不同负载条件下国Ⅱ重型柴油货车的实际道路排放特征

重型柴油车排放已经成为中国城市与区域大气污染的重要来源。为研究负载条件对重型柴油车实际道路排放的影响,利用车载排放测试(PEMS)方法对2辆国Ⅱ重型柴油货车开展实际道路排放测试,分析不同负载(空载、半载和满载)条件下的尾气污染物排放特征。基于机动车比功率(VSP)方法分析了不同速度区间的气态污染物(NOx、CO和总碳氢化合物(THC))排放特征,同时通过滤膜采样方法对尾气PM2.5及其碳质组分(有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC))进行了定量分析。结果显示,2辆国Ⅱ重型柴油货车气态污染物排放因子与负载呈现显著的正相关关系,半载和满载时NOx、CO和THC排放因子相对于空载分别升高18%～41%、6%～67%、37%～125%。但2辆重型柴油货车的PM2.5排放因子并未随负载增加而呈现相同的变化规律。在PM2.5中碳质组分排放约占61%～97%(质量分数),其中EC排放因子随负载的增加而增大。     

基于COPERT 4模型的杭州市机动车排气污染特征研究

以2015年为基准年,利用COPERT 4模型计算了杭州市分车型分排放标准下的机动车排气污染物(CO、碳氢化合物(HC)、NO_x、PM_(2.5))的排放因子,并估算了各污染物排放量及分车型分排放标准下的各污染物分担率。结果表明,随着排放标准的提升,机动车排气污染物排放因子总体呈现下降的趋势。汽油车的CO和HC排放因子高于柴油车,而柴油车的NO_x和PM_(2.5)排放因子高于汽油车;天然气车的各污染物排放因子基本接近汽油车,而汽油电混动车的各污染物排放因子则明显低于其他动力车;各污染物排放因子随车型的增大(重)而增大。2015年杭州市机动车排气污染物CO、NO_x、HC和PM_(2.5)排放量分别为48 923.0、44 713.7、7 014.7、837.9t,其中汽油车CO和HC分担率较高主要是因为小型汽油客车CO和HC分担率高,并且其保有量占比也高,应重点控制小型汽油客车的保有量;柴油车NOx和PM_(2.5)分担率较高主要是因为重型柴油货车NO_x和PM_(2.5)分担率高,但其保有量占比不高,应重点控制重型柴油货车的排放因子。     

基于实际道路测试的大型客车排放特征研究

应用车载排放测试系统(PEMS)对天津市4辆大型客车(国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ柴油车和国Ⅴ液化天然气车)进行了实际道路尾气排放测试。结果表明,3辆柴油车CO、NOx、总碳氢化合物(THC)和颗粒物(PM)的平均排放因子分别为3.435、6.431、0.131、0.324g/km,天然气车CO、NOx、THC和PM的排放因子分别为1.240、17.451、6.535、0.003g/km。总体看来,3辆柴油车的污染物排放速率随着排放标准的提高而降低,与其相比,天然气车的CO和PM排放速率相对较低,而NOx和THC排放速率较高;4辆大型客车各污染物排放速率在加速工况下排放速率最高,怠速工况下排放速率最低。随着国Ⅳ柴油车行驶速度从0~20km/h提高到80~100km/h,尾气温度逐渐上升,选择性催化还原装置对NOx的削减率可从41.8%升高到64.5%。     

混合动力轿车城市典型道路排放特性

基于车载式排放测试系统(PEMS),对混合动力轿车进行典型城市道路行驶工况下的排放测试,对比分析实验车辆速度、加速度和比功率区间下的排放特性。混合动力轿车在车速低于50 km/h时,发动机处于关闭状态无排放,温度也下降,会降低NOx排放。主干道上NOx排放最少,快速路上NOx排放较高,高速公路上NOx排放最多。车速超过50km/h时发动机再起动,产生CO和HC排放峰值。主干道上CO和HC排放峰值最频繁,总平均排放因子最高;快速路上排放峰值稀少,总平均排放因子居中;高速公路上没有很大的排放峰值,总平均排放因子最低。     

液化石油气轿车实际道路污染物排放特征

利用PEMS对国2技术LPG出租轿车和汽油轿车的实际道路排放进行测试,基于测试数据对LPG轿车排放特征进行解析,并与汽油轿车的排放因子进行对比分析.结果显示:速度和行驶模式对LPG轿车污染物排放影响明显;LPG轿车CO 2、CO、HC和NOx污染物的实测排放因子分别为(169.5±22.2)、(2.18±2.38)、(...     

