西苕溪流域地表水与地下水相互作用特征!

为探寻西苕溪地表、地下水体的来源和补排关系,对西苕溪流域丰水期和平水期的地表、地下水进行了氢氧同位素(δD和δ18O)组成分析,并结合水体的水化学参数,推断其来源和补排关系。结果表明:西苕溪流域地表、地下水体主要接受降雨补给,在上游山区中的泉水运移过程较为缓慢,上游地表水与地下水补排关系不明显;中游丘陵地区地表、地下水体相互联系紧密,具体补排关系为3号、4号、6号样点处地表水接受地下水补给,其余样点处为地表水补给地下水;下游农田密集区地下水接受河水补给较少。     

雅鲁藏布江河水氢氧同位素时空变化特征

为揭示流域内水汽循环过程变化规律、揭示河水稳定同位素与气象要素及海拔之间的关系,2018年先后采集雅鲁藏布江干流丰、平、枯,水期水样90个,对河水的氢氧同位素组成进行了分析.结果表明：利用δ¹⁸O与纬度和海拔定量关系模型研究了雅江流域降水氢氧同位素空间变化特征,发现降水中δ¹⁸O值变化呈现东西部（雅江上、下游）高中部（雅江中游）低的趋势;建立了雅江丰、平、枯水期河水氢氧同位素方程,研究发现δD与δ¹⁸O的线性方程斜率低于中国大气降水线,河水δD与δ¹⁸O有一定的季节性特征,其受大气降水的影响较大,且丰水期较平水期以及枯水期相比更为明显;雅江河水中δ¹⁸O空间特征表现为,从上游至下游整体表现出先降低再升高的变化趋势.南北空间上表现为河水δD-δ¹⁸O从南至北逐步增高的趋势.δD-δ¹⁸O值与海拔高度具有较弱的负相关关系;受地表蒸发分馏、降水云团迁移以及流域岩石风化的影响,雅江河水d值季节性、空间性变化明显.     

黄河水氢、氧同位素组成特征及其气候变化响应

于2012年7~8月采集黄河流域干流和支流河水样品,通过分析水体氢氧同位素组成的时间和空间变化特征,研究了河水主要来源的变化以及其对流域气候变化的响应.结果表明:除源头河水外,黄河干流河水δD值变化范围为-97.2‰~-62.9‰,均值为-72.2‰,δ~(18)O值范围为-13.0‰~-8.7‰,均值为-9.9‰,d盈余值为4.1‰~11.0‰,均值为7.0‰;支流河水δD值范围为-103.8‰~-30.5‰,均值为-68.9‰,δ~(18)O值范围为-13.7‰~-1.5‰,均值为-9.2‰,d盈余值为-18.5‰~13.2‰,均值为4.5‰.黄河干流兰州段以上以及中游河水氢氧同位素均值均偏负,而兰州至头道拐和下游河水氢氧同位素均值偏正,但河水氘盈余均值呈现由上游到下游逐渐降低的趋势.黄河干流和支流河水Na~+/Cl~-摩尔比值范围为0.94~3.02,源头区黄河干流河水Na~+/Cl~-摩尔比均值为1.02,兰州段以上均值为1.58,兰州至头道拐间均值为1.30,中游均值为1.79,下游均值为1.41.河水Na~+/Cl~-摩尔比值与河水δ~(18)O值呈较好的负相关关系,表明黄河河水受大气降水补给,地下水补给以及蒸发作用等控制.与前人研究结果对比发现,2000年以来黄河河水年径流量逐渐增加,上游河水受二次蒸发过程影响在降低,中游和下游河水受蒸发作用影响在减弱,显示区域气候干旱状况有所降低.     

基于硫酸盐硫同位素的伊洛河流域河水溶解性重金属来源

借助伊洛河河水硫酸盐硫同位素（δ³⁴S_SO4）和溶解性重金属含量水平,研究伊洛河流域不同形式人类活动对河水溶解性重金属的影响.结果表明：伊洛河流域上游干流和支流河水溶解组分受金属矿山开采废水影响较大,洛河河水中溶解性硫酸盐浓度（SO₄^2-）和δ³⁴S_SO4均值分别为（173±108）mg/L和（3.1±2.1）‰（n=8）,河水中Co、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn、Mo、Cd、Pb和U等含量较高,伊河河水中SO₄^2-和δ³⁴S_SO4均值为（169±89）mg/L和（3.7±1.2）‰（n=6）,河水中Cr、Co、Fe、Ni、Zn、Mo、Cd、W、Hg、Pb和U等含量较高.伊洛河流域下游河水溶解性重金属受生活污水和工业废水影响较大,洛河河水中SO₄^2-和δ³⁴S_SO4均值分别为（121±30）mg/L和（9.4±0.8）‰（n=4）,河水中V、Cr、Ni、As、W和Hg等含量较高,伊河河水中SO₄^2-和δ³⁴S_SO4均值分别为（122±22）mg/L和（10.5±2.4）‰（n=3）,河水中V、U、Ni和As等含量较高.伊洛河流域源头河水溶解性重金属含量低,河水溶解组分来自大气降水,河水δ³⁴S_SO4值范围为（6.7‰~8.2‰）.伊洛河流域河水溶解性重金属含量以及δ³⁴S_SO4值具有一致的空间差异性,δ³⁴S_SO4可以很好地说明河水中溶解性重金属以及硫酸盐来源.     

