国内外城市农田生态系统建设经验探索

农田生态系统是生态环境的重要组成部分之一,也是城市生态系统良性循环的重要保障。本文对国内外城市农田生态系统建设经验进行了对比分析,以提出未来生态文明城市建设中资源节约环境友好型农田生态系统构建的参考和依据。     

温州市生态文明城市的建设

生态文明城市是由人口、资源、环境、经济(PREE)组成的复合系统。本文从生态文明城市的概念和内涵入手,具体分析了其创建的基本原则。并以温州市为例,从生态经济建设、人口—社会系统建设、资源环境建设及保障体系建设等方面提出了对生态文明城市建设的对策和意见。     

从文明城市到生态城市的探索——惠州市城市建设道路分析

城市在人类非农活动的作用下不断发展进步.如今我国许多城市已经实现或将要达到"文明城市"的发展要求,在此基础上建设"生态城市"成为了城市发展的下一个阶段性目标.在阐述城市发展阶段的基础上,分析了文明城市与生态城市的形态和评价要素,比较了文明城市与生态城市间的差别,并以广东省惠州市为例分析和探索从文明城市到生态城市的发展道路,进而提出了惠州市实现这种转变的发展措施.     

民族地区城市文化生态资源的保护利用模式

民族地区城市文化生态资源的保护利用主要有政府和城市社区两大主体。构建出四象限式保护利用模型,包括政府宰制型、政府主导—社区参与型、社区自主型、放任型4种模式,指出民族地区城市应根据不同阶段、不同状况采取相应的保护利用模式,提出政府首先应进行资源细分与区域规划,并从机制建设、法制完善、政策扶持等三个层面展开具体工作,以达到在保护中进行合理利用的目的。     

大山垃圾兑换超市,让三江源水清又清

正在发达地区的城市社区,垃圾兑换超市如雨后春笋般涌现。城市垃圾产生量大,公众素质高,可兑换的生活用品品种丰富,甚至可以把垃圾计价后储蓄进社区银行,等留守老人需要志愿者服务时,换取一定时间段的公益服务。垃圾兑换超市作为对垃圾减量化、资源化、无害化处置的有偿互动式创新举措,对生态文明社区建设产生巨大推力。如果把这样的超市搬进大山里的农村,它的命     

资源型城市的“无废城市”建设模式探讨

资源型城市在我国经济发展大局中地位重要而特殊、历史贡献突出,城市发展的生命周期特征和物质代谢的"大进大出"特征明显,固体废物(以下简称固废)治理问题积弊已久、复杂多变。如何建设"无废城市"模式的资源型城市,是当前城市可持续发展和"无废城市"实践亟待破解的难题。本文研究分析了2017年我国资源型城市固废产生、贮存、综合利用、处置环节及管理制度体系建设的主要问题,并从制度设计、产业转型、分类利用、标准建立四个方面提出了"无废"资源型城市建设的政策建议。根据资源型城市所处生命周期发展阶段的不同,提出了基于固废"产、存、用、置、销"的存量、流量挂钩约束的发展模式。同时提出以下建议:快速成长期城市应从产业体系构建、空间布局及准入条件着手控制固废增量;平稳成熟期城市应发展完善高值化资源综合利用产业体系和制度体系;枯竭衰退期城市应注重挖掘和开发存量固废的资源价值;再生发展期城市应加强多源废物协同处置利用产业体系建设。本研究可为资源型城市的"无废城市"建设提供模式参考和政策建议。     

浅谈资源型城市可持续发展 ──以大庆为例阐述战略规划和环境政策制定的依据和原则

文章分析了资源型城市制定可持续发展战略和环境政策的依据和原则,以大庆开发建设多年来的成功经验和失败教训为例,阐释了资源型城市充分利用资源、资金、文化、人才的重要性和必要性,及对生态环境和人文环境充分保护的紧迫性。进而说明:充分利用好城市的各种资源,充分保护好城市的生态环境和人文环境,及早发展替代产业完成城市转型是资源型城市可持续发展的必由之路。     

资源型城市环境调控研究——以徐州市为例

城市环境调控是一个复杂的系统性工程，它与城市的性质、定位、发展阶段、环境特点等有密切关系。资源型城市的特点和发展规律决定了其城市环境调控的重点在于城市空间结构的优化、城市产业结构的提升以及宜居环境的建设。本文以徐州市为例，探寻其城市环境调控对策，从而为中国其他资源型城市进行环境调控提供借鉴。     