车用柴油机燃用生物柴油的排放特性

为了研究生物柴油对发动机排放污染物的影响,采用台架实验研究了直喷自然吸气式4缸柴油机使用纯柴油B0、混合燃料B10、B20和B30以及纯生物柴油B100的污染物排放特性,通过进行不同转速和扭矩工况台架实验,分析发动机负荷和转速对柴油机排放污染物的影响。实验结果表明,在所有实验工况下,使用生物柴油能减少柴油机THC、CO和PM排放,增加NOx排放,随着混合燃油中生物柴油掺混比例的升高,THC、CO、PM和NOx排放的变幅逐渐增大,THC和CO的排放不断降低,而NOx和PM的排放变化呈现trade-off关系,相同掺混比例下,PM降低的幅度都大于NOx增加的幅度。     

基于国Ⅵ标准的重型柴油车气态污染物排放控制技术

基于车载尾气检测设备(portable emission measurement system,PEMS),研究了国Ⅵ重型车气态污染物的排放特征;基于单位燃油消耗排放因子、单位行驶里程排放因子、单位时间排放因子,分析了NO_x、HC、CO污染物随路况的变化规律。实验结果表明,NO_x、HC、CO气态污染物较国V重型柴油车下降幅度较大,3种气态污染物分别下降88%、98%、62.7%。采用功基窗口法对数据进行整理分析,NO_x测量结果为460 mg·(kWh)~(-1),CO测量结果为192 mg·(kWh)~(-1),HC测量结果为37.5 mg·(kWh)~(-1),该重型柴油车可以满足国Ⅵ车载法规的要求。研究结果可为国Ⅵ重型车排放标准制定及其在环境污染控制领域的应用提供参考。     

深圳市在用柴油公交车排放研究

以公交车为例,利用OBS-2200和ELPI(electrical low pressure impactor)对深圳市重型柴油车(high-duty diesel vehicles,HDDVs)进行了3次在实际道路上的车载排放测试.根据测试数据计算了NOx和PM排放因子及百公里油耗,并分析了不同道路、不同工况对NOx...     

欧盟正在制订新的机动车排放标准

欧盟Euro4（欧4）柴油车和汽油牟PM和NOx排放标准已于2005年1月生效，但排放量限值远不如美围严格。至今，欧洲40％～50％的乘用车是用柴油的。为此，欧盟正在考虑为柴油车和汽油车制订新的PM和NOx排放标准。     

乙醇汽油对减少机动车污染排放的机理研究与分析

以93#国Ⅲ乙醇汽油(E10)、93#国Ⅲ普通汽油和93#国Ⅳ普通汽油为实验对象,对GB18352.3-2005中要求限定的CO、HC和NOx,以及颗粒物(PM)和CO2等主要污染物的排放进行了测量和对比研究,并对CO、HC、PM、NOx、CO2和苯系物等污染物的形成原因和减排机理进行了分析.和93#国Ⅲ普通汽油相比,93 #国Ⅲ乙醇汽油(E10)排放的尾气中:CO降低了19.7％,HC降低了16.4％;和93#国Ⅳ普通汽油相比,93#国Ⅲ乙醇汽油(E10)排放的尾气中:CO降低了1.8％,HC降低了12.9％,CO2降低了2.4％.研究表明,乙醇汽油在减少CO、HC、NOx、颗粒物和苯系物等有毒物质排放方面具有显著功效,使用乙醇汽油可以减少环境污染物的排放,显著改善空气质量.     

