三峡库区水环境管理法律探讨

本文从原《水法》以及相关水环境保护法律法规所确立的三峡库区水环境管理体制入手，从法律的角度揭示了三峡库区水环境管理中存在的不足，并结合新《水法》的规定，提出了落实长江水利委员会管理主体地位、加强库区水环境管理的预防性立法、建立库区的水权交易和排污权交易制度以及完善现行环境保护立法等改进库区水环境管理的建议。     

上海市水环境管理分析与对策探讨

水环境管理是上海市环境保护工作的重中之重。从目前上海市水资源分布情况和水环境质量现状来看，水环境状况不容乐观。从法律法规体系．法律制度、管理机构和管理机制4个方面分析了上海市水环境管理的现状：从法制建设、管理制度落实，管理机构职能和管理机制合理性等方面阐述了上海市水环境管理存在的问题。提出了以上几个方面的改进对策。     

渤海湾天津段海岸带水环境质量灰色关联度评价

以渤海湾天津段海岸带为例,对海岸带水环境质量评价指标和评价方法进行研究,在系统分析各种绝对灰色关联度计算方法的基础上,采用变权重的加权绝对灰色关联度计算方法,提出了基于灰色关联度的海岸带水环境质量评价方法.评价指标体系包括海岸带的物理、化学和生物指标,其中,化学指标可以选择COD_Mn,BOD₅,无机氮,磷酸盐和DO等,生物指标包括浮游植物多样性指数和叶绿素a浓度、浮游动物的多样性指数和均匀度指数、底栖生物多样性指数和丰富度指数.对渤海湾天津段海岸带的水环境评价结果表明:北部主要排污口———大沽口附近水环境质量面临威胁,水质呈Ⅲ~Ⅳ级;而中南部水质为Ⅱ级,远岸水环境质量良好,属于Ⅰ级.说明陆源活动影响是使水环境质量受损的主要原因.      

基于陆海统筹的流域—海湾水环境测管协同模式研究

流域—海湾是推动国家陆海统筹战略和生态文明建设的主战场,基于陆海统筹构建水环境测管协同模式是实现水环境治理与海岸带可持续发展的关键。本文以福建省九龙江流域—厦门湾为例,通过梳理其水环境污染治理实践,识别了流域—海湾水环境系统监测与管理过程中存在的关键问题,进一步提出构建陆海统筹的监测—管理协同治理新模式的建议：通过健全流域—海湾监测管理评估协同机制、加强基于生态系统健康监测与管理、推动建设陆海一体化生态环境信息智慧协同平台等对策,提升九龙江流域—厦门湾水环境治理现代化水平,为新时代流域—海湾系统水环境综合治理提供科技支撑。     

基于陆海统筹的流域一海湾水环境测管协同模式研究

流域—海湾是推动国家陆海统筹战略和生态文明建设的主战场,基于陆海统筹构建水环境测管协同模式是实现水环境治理与海岸带可持续发展的关键。本文以福建省九龙江流域—厦门湾为例,通过梳理其水环境污染治理实践,识别了流域—海湾水环境系统监测与管理过程中存在的关键问题,进一步提出构建陆海统筹的监测—管理协同治理新模式的建议:通过健全流域—海湾监测管理评估协同机制、加强基于生态系统健康监测与管理、推动建设陆海一体化生态环境信息智慧协同平台等对策,提升九龙江流域—厦门湾水环境治理现代化水平,为新时代流域—海湾系统水环境综合治理提供科技支撑。     

水环境监测质量控制相关措施的探讨

水环境监测的核心目标是提供水环境质量现状及变化趋势的数据,判断水环境质量,评价当前主要水环境问题,为水环境管理服务。本文主要对我国目前对水环境的监测所存在的问题和加强水环境监测质量控制的相关措施进行了阐述,以供参考。     

河流水环境可视化仿真系统的开发

为了对河流进行有效管理,必须建立完善的河流水环境管理系统。计算机技术已广泛用于水环境管理。开发河流水环境可视化仿真系统是推进河流水环境管理科学化的主要工作之一。本文基于GIS平台,结合Vega虚拟现实仿真工具开发河流水环境可视化系统,不仅能够将各监测站点地理信息、河流水质信息等在GIS上展示,还实现了河流虚拟现实漫游的功能,为提升河流水环境管理水平提供基本的软件保障。     

