。综合污染指数评价法表明,大辽河水质情况较好,太子河存在较高的潜在污染风险;而地累积指数评价法表明,大辽河主要汇入河流和主要污染源沉积物重金属污染程度大多为清洁,只有西潮沟排污口沉积物中As处于轻度污染,需要引起注意。     

杭州市大气降尘重金属污染特征及来源研究

于2006年6月至2009年6月期间,在杭州市主城区7个采样点对大气降尘进行采集,并对10种重金属元素含量进行了分析。结果表明:重金属元素Cu、Cd、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Co、Al、Fe、Mo质量浓度分别为223.6、15.6、741.1、27.8、363.7、1 820.4、7.0、8 982.4、21 149.0、13.4mg/kg;各功能区差异较大,半山(工业区)Fe、Mn、Pb、Zn浓度较高,江城立交(交通枢纽)Cu、Cd浓度较高。富集因子评价结果表明,Cd、Mo、Pb、Zn、Cu富集程度较高,受到不同程度人为污染。主因子分析结果显示,Mn、Fe可能来自钢铁冶炼及机械制造;Cu、Cd可能来自交通源;Zn、Mo可能来自相关的冶炼加工及合金工业;Ni、Co可能由煤和石油等化石燃料燃烧排放;Pb来自工业排放;Al主要来自地壳。     

乌鲁木齐市地表灰尘中微量元素空间分布与来源解析

为研究典型绿洲城市地表灰尘中微量元素的污染及来源,在新疆乌鲁木齐市采集83个地表灰尘样品,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb与Zn等9种微量元素含量,采用地质累积指数法评价地表灰尘中微量元素污染水平,基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术与地统计法分析微量元素空间分布格局,并利用多元统计分析法分析地表灰尘中微量元素的主要来源。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市地表灰尘中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn分别为新疆土壤背景值的2.00、1.35、1.38、8.24、1.28、2.09、3.26倍。地表灰尘中Hg呈现中度污染,Cd、Pb和Zn呈现轻微污染,As、Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni呈现无污染。研究区地表灰尘中各微量元素的空间分布格局各不相同。从污染来源来看,研究区地表灰尘中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb与Zn来源主要受到人为污染源的影响,Mn来源主要受到土壤地球化学特征的控制。     

应用地累积指数评价鞍山市夏季PM_(2.5)中元素的污染

2014年夏季在鞍山市的6个站点进行了PM2.5的样品采集,对其载带的15种元素进行了检测。通过地累积指数、相关分析和聚类分析等方法分析了鞍山市夏季PM2.5中15种元素的污染来源。结果表明:Ca、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd这5种元素的质量分数在各站点之间存在较大的差异;地累积指数结果显示,Cd为极强污染程度,可能的来源是钢铁冶炼和刹车及轮胎磨损,Pb和Zn污染程度在强污染以上,Pb可能的主要人为来源是钢铁冶炼和窖炉煤的燃烧,Zn可能主要来自钢铁冶炼和机动车,Cu、Ni、Cr和Ca中到强污染以下;聚类分析将中度污染及以上元素分为Zn-Cd-Pb,Ni-Cu-Cr和Ca 3类,分别指示钢铁冶炼、机动车尾气及刹车、轮胎磨损,建筑尘;相关性分析显示,Cr与Ni、Cu可能来自同一污染源,Zn、Cd和Pb可能来自同一种源。     

The influence of body size, condition index and tidal exposure on the variability in metal bioaccumulation in Mytilus edulis

Mussels are commonly used to monitor metal pollution despite high inter-individual variability in tissue concentrations. In this study, influences of body size, condition index and tidal height on concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were investigated. Body weight was inversely related to metal concentrations and for Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn the regression was affected by tidal height. Except for As, Fe and Mn metal concentrations were inversely related to physiological status though no differences between essential and non-essential metals were obvious. After correcting for body size, tidal height was related positively to As, Cd and Zn, negatively related to Cu, Fe and Mn while Co, Cr, Ni and Pb were independent of tidal height. The study recommends stringent measures during sampling for biomonitoring or metal concentrations at each location must be normalized to a common body size, CI and tidal height.     