Size and composition distributions of particulate matter emissions: part 2--heavy-duty diesel vehicles

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) were collected using a chassis dynamometer/dilution sampling system that employed filter-based samplers, cascade impactors, and scanning mobility particle size (SMPS) measurements. Four diesel vehicles with different engine and emission control technologies were tested using the California Air Resources Board Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) 5 mode driving cycle. Vehicles were tested using a simulated inertial weight of either 56,000 or 66,000 lb. Exhaust particles were then analyzed for total carbon, elemental carbon (EC), organic matter (OM), and water-soluble ions. HDDV fine (< or =1.8 microm aerodynamic diameter; PM1.8) and ultrafine (0.056-0.1 microm aerodynamic diameter; PM0.1) PM emission rates ranged from 181-581 mg/km and 25-72 mg/km, respectively, with the highest emission rates in both size fractions associated with the oldest vehicle tested. Older diesel vehicles produced fine and ultrafine exhaust particles with higher EC/OM ratios than newer vehicles. Transient modes produced very high EC/OM ratios whereas idle and creep modes produced very low EC/OM ratios. Calcium was the most abundant water-soluble ion with smaller amounts of magnesium, sodium, ammonium ion, and sulfate also detected. Particle mass distributions emitted during the full 5-mode HDDV tests peaked between 100-180 nm and their shapes were not a function of vehicle age. In contrast, particle mass distributions emitted during the idle and creep driving modes from the newest diesel vehicle had a peak diameter of approximately 70 nm, whereas mass distributions emitted from older vehicles had a peak diameter larger than 100 nm for both the idle and creep modes. Increasing inertial loads reduced the OM emissions, causing the residual EC emissions to shift to smaller sizes. The same HDDV tested at 56,000 and 66,000 lb had higher PM0.1 EC emissions (+22%) and lower PM0.1 OM emissions (-38%) at the higher load condition.     

On-road and laboratory investigation of low-level PM emissions of a modern diesel particulate filter equipped diesel passenger car

Modern diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems are very effective in reducing particle emissions from diesel vehicles. In this work low-level particulate matter (PM) emissions from a DPF equipped EURO-4 diesel vehicle were studied in the emission test laboratory as well as during real-world chasing on a high-speed test track. Size and time resolved data obtained from an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) and a condensation particle counter (CPC) are presented for both loaded and unloaded DPF condition. The corresponding time and size resolved emission factors were calculated for acceleration, deceleration, steady state driving and during DPF regeneration, and are compared with each other. In addition, the DPF efficiency of the tested vehicle was evaluated during the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) by real time pre-/post-DPF measurements and was found to be 99.5% with respect to PM number concentration and 99.3% for PM mass, respectively. PM concentrations, which were measured at a distance of about 10 m behind the test car, ranged from 1 to 1.5 times background level when the vehicle was driven on the test track under normal acceleration conditions or at constant speeds below 100 kmh^?1. Only during higher speeds and full load accelerations concentrations above 3 times background level could be observed. The corresponding tests in the emission laboratory confirmed these results. During DPF regeneration the total PM number emission of nucleation mode particles was 3–4 orders of magnitude higher compared to those emitted at the same speed without regeneration, while the level of the accumulation mode particles remained about the same. The majority of the particles emitted during DPF regeneration was found to be volatile, and is suggested to originate from accumulated sulfur compounds.     