资源环境经济学的国内研究现状综述

在梳理资源环境经济学相关理论的前提下,全方面分析了土地资源、水资源和大气资源对经济发展的影响。为实现可持续发展,可从以下几点进行讨论:严格控制区域内各规模城市用地的扩张问题,因地制宜,合理调控人口城镇化和土地城镇化的关系;水资源是当前制约社会经济发展的主要问题之一,基于绿色化理念评估城市发展的水资源基础,建设生态文明城市;探求产业结构和经济增长方式的转变,是治理资源环境问题的根本措施。     

资源型城市可持续发展的生态补偿机制研究

资源型城市的经济转型与可持续发展已经成为一个世界性的课题,也是现阶段我国全面建设小康社会过程中凸现出来的一项新课题.在生态环境危机和区域矛盾日益加剧的社会背景下,构建生态补偿机制已成为资源型城市可持续发展的重要措施,有利于缩小区际间的差距,促进环境建设,同时也符合时代发展的主旋律.从资源型城市生态环境问题突出、转型动力不足、社会问题突出、地方财政困难等方面阐述了构建资源型城市生态补偿机制的必要性,在此基础上着重从法律保障、补偿标准、横向财政转移支付、生态保护与经济增长、体制机制等方面分析我国资源型城市生态补偿面临的障碍因素,并对我国资源型城市生态补偿运行机制做了进一步探讨.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, and Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, 4th Edition
Ian Calder, Blue Revolution: Integrated Land and Water Resources Management, 2nd Edition
Vivienne Bennett, Sonia Dávila-Poblete and María Nieves Rico (eds), Opposing Currents: The Politics of Water and Gender in Latin America
Petri S. Juuti and Tapio S. Katko (eds), Water, Time and European Cities: History Matters for the Futures
Jyotsna Bapat, Development Projects and Critical Theory of Environment
Carol J. Pierce Colfer, The Complex Forest. Communities, Uncertainty, and Adaptive Collaborative Management     

城市可持续发展及其在我国的现状

城市可持续发展是一个值得研究的问题。它是指城市的发展必须满足目前的需要又满足未来的需要。城市可持续发展包括经济、社会、环境、资源和技术的可持续发展。中国的城市在可持续发展方面存在着许多问题,如环境污染严重。所以我们必须立即采取措施来改变这种局面。     

The sustainability of China's major mining cities

The aim of this paper is to identify principal factors controlling the Degree of Sustainable Development of Mineral Resources (DSDMR) of mining cities and then to measure their DSDMR and reveal their developing trends. To do this, 78 Chinese mining cities are used as an example. These cities are classified on a hierarchical level of the DSDMR in order to support decision-making of sustainable development. Six principal factors controlling the DSDMR are recognized using factor analysis. They are used to measure the DSDMR of the Chinese mining cities and their developing trends. The results show that in terms of the type of mineral resources, the DSDMR decreases from petroleum to multi-resources to non-metal to coal to metal cities. It decreases also from middle to old to young aged cities and from eastern to central to western cities in geographical location. In addition, large and very large cities have higher DSDMR values than middle- and small-sized cities. These Chinese mining cities are classified into six clusters by cluster analysis, which forms the basis for policy making.     

Making cities resilient to climate change: identifying “win–win” interventions

Urbanisation is truly a global phenomenon. Starting at 39% in 1980, the urbanisation level rose to 52% in 2011. Ongoing rapid urbanisation has led to increase in urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Urban climate change risks have also increased with increase in climate-induced extreme weather events and more low-income urban dwellers living in climate sensitive locations. Despite increased emissions, including GHGs and heightened climate change vulnerability, climate mitigation and adaptation actions are rare in the cities of developing countries. Cities are overwhelmed with worsening congestion, air pollution, crime, waste management, and unemployment problems. Lack of resources and capacity constraints are other factors that discourage cities from embarking on climate change mitigation and adaptation pathways. Given the multitude of problems faced, there is simply no appetite for stand-alone urban climate change mitigation and adaptation policies and programmes. Urban mitigation and adaptation goals will have to be achieved as co-benefits of interventions targeted at solving pressing urban problems and challenges. The paper identifies administratively simple urban interventions that can help cities solve some of their pressing service delivery and urban environmental problems, while simultaneously mitigating rising urban GHG emissions and vulnerability to climate change.     