贵州清水江流域丰水期水化学特征及离子来源分析

对清水江流域丰水期河水离子浓度及组成特征分析表明,流域水化学组成以Ca2+、HCO-3离子为主,其次为Mg2+、SO2-4;TDS均值213.96 mg·L-1,高于世界流域均值.根据海盐校正分析得出,研究区大气降水中海盐输入对流域水化学的贡献率为2.23%,低于世界河流均值3%.Gibbs图结合离子比值分析表明,流域水化学主要受碳酸盐岩风化影响,越往下游硅酸盐岩化学风化贡献越明显,碳酸和硫酸同时参与了流域岩石风化过程.离子来源分析表明,Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3离子主要来自于白云石、方解石等碳酸盐岩风化溶解,Na+、K+、Cl-主要来源于硅酸盐岩风化;SO2-4和NO-3主要来源于大气酸沉降和城镇废水输入.人为活动影响分析表明上游工矿企业活动对清水江流域水化学影响明显.     

赤水河流域上游枯水期水化学特征及其影响因素分析

赤水河上游流域处于我国西南喀斯特岩溶地貌广泛发育的地区,其河流的水化学组成代表了典型喀斯特地区河流的水化学组成。对河水的各离子含量分析表明,赤水河上游河水水化学组成以Ca2+、HCO3-离子为主,其次为Mg2+、SO42-,表现了典型喀斯特地区河流的特征。上游河水的Na+/(Na++Ca2+)、Cl-/(Cl-+HCO3-)比值较低,所有水样都落在GIBBS图的左中端,河水水化学组成主要受岩石风化控制。阴阳离子三角图及河水中的主要元素的比值对比分析表明,河水水化学组成主要受碳酸盐岩风化溶解控制。水化学的时空对比分析表明,农业活动等人为活动对河水的化学组成有一定影响。     

氮和氧同位素示踪伊洛河河水硝酸盐来源及转化过程

河流硝酸盐(NO^-₃)浓度及氮和氧同位素组成(δ¹⁵N-NO^-₃和δ¹⁸O-NO^-₃)可以辨识河水NO^-₃受自然过程和人为输入的影响,但流域不同土地利用方式对河水NO^-₃来源及转化过程的影响尚不明确,特别是山区人为输入对河水NO^-₃的影响仍不清楚.选择土地利用空间异质性显著的伊河和洛河作为研究对象,借助水体水化学组成,氢氧同位素(δD-H₂O和δ¹⁸O-H₂O)、δ¹⁵N-NO^-₃和δ¹⁸O-NO^-₃,辨识不同土地利用方式影响下河水NO^-₃来源及...     

贵州省都柳江流域水化学特征研究

于2015年丰水期和枯水期采集了都柳江河水样品,分析了河水的主要水质参数和主量元素.结果显示,都柳江河水呈弱碱性,优势阳离子为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+),优势阴离子为HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-),水化学类型为HCO_3~-—Ca~(2+)—Mg~(2+)型.Gibbs图、三角图、相关性分析表明都柳江水化学上游主要受碳酸盐岩风化控制,下游硅酸盐影响增加.受地层岩性和地貌变化的影响,河流TDS沿主河道呈递减的趋势.离子比值分析表明,流域上游主要受工矿活动的影响,而中下游地区人为活动因素较为复杂,受农业、城镇排污等多种活动影响.     

贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特区水化学和溶解无机碳稳定同位素特征

对贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特世界自然遗产地49个水点进行采样,分析地表水和地下水水化学特征及控制因素,并探讨溶解无机碳(DIC)稳定同位素的分布特征和来源.结果发现,研究区地表水和地下水p H值呈中性到碱性,溶解质较低,水中阳离子以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,水化学类型为重碳酸-钙镁型(HCO3-Ca·Mg).北部上游页岩分布区外源水水中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4的比重相对白云岩区喀斯特水水点的高,Si的含量也明显高于白云岩地区喀斯特水;外源水的SIc和SId值为负,而流经白云岩区后均大于0.水化学数据表明研究区水化学受降水和人为活动影响很小,Gibbs图显示水中离子组成主要受岩性的控制.研究区喀斯特地表水中δ13CDIC值变化范围为-8.27‰~-11.55‰,平均为-9.45‰,地下水的δ13CDIC值范围为-10.57‰~-15.59‰,平均为-12.04‰,地表水δ13CDIC值比地下水偏重.DIC的δ13CDIC值在杉木河支流上整体表现为河流上游相对于下游偏轻,而杉木河干流上河水DIC的δ13CDIC值的变化则比较复杂.根据同位素质量平衡,利用DIC的δ13CDIC实测值,计算了喀斯特区地下水DIC来自土壤CO2和白云岩矿物溶解的比例,计算结果为51.2%来自于土壤CO2,矿物本身的贡献约为48.8%.     

浐河、涝河河水硝酸盐氮污染来源的氮同位素示踪

通过分析河水和工业污染水体硝酸盐氮同位素组成,对西安市周边主要河流浐河和涝河的硝酸盐污染源进行了初步研究.结果发现,浐河、涝河从上游至下游,河水硝酸盐氮同位素组成δ15N-NO3-值呈逐渐升高的趋势(1.3‰～9.0‰和3.3‰～7.4‰),而沿河流域2个工业排污口废水样的δ15N-NO3-值为:11.5‰和11.1‰.不同来源的硝酸盐氮同位素表现出明显的差别,工业排污可能是该河流硝酸盐氮浓度增高主要原因之一.相对于河水硝酸盐浓度变化,河水中硝酸盐氮同位素能够作为示踪水系硝酸盐氮污染来源和过程的可靠手段.同时,本研究大致区分了浐河和涝河流域主要的氮源输入,为研究硝酸盐污染,营养元素流失提供了重要的信息.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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