Effects of improved spatial and temporal modeling of on-road vehicle emissions

Numerous emission and air quality modeling studies have suggested the need to accurately characterize the spatial and temporal variations in on-road vehicle emissions. The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact that using detailed traffic activity data has on emission estimates used to model air quality impacts. The on-road vehicle emissions are estimated by multiplying the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by the fleet-average emission factors determined by road link and hour of day. Changes in the fraction of VMT from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) can have a significant impact on estimated fleet-average emissions because the emission factors for HDDV nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) are much higher than those for light-duty gas vehicles (LDGVs). Through detailed road link-level on-road vehicle emission modeling, this work investigated two scenarios for better characterizing mobile source emissions: (1) improved spatial and temporal variation of vehicle type fractions, and (2) use of Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES2010) instead of MOBILE6 exhaust emission factors. Emissions were estimated for the Detroit and Atlanta metropolitan areas for summer and winter episodes. The VMT mix scenario demonstrated the importance of better characterizing HDDV activity by time of day, day of week, and road type. More HDDV activity occurs on restricted access road types on weekdays and at nonpeak times, compared to light-duty vehicles, resulting in 5-15% higher NOx and PM emission rates during the weekdays and 15-40% lower rates on weekend days. Use of MOVES2010 exhaust emission factors resulted in increases of more than 50% in NOx and PM for both HDDVs and LDGVs, relative to MOBILE6. Because LDGV PM emissions have been shown to increase with lower temperatures, the most dramatic increase from MOBILE6 to MOVES2010 emission rates occurred for PM2.5 from LDGVs that increased 500% during colder wintertime conditions found in Detroit, the northernmost city modeled.     

Regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blended with methanol

Experiments were carried out on a diesel engine operating on Euro V diesel fuel, pure biodiesel and biodiesel blended with methanol. The blended fuels contain 5%, 10% and 15% by volume of methanol. Experiments were conducted under five engine loads at a steady speed of 1800 rev min⁻¹ to assess the performance and the emissions of the engine associated with the application of the different fuels. The results indicate an increase of brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency when the diesel engine was operated with biodiesel and the blended fuels, compared with the diesel fuel. The blended fuels could lead to higher CO and HC emissions than biodiesel, higher CO emission but lower HC emission than the diesel fuel. There are simultaneous reductions of NO_x and PM to a level below those of the diesel fuel. Regarding the unregulated emissions, compared with the diesel fuel, the blended fuels generate higher formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and unburned methanol emissions, lower 1,3-butadiene and benzene emissions, while the toluene and xylene emissions not significantly different.     

Idle emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles: review and recent data

Heavy-duty diesel vehicle idling consumes fuel and reduces atmospheric quality, but its restriction cannot simply be proscribed, because cab heat or air-conditioning provides essential driver comfort. A comprehensive tailpipe emissions database to describe idling impacts is not yet available. This paper presents a substantial data set that incorporates results from the West Virginia University transient engine test cell, the E-55/59 Study and the Gasoline/Diesel PM Split Study. It covered 75 heavy-duty diesel engines and trucks, which were divided into two groups: vehicles with mechanical fuel injection (MFI) and vehicles with electronic fuel injection (EFI). Idle emissions of CO, hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been reported. Idle CO2 emissions allowed the projection of fuel consumption during idling. Test-to-test variations were observed for repeat idle tests on the same vehicle because of measurement variation, accessory loads, and ambient conditions. Vehicles fitted with EFI, on average, emitted approximately 20 g/hr of CO, 6 g/hr of HC, 86 g/hr of NOx, 1 g/hr of PM, and 4636 g/hr of CO2 during idle. MFI equipped vehicles emitted approximately 35 g/hr of CO, 23 g/hr of HC, 48 g/hr of NOx, 4 g/hr of PM, and 4484 g/hr of CO2, on average, during idle. Vehicles with EFI emitted less idle CO, HC, and PM, which could be attributed to the efficient combustion and superior fuel atomization in EFI systems. Idle NOx, however, increased with EFI, which corresponds with the advancing of timing to improve idle combustion. Fuel injection management did not have any effect on CO2 and, hence, fuel consumption. Use of air conditioning without increasing engine speed increased idle CO2, NOx, PM, HC, and fuel consumption by 25% on average. When the engine speed was elevated from 600 to 1100 revolutions per minute, CO2 and NOx emissions and fuel consumption increased by >150%, whereas PM and HC emissions increased by approximately 100% and 70%, respectively. Six Detroit Diesel Corp. (DDC) Series 60 engines in engine test cell were found to emit less CO, NOx, and PM emissions and consumed fuel at only 75% of the level found in the chassis dynamometer data. This is because fan and compressor loads were absent in the engine test cell.     