加强黔江区水环境监测中心运行管理的思考

在实行最严格水资源管理制度的要求下,黔江区水环境监测中心应运而生。自2016年黔江区水环境监测中心的建成投用以来,为辖区内水功能区水质管理提供了重要参考依据,对黔江区落实最严格水资源管理制度起到了积极作用。但通过两年来工作开展情况看,黔江区水环境监测中心在运行管理方面出现了一些问题,在一定程度上影响了工作的正常开展。本文就结合实际,分析当前存在的主要问题,并就如何加强黔江区水环境监测中心的运行管理提出建议。     

水环境资源管理措施探讨

水环境资源危机问题在我国日益突出，已成为社会和经济持续发展的主要制约因素之一。本文就当前水环境资源开发利用和保护工作提出了一些战略性的管理措施，以实现可持续发展的总体战略。     

水利项目对水环境的影响及防护措施分析

摘要：水利工程建设项目为非污染生态破坏型建设项目,该类建设项目对水环境的影响按影响程度和影响类型可分为施工期影响和运行期影响,影响对象主要为水体、河流、及相关的生态环境等。本文对水利工程建设对水环境的影响进行分析,并提出了防范措施,为水利工程项目的设计、建设、后期的管理及环保措施的落实提供了依据。     

Water environmental planning and management at the watershed scale: A case study of Lake Qilu, China

Water environmental planning and management has become essential for guiding the water pollution control activities. Past water pollution control activities have been site specific, with little thought on water quality standard reaching at the watershed scale. Based on the watershed approach, a seven-step methodological framework for water environmental planning and management was developed. The framework was applied to water environmental planning and management of the Lake Qilu watershed in Yunnan Province, China. Results show that the reduction amount of total nitrogen (TN) under the plan is 1,205 tons per year so that the target of environmental capacity can be reached in 2020. Compared with traditional methods, the framework has its prevalence and could be generalized to analogous watersheds.     

The social and environmental costs associated with water management practices in state environmental protection projects in Xinjiang,China

Since the late 1970s the central government of China has initiated several ecological environmental protection projects. The most significant of these has been the tui geng huan lin (returning cultivated land to forest and pasture) project in operation since the late 1990s. China's northwest region is characterized by lack of water resources, yet such resources are of vital importance. There is scant discussion in the literature (including in China) on the linkages between the environmental protection projects and water management practices. This paper analyses how central government environmental protection projects are interpreted in the local setting, and how local water management policies and practices correspond to the projects. The conclusion is that local water management policies and practices are interlinked with both central government and local government policies on the environmental protection projects, and a new process for the redistribution of water has been established. When equity and social costs are not factored into the planning of new environmental protection projects, the social costs may be as high as the environmental costs.     

基于海洋生态影响的液化天然气接收站取排水用海研究

天然气作为优质、绿色清洁的能源得到了高度重视,沿海地区陆续建成多座液化天然气（LNG）接收站,接收站取、排水过程的卷载效应和余氯会对周边海洋生态环境产生一定程度的影响。本研究以全国沿海部分地区的8个拟建或在建液化天然气接收站项目为例,对液化天然气接收站的项目规模、取排水量、取排水设施选址、用海规模、冷排水及余氯影响范围等方面进行了分析。研究认为,当前我国液化天然气接收站取、排水用海的管理存在管理制度不健全、技术标准缺失等问题。针对存在的问题,文章从管理、标准、规划等角度提出了进一步加强液化天然气接收站取、排水用海管理的建议。     

分区达标控制法求解海域环境容量

提出可考虑二维扩散的分式标控制法用于求解海域环境容量。引进贡献度系数将二维容量问题定义为线性规划问题,使各类水功能区在达到所对应的环境标准的前提下各排污口污染允许排放量之和最大。并给出了用二维扩散模型计算贡献质系数的方法。     

山东半岛蓝色经济区海域生态环境综合评价

海域生态环境评价作为承载力研究的基础,在近海生态管理中得到了广泛关注. 针对海洋生态环境研究中评价指标体系简单、标准相对单一及不利于实际应用等问题,以生态系统为研究视角构建了基于环境因子和生态响应的近海生态环境综合评价指标体系与指数计量方法,根据环境因子指数和生态响应指数在交叉判断矩阵中的位置,将近海生态环境状态分为优、良、中、差和劣5个等级,并将该方法应用于山东半岛蓝色经济区海域评价. 结果表明:研究海域整体环境因子指数为0.41~0.84(平均值为0.67),生态响应指数为0.17~0.75(平均值为0.45),综合评价等级为良,但已非常接近中等级别;其生态环境问题主要表现为溶解无机氮负荷较高、重金属和浮游动物密度负荷过低. 不同海域生态环境状态存在明显差异,25个近岸海域中等级优和良的共占60%,主要分布在山东半岛东部和西南部;海域等级为中和差的各占16%,另有8%海域等级为劣. 该评价模型与方法从生态环境整体性揭示海域存在问题,可为山东半岛蓝色经济区建设提供科学依据.      