Housing in the new cities of Egypt

The New Cities of Egypt represent a major effort to redistribute investment and population away from Cairo and the Delta in a brave attempt to use desert land. Through a study of three cities under construction, the reliance on government‐built walk‐up flats for housing provision is discussed and its relevance for later phases questioned. In conclusion, the efficacy of the New Cities as counter‐attractions is doubted in the absence of effective controls on the growth of Cairo.     

STATE FINANCING OF WATER PROJECTS: THE UTAH EXPERIENCE1

ABSTRACT: Dramatic changes in Utah's economy caused by urbanization, large scale energy developments, and other influences will significantly reorient water use patterns. Thus, state water management policies and programs which have evolved over many years should be reevaluated. Several factors have influenced Utah water project financing policy. Among these have been: 1) the prominence of agriculture in the settlement of Utah and the century following, 2) dry cycles and periodic severe droughts, 3) recurring periods of economic depression, and 4) allocation of Colorado River water among the basin states and Mexico, Three revolving funds have been established. The Revolving Construction Fund, created in 1947, provides money for irrigation projects; the Cities Water Loan Fund, created in 1975, provides money to communities for developing culinary systems and improving quality to meet the demands of exploding population growth; and the Water Resources Conservation and Development Fund, created in 1978, provides money for large scale multipurpose water projects costing $1 million or more. The justification for these financing programs seems to be a mixture of rectifying market imperfections and income redistribution. However, trends in the agricultural sector and the multipurpose nature of large scale projects now being funded suggest that earlier justifications may no longer be valid. Rigorous project evaluation procedures, lacking in the past, should be adopted.     

Natural resources planning, management, and sustainable use in China

Almost all the issues of sustainable development in China relate to natural resources. Sustainable development as one of the most important strategies has been incorporated into all the actions related to the planning and management of natural resources in China. This paper gives an overview of the contributions of natural resources and the challenges facing the natural resource sectors. It contributes a series of proposals on the planning and management of natural resources. It also outlines the general framework of the planning system for natural resources and summarizes the Great Survey of Natural Resources Program that the Ministry of Land and Resources is implementing.     

Geologic vs. geographic constraints on cement resources

This study evaluates the importance of geologic and geographic factors in constraining the location of limestone mining operations for the production of cement in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Cities and their infrastructure require abundant cement, which is manufactured from limestone and other quarry products, but expansion of cities limits the locations of these operations. Possible locations of limestone and cement operations are controlled by geologic factors including distribution and mineralogy of geologic formations as well as depth of overburden, and geographic factors including location of wetlands, cities, and other surface features that preclude development of quarries and manufacturing operations. Overlay analysis was used to evaluate the importance of these factors. Results show that, although limestone underlies about a third of the region, almost 50 percent of this limestone is unavailable for quarrying due to coverage by the built environment, protected natural areas, or excessive overburden thickness. When characteristics such as limestone quality are also accounted for, accessible resources shrink to as little as 2 percent of the total land area. Although the remaining 2 percent of land area may supply local needs for some years, geologic factors clearly must be included in long-term regional land use planning.     

A quantitative integrated evaluation of sustainable development of mineral resources of a mining city: a case study of Huangshi,Eastern China

It is generally considered that the non-renewable nature of mineral resources will make them gradually depleted over time. However, in the perspective of development availability of mineral resources in a long-term depends not only on their currently available amounts but also on future potential mineral resources (e.g. those undiscovered and low-grade ores) and substitutive renewable resources. In addition, it is influenced by factors like technology and capital. These factors interact with each other. As a result, it is possible to make the sustainable development of mineral resources by appropriate coordination between these factors. A new concept of Degree of Sustainable Development of Mineral Resources (DSDMR) and its conceptual model are proposed in this paper in the viewpoints of system science and sustainable development to evaluate the ability of sustainable development of mineral resources for a mining city. DSDMR refers to the ability of meeting needs of present and future generations for mineral resources by their logical distribution and substitution. An indicator system and a fuzzy integrated judgment model, which involve factors of resources, economy, society, environments and intelligence, are presented. They are used to evaluate DSDMR of Huangshi city, which is the most ancient and yet one of the most important mining cities producing iron and copper in China.