Study of Miller timing on exhaust emissions of a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)-fueled diesel engine

The effect of intake valve closure (IVC) timing by utilizing Miller cycle and start of injection (SOI) on particulate matter (PM), particle number, and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions was studied with a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)-fueled nonroad diesel engine. HVO-fueled engine emissions, including aldehyde and polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions, were also compared with those emitted with fossil EN590 diesel fuel. At the engine standard settings, particle number and NO_x emissions decreased at all the studied load points (50%, 75%, and 100%) when the fuel was changed from EN590 to HVO. Adjusting IVC timing enabled a substantial decrease in NO_x emission and combined with SOI timing adjustment somewhat smaller decrease in both NO_x and particle emissions at IVC??50 and??70 °CA points. The HVO fuel decreased PAH emissions mainly due to the absence of aromatics. Aldehyde emissions were lower with the HVO fuel with medium (50%) load. At higher loads (75% and 100%), aldehyde emissions were slightly higher with the HVO fuel. However, the aldehyde emission levels were quite low, so no clear conclusions on the effect of fuel can be made. Overall, the study indicates that paraffinic HVO fuels are suitable for emission reduction with valve and injection timing adjustment and thus provide possibilities for engine manufacturers to meet the strictening emission limits.

Implications: NO_x and particle emissions are dominant emissions of diesel engines and vehicles. New, biobased paraffinic fuels and modern engine technologies have been reported to lower both of these emissions. In this study, even further reductions were achieved with engine valve adjustment combined with novel hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) diesel fuel. This study shows that new paraffinic fuels offer further possibilities to reduce engine exhaust emissions to meet the future emission limits.

Supplementary Materials: Supplementary materials are available for this paper. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association for a complete list of analysed PAH compounds.     

Development of molecular marker source profiles for emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicle fleets

As part of the Gasoline/Diesel PM Split Study, relatively large fleets of gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer to develop chemical source profiles for source attribution of atmospheric particulate matter in California's South Coast Air Basin. Gasoline vehicles were tested in cold-start and warm-start conditions, and diesel vehicles were tested through several driving cycles. Tailpipe emissions of particulate matter were analyzed for organic tracer compounds, including hopanes, steranes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Large intervehicle variation was seen in emission rate and composition, and results were averaged to examine the impacts of vehicle ages, weight classes, and driving cycles on the variation. Average profiles, weighted by mass emission rate, had much lower uncertainty than that associated with intervehicle variation. Mass emission rates and elemental carbon/organic carbon (EC/OC) ratios for gasoline vehicle age classes were influenced most by use of cold-start or warm-start driving cycle (factor of 2-7). Individual smoker vehicles had a large range of mass and EC/OC (factors of 40 and 625, respectively). Gasoline vehicle age averages, data on vehicle ages and miles traveled in the area, and several assumptions about smoker contributions were used to create emissions profiles representative of on-road vehicle fleets in the Los Angeles area in 2001. In the representative gasoline fleet profiles, variation was further reduced, with cold-start or warm-start and the representation of smoker vehicles making a difference of approximately a factor of two in mass emission rate and EC/OC. Diesel vehicle profiles were created on the basis of vehicle age, weight class, and driving cycle. Mass emission rate and EC/OC for diesel averages were influenced by vehicle age (factor of 2-5), weight class (factor of 2-7), and driving cycle (factor of 10-20). Absolute and relative emissions of molecular marker compounds showed levels of variation similar to those of mass and EC/OC.     

