碱渣对海洋水环境中PO4^3—的吸附动力学特征

本文作为碱渣倾倒对海洋水环境影响现场调查的先期研究，从理论上推导了固－液体系的二级吸附动力学模型。在室内试验的基础上，利用该模型对碱渣－海水混合体系的吸附试验数据进行了理论分析，认为碱渣对海水中磷酸盐的吸附是二级动力学过程。     

黄海北部Ⅴ号倾倒区无毒碱渣海洋倾倒技术试验研究

本文对无毒碱渣海洋倾倒技术中的倾倒类型、预处理要求及某指标、倾倒方式和倾倒方法进行了探讨。通过海上大型试验和室内外小型试验所取得的各种数据,进行反复比较提出了碱渣海洋倾倒类型不能采用扩散型,而只能是沉降型。碱渣的预处理不论采取重力沉降浓缩法、浓缩干化法还是真空过滤法、压滤法都必须使含水量不能大于50％、固体含量不少于50％。倾倒方式必须是停车滑行方式,倾倒方法为一次性重力施放。     

海洋倾废中悬浮颗粒的初始沉积

从对流-扩散理论出发,给出了海洋倾废中悬浮颗粒在海底初始沉积的预测模型。利用这一模型,对北黄海V号试验倾废区碱渣倾倒中悬浮颗粒的初始沉积分布进行了预测,预测结果表明,海洋倾废中悬浮颗粒的初始沉积范围随倾倒时间的不同而变化,且悬浮颗粒的最大沉积量产生在离倾倒点特定距离处。     

碱渣对海洋水环境中PO_4~（3－）的吸附动力学特征

本文作为碱渣倾倒对海洋水环境影响现场调查的先期研究，从理论上推导了固─液体系的二级吸附动力学模型。在室内试验的基础上，利用该模型对碱渣─海水混合体系的吸附试验数据进行了理论分析。认为碱渣对海水中磷酸盐的吸附是二级动力学过程。并且提出了碱渣─海水体系中碱渣含量对吸附反应速率影响大小的“强度指数”概念。应用该模型预测了不同混合比例条件下碱渣对海水中不同初始浓度磷酸盐的平衡吸附量和平衡浓度。理论分析发现，预测的平衡吸附量和平衡浓度之间符合乔姆金等温吸附方程，说明了海水中磷酸盐在碱渣表面上的吸附是遮盖率不大的单层化学吸附，与本文的前提假设相符合。     

用中和氧化法处理常压汽油碱渣的探讨

通过碱渣与废酸溶液的中和反应室内试验和碱渣与中和溶液在７５℃和５０℃条件下通风１２小时的氧化反应的室内试验，碱液的硫化物含量可降至１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ｐＨ值降至８．５～９．０，提出工业生产的工艺流程，彻底根治碱渣冲击污水处理系统的现象。     

惰性无机地质材料海洋倾倒化学筛分标准研究

我国是《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》(简称"1972伦敦公约")及其96议定书的缔约国。按照公约对缔约国的责任及义务要求,缔约国应根据公约的有关规定制定本国的"可考虑海洋倾倒的废弃物名录",同时制定名录中废弃物的海洋倾倒评价方法和标准,目的是最大程度的控制海洋倾倒活动对海洋环境造成的影响。惰性无机地质材料是公约规定的允许向海洋倾倒的废弃物之一,目前,国内对惰性无机地质材料海洋倾倒活动尚无专门的评价方法和标准,本文以《海洋沉积物质量》和《土壤环境质量标准》作为主要依据,对惰性无机地质材料海洋倾倒评价的化学指标及其筛分标准进行了探讨。     

海洋倾废物——碱渣云团声学特性初探

本文利用碱渣海洋倾倒沉降过程的实验和数学模拟研究的结果,初步探讨了碱渣云团倾倒后的声学特性,解释了碱渣云团回波信号的意义,给出了碱渣云团信号强度的计算公式并讨论了影响碱渣云团信号强度的诸因素。     

海洋倾废管理与科学技术

本文对国内外海洋倾废历史、现状以及管理实践进行了分析。阐述了建立海洋倾废法规、实行倾倒许可证制度、监督管理倾废活动等是控制、减少危险废弃物倾倒污染海洋的有效措施。论述了海洋倾废管理中涉及的废弃物分类及其分类标准,按科学、合理、安全和经济的原则选划倾废区,追踪废弃物入海后的行为和归宿,监测与评价倾废对海洋环境的污染损害等诸多的科学技术问题。还分析了我国固体废弃物向海洋倾倒的趋势,提出了加强管理的措施。     

浅析中国东海区海洋倾废管理现状与对策

实现对海洋倾废科学有效管理是保护海洋环境及海洋资源的一项重要内容和主要任务。东海是我国海洋生产力最大的海区,近年来,随着海洋经济和沿海区域经济的发展,向海上倾倒废弃物的数量和规模不断增加,在实际倾倒过程中出现了倾倒区选划利用不合理、违规倾倒和执法监管不力等问题,影响东海海洋生态环境平衡与可持续发展。因此,文章在对东海区海洋倾废活动现状进行全面客观梳理的基础上,就主要存在的问题进行实证分析,结合东海区海洋倾倒的实际需求,为实现合理有效的管理提出对策。     

基于非现场监管的海洋倾废监督管理系统

随着我国海洋经济的快速发展,非法向海洋倾倒废弃物的行为日益频繁且愈发严重。海洋倾废活动监管作为“十四五”时期的海洋重点专项项目之一,亟需推进“互联网+”非现场监管的新模式。为了做好海洋倾废非现场监管工作,全国海洋倾废监督管理系统（以下简称系统）的设计与实现便极具必要性。系统采用多层架构体系,具有较强的延展性。功能模块包括许可证审批、监督管理、需求侧管理、船舶作业信息管理、统计分析、基础信息等。系统主要从海洋倾废主体和海洋倾倒区域两方面着手,一方面以信息化手段对疏浚物、渔业加工废料等废弃物的倾倒许可证进行审批把控;另一方面基于船舶轨迹对海洋倾废船舶进行自动判别,有效掌握海洋倾废情况,及时追踪违规作业行为,实现非现场监管的目标。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.