Use of mosses (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) as biomonitors of heavy metal deposition: from relative to absolute deposition values

Concentrations of 48 elements in the ground growing mosses Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi have been compared with wet deposition data for the same elements at 13 Norwegian sites. Significant positive correlations were found for V, Fe, Co, As, Y, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ce, Sm, Er, Tl and Pb in Hylocomium splendens, and for Mg, V, Fe, Co, As, Se, Y, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb in Pleurozium schreberi. Regression equations for transforming moss concentration data to absolute deposition rates have been calculated for those of the above elements which are of interest from a pollution point of view. The concentration levels of Li, Be, Mg, Ca, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Sr, Y, Zr, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Ho, Yb, Hf, Ta and U were similar in the two moss species. Hylocomium splendens had highest concentrations of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Nb, Mo, Sb, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Lu, W, Tl, Pb and Th, whereas V, Mn, Rb and Cd were highest in Pleurozium schreberi. No variations were observed in the concentrations of the studied elements during the sampling season.     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其污染评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR连续提取法研究了沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、V和Pb等8种重金属元素的分布特征,同时运用潜在风险指数法和地累积指数法综合评价了巢湖沉积物中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,巢湖沉积物中的重金属含量在空间上表现出东西高、中间低的分布特征。巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、V和Cu 5种重金属都主要以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb以可还原态为主,同时,Co和Cu 2种元素的可交换态及可还原态含量占有较高比例,具有潜在危害性。相关性分析显示,Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cd 6种重金属元素的来源和分布可能具有相似性,Co和V 2种重金属元素具有相似的地球化学行为且其主要来源可能与其他几种重金属不同。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中8种重金属元素构成的生态危害顺序为:Cd>Pb>Co>Cu>Ni>Zn>V>Cr,Cd具有高的生态危害等级,其他7种重金属元素均为低生态危害等级。地累积指数法评价结果表明:巢湖沉积物重金属元素的富集程度为Cd>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>V>Ni>Cr,Cr属于清洁级别,Co、Cu、V和Ni处于轻度污染水平,Zn和Pb处于偏中度污染,Cd达到了重污染水平。     

Atmospheric pollution in an urban environment by tree bark biomonitoring--part I: trace element analysis

Tree bark has been shown to be a useful biomonitor of past air quality because it accumulates atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in its outermost structure. Trace element concentrations of tree bark of more than 73 trees allow to elucidate the impact of past atmospheric pollution on the urban environment of the cities of Strasbourg and Kehl in the Rhine Valley. Compared to the upper continental crust (UCC) tree barks are strongly enriched in Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. To assess the degree of pollution of the different sites in the cities, a geoaccumulation index I_geo was applied. Global pollution by V, Ni, Cr, Sb, Sn and Pb was observed in barks sampled close to traffic axes. Cr, Mo, Cd pollution principally occurred in the industrial area. A total geoaccumulation index I_GEO-tot was defined; it is based on the total of the investigated elements and allows to evaluate the global pollution of the studied environment by assembling the I_geo indices on a pollution map.     

西湖沉积物中元素分布特征研究

分析测定了西湖沉积物（２０ｍ钻探样品）不同层次中Ｆｅ、Ａｌ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｔｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｎｉ、Ｈｇ、Ｃｒ、Ａｓ、Ｃｏ、Ｖ等１５种元素的含量，并根据元素的分布特征探讨了西湖沉积物的形成发展及重金属污染状况。     

Total dissolved and bioavailable elements in water and sediment samples and their accumulation in Oreochromis mossambicus of polluted Manchar Lake

The concentrations of 15 elements were determined in water, sediment and tissues of fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected from five sampling stations of Manchar Lake in 2005 for two successive seasons, winter (WS) and summer (SS). Elements analysis was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame (FAAS) and electrothermal (ETAAS) modes, using multielement standard solution. The obtained results show that, the trace and toxic elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and macronutrients (Al, Ca, K, Mg and Na) concentrations in lake water were above the recommended drinking water standards by WHO. Concentrations of Na detected in lake water in WS and SS, were in the range of 445.5-562.7 and 420.6-643.5 mgl(-1), respectively. While among toxic elements As concentration in both seasons, have been found in the range of 60.4-88.9 and 64.9-101.8 microgl(-1) respectively, these values are 6-10 times higher than the permissible limit of WHO. The mean concentrations of elements understudy in muscles of fish were found as 2.35, 1.39, 0.46, 2.3, 1517.9, 2.2, 2.4 and 188.9 mgkg(-1) for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. High accumulation of toxic elements in fish tissues is indicating that some of the metal contaminants are entering the food chain. Correlations among the variables were identified by multivariate analysis. The extraction of elements from sediments with EDTA, to predict the bioavailability of trace and toxic elements, has shown that among them As, Cd and Zn were the most bioavailable elements in lake sediment.     