Temperature effects on particulate emissions from DPF-equipped diesel trucks operating on conventional and biodiesel fuels

Emissions tests were conducted on two medium heavy-duty diesel trucks equipped with a particulate filter (DPF), with one vehicle using a NOx absorber and the other a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for control of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Both vehicles were tested with two different fuels (ultra-low-sulfur diesel [ULSD] and biodiesel [B20]) and ambient temperatures (70ºF and 20ºF), while the truck with the NOx absorber was also operated at two loads (a heavy weight and a light weight). The test procedure included three driving cycles, a cold start with low transients (CSLT), the federal heavy-duty urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS), and a warm start with low transients (WSLT). Particulate matter (PM) emissions were measured second-by-second using an Aethalometer for black carbon (BC) concentrations and an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) for particle count measurements between 5.6 and 560 nm. The DPF/NOx absorber vehicle experienced increased BC and particle number concentrations during cold starts under cold ambient conditions, with concentrations two to three times higher than under warm starts at higher ambient temperatures. The average particle count for the UDDS showed an opposite trend, with an approximately 27% decrease when ambient temperatures decreased from 70ºF to 20ºF. This vehicle experienced decreased emissions when going from ULSD to B20. The DPF/SCR vehicle tested had much lower emissions, with many of the BC and particle number measurements below detectable limits. However, both vehicles did experience elevated emissions caused by DPF regeneration. All regeneration events occurred during the UDDS cycle. Slight increases in emissions were measured during the WSLT cycles after the regeneration. However, the day after a regeneration occurred, both vehicles showed significant increases in particle number and BC for the CSLT drive cycle, with increases from 93 to 1380% for PM number emissions compared with tests following a day with no regeneration.

Implications:?The use of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) on trucks is becoming more common throughout the world. Understanding how DPFs affect air pollution emissions under varying operating conditions will be critical in implementing effective air quality standards. This study evaluated particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) emissions with two DPF-equipped heavy-duty diesel trucks operating on conventional fuel and a biodiesel fuel blend at varying ambient temperatures, loads, and drive cycles.     

Idle Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Review and Recent Data

Abstract

Heavy-duty diesel vehicle idling consumes fuel and reduces atmospheric quality, but its restriction cannot simply be proscribed, because cab heat or air-conditioning provides essential driver comfort. A comprehensive tailpipe emissions database to describe idling impacts is not yet available. This paper presents a substantial data set that incorporates results from the West Virginia University transient engine test cell, the E-55/59 Study and the Gasoline/Diesel PM Split Study. It covered 75 heavy-duty diesel engines and trucks, which were divided into two groups: vehicles with mechanical fuel injection (MFI) and vehicles with electronic fuel injection (EFI). Idle emissions of CO, hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) have been reported. Idle CO₂ emissions allowed the projection of fuel consumption during idling. Test-to-test variations were observed for repeat idle tests on the same vehicle because of measurement variation, accessory loads, and ambient conditions. Vehicles fitted with EFI, on average, emitted [~20 g/hr of CO, 6 g/hr of HC, 86 g/hr of NO_x, 1 g/hr of PM, and 4636 g/hr of CO₂ during idle. MFI equipped vehicles emitted ~35 g/hr of CO, 23 g/hr of HC, 48 g/hr of NO_x, 4 g/hr of PM, and 4484 g/hr of CO₂, on average, during idle. Vehicles with EFI emitted less idleCO, HC, and PM, which could be attributed to the efficient combustion and superior fuel atomization in EFI systems. Idle NO_x, however, increased with EFI, which corresponds with the advancing of timing to improve idle combustion. Fuel injection management did not have any effect on CO₂ and, hence, fuel consumption. Use of air conditioning without increasing engine speed increased idle CO₂, NO_x, PM, HC, and fuel consumption by 25% on average. When the engine speed was elevated from 600 to 1100 revolutions per minute, CO₂ and NO_x emissions and fuel consumption increased by >150%, whereas PM and HC emissions increased by ~100% and 70%, respectively. Six Detroit Diesel Corp. (DDC) Series 60 engines in engine test cell were found to emit less CO, NO_x, and PM emissions and consumed fuel at only 75%of the level found in the chassis dynamometer data. This is because fan and compressor loads were absent in the engine test cell.