An approach and preliminary model of integrating ecological and economic constraints of environmental quality in the Guayas River estuary, Ecuador

We describe conceptual and simulation models of land use within the intertidal zone of the Guayas River estuary to quantify the contribution of mangrove wetlands to maintaining environmental quality of a tropical estuary. The goal of this exercise is to demonstrate the important consideration of ecological constraints in determining economic and management decisions; and how modeling can be used to quantify impacts of land use such as loss of mangrove wetlands on environmental quality. Our conceptual model treats solar energy, river flow, and tides as forcing functions that control the properties of estuarine ecosystems, but also describes market forces and cultural policies as constraints on properties of socioeconomic systems. The controversy of coastal resource management in Ecuador centers around the relative impacts of shrimp pond construction and management as negative feedbacks to the environmental quality of the Guayas River estuary. Unique oceanographic processes and land use changes contribute to complex issues of water and habitat quality in this tropical estuary, the largest estuarine complex on the Pacific coast of South America. A dynamic box model was developed for the estuary and calibrated with data collected from a 14 month survey of water quality parameters throughout the estuary. Scenarios included conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds in three regions of the estuary, and the construction of a dam by varying three different rates of river discharge at 100, 50 and 10% of 1989 base flow. Good water quality is maintained by the low residence time of water in the estuary (11 d) because of seasonally high river flow and tidal exchange. With a 90% reduction of mangrove forests in the estuary caused by shrimp pond construction, total nitrogen concentrations increased 5 fold. However, as river discharge decreased to 10%, the same construction caused a 60 fold increase in nitrogen concentrations to 250 μM. Increases in nitrogen concentrations were higher in the upper estuary region, with much less change in the lower estuary. Thus the sensitivity of environmental quality to changes in land use in the intertidal and upland zone are linked to the hydrography of the estuary and is site specific. In the future, the combinations of these ecological models together with economic analyses of the goods and services of mangroves may provide better techniques to evaluate the economic impacts of specific coastal zone management decisions.     

不境监测信息化建设的问题分析与对策建议

环境监测信息化是环境管理现代化的重要手段,信息化建设是监测现代化的重要组成部分。基于当前环境监测信息化建设的现状,分析了建设过程中经常存在的“信息孤岛”、系统失衡、进度延期等问题,提出了建设初期做好IT规划、实施阶段重视项目管理的对策和建议,并依据监测站的实践经验对实施要点加以阐述。解决好这些问题,将推动环境监测信息化建设工作更加高效合理地进行,提升监测信息化程度,对提高环境管理和环境决策的水平具有重要意义。     

A profile of environmental science in China

This paper concisely introduced the eco-environmental survey in China and the Chinese scientific programme for environmental research which is being practiced or being planned. China has established a nation-wide system relating to environmental scientific research and environmental administration and has taken the following strategies for solving the environment problems: (1) a series of laws and regulations for environmental protection has been promulgated so as to strengthen the legal administration and economic punishment. (2) the idea of ecological construction has been proposed for the purpose of taking the environmental protection work into the consideration of the national and provincial (or regional) economic construction planning. (3) spreading ecological engineering and ecological technologies have reduced the pollutant sources and have increased the industrial and agricultural economic profit.     

基于ICZM的海湾水环境污染管理和控制对策

海湾作为海水、水盆、邻近陆域及其空间共同组成的综合自然体,处于陆地和海洋之交的纽带部位,在整个海岸带的开发利用中占有特别重要的地位,成为海岸带综合管理(ICZM)的焦点,我国对海岸带管理与规划进行了广泛的研究和实践,但目前仍然存在着突出问题,特别是在海湾水环境污染管理和控制方面,尤为严重.本文提出在分析海湾水环境容量和人海污染物总量控制的基础上,利用点源和非点源的污染控制技术进行海湾水环境污染控制和管理;从企业清洁生产、非点源污染控制的最佳管理措施(BMPs)和生态产业布局等方面进行针对性的优化调控;基于ICZM的角度,从法律法规、经济手段、行政监督、规划和区划、综合整治及公众参与等方面的提出海湾水环境污染管理对策,为海湾水环境的可持续发展和海岸带综合管理提供科学依据和技术支撑.     

公路建设中的水环境问题与对策研究

通过分析公路建设对水环境的影响。综述了在公路的规划，设计，施工，运营管理的全过程中应实施的系统的，全方位的水环境保护措施，并初步提出在公路水环境保护中实施水环境影响后评价及开发GIS技术应用与公路水环境监测中的思想。