Distribution and coassociations of trace elements in soft tissue and byssus of Mytilus galloprovincialis relative to the surrounding seawater and suspended matter of the southern part of the Korean Peninsula

The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti and Zn were analyzed by AAS, ICP MS and AFS in soft tissues and byssal threads of Mytilus galloprovincialis from Masan Bay and Ulsan Bay, Korea. Spatial variations in metal concentrations were found. The levels of Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Co and Mn were very high in the mussels from Ulsan Bay (Sts. U1, U2) and comparable with elevated concentrations of these elements in Mytilus sp. reported to date for other geographical areas. Seasonal differences in some metal concentrations were also observed. These variations may be caused by factors such as: a large difference in seawater temperature, food supply for the mussel population and/or freshwater runoff of particulate metal to the coastal water and weight changes brought about by gonadal development and the release of sexual products. Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Fe and Mn were more enriched in byssal threads than in the soft tissues, hence the byssus seems to be more sensitive in reflecting the availabilities of trace metals in the ambient waters. Concentrations of trace metals varied with respect to the size of mussels and season, depending on many factors like sexual development, and seawater temperature, etc. The levels of some trace metals in seawater, especially in suspended matter were correlated significantly with those in soft tissues and byssal threads. There were spatial variations in metal concentrations in the soft tissue and byssus attributed to different sources of trace elements located near the sampling sites. There were significant relationships between concentrations of some metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in mussel soft tissues and byssal threads and suspended matter. This suggests that M. galloprovincialis can be used as a sensitive biomonitor for the availabilities of trace elements in the coastal waters off Korea.     

Status of metal levels and their potential sources of contamination in Southeast Asian rivers

To assess the concentration and status of metal contaminants in four major Southeast Asian river systems, water were collected from the Tonle Sap–Bassac Rivers (Cambodia), Citarum River (Indonesia), lower Chao Phraya River (Thailand), and Saigon River (Vietnam) in both dry and wet seasons. The target elements were Be, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Ba, Tl, and Pb and the concentrations exceeded the background metal concentrations by 1- to 88-fold. This distinctly indicates enrichment by human urban area activities. The results of a normalization technique used to distinguish natural from enriched metal concentrations confirmed contamination by Al, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Cluster analysis revealed the probable source of metals contamination in most sampling sites on all rivers studied to be anthropogenic, including industrial, commercial, and residential activities. Stable lead isotopes analyses applied to track the sources and pathways of anthropogenic lead furthermore confirmed that anthropogenic sources of metal contaminated these rivers. Discharges of wastewater from both industrial and household activities were major contributors of Pb into the rivers. Non-point sources, especially road runoff and street dust, also contributed contamination from Pb and other metals.     

Evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) samplers for measuring contaminants in the Antarctic marine environment

This work has been the first application of DGT samplers for measuring metals in water and sediment porewater in the Antarctic environment, and whilst DGT water sampling was restricted to quantification of Cd, Fe and Ni, preconcentration using Empore chelating disks provided results for an additional nine elements (Sn, Pb, Al, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, As). Although higher concentrations were measured for some metals (Cd, Ni, Pb) using the Empore technique, most likely due to particulate-bound or colloidal species becoming entrapped in the Empore chelating disks, heavy metal concentrations in the impacted Brown Bay were found to be comparable with the non-impacted O'Brien Bay. Sediment porewater sampling using DGT also indicated little difference between Brown Bay and O'Brien Bay for many metals (Cd, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu), however, greater amounts of Pb, Mn, Fe and As were accumulated in DGT probes deployed in Brown Bay compared with O'Brien Bay, and a higher accumulation of Sn was observed in Brown Bay inner than any of the other three sites sampled. Comparison of DGT derived porewater concentrations with actual porewater concentrations showed limited resupply of Cd, Pb, Al, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and As from the solid phase to porewater, with these metals appearing to be strongly bound to the sediment, however, resupply of Fe and Sn was apparent. Based upon our observations here, we suggest that Sn, and to a lesser extent Pb, are critical contaminants.