广东省肥料使用存在问题及对策

广东省肥料使用存在问题及对策林翠兰，叶细养，卢金贵（广东省土壤肥料总站，广州５１０５００）（广东省农科院科技处，广州５１０６４０）作物生长需要各种养分，按其所需合理供给各种养分就能促进它旺盛生长．在农业生产上来说就是合理施肥．施肥是保持农业持续发展的...     

广东省20年来肥料施用与耕地土壤养分变化

根据广东省20年来肥料施用量和地力监测数据,讨论了其肥料施用和耕地土壤养分变化。文章认为广东省部分土壤磷素和氮素已盈余,但土壤钾素仍不足,因此必须增施钾肥。     

广西速生桉施肥对林区内水体富营养物质的影响

施肥是种植速生桉(Eucalyptus)主要的营林技术措施之一。广西近几年速生桉发展面积较大,施肥量逐年增加,由于肥料通过其气态、淋洗和径流等途径流失到水体,增加了水体中富营养物质的含量。为了防止或减缓速生桉施肥加快对水体富营养化的目的,探索其有效的解决方法,课题组进行了速生桉的施肥数量、肥料颗粒形态、肥料养分含量、肥料养分配比等因子的田间试验,研究不同的施肥处理对林区内水体富营养物质含量的影响。试验结果表明:肥料养分含量越高、施肥量越大、颗粒化程度越低的处理区域水体总氮、总磷和总钾含量越高;桉树林区内水体的总氮、总磷和总钾含量中各有约40%、70%和50%来自桉树施肥,不合理的施肥可能会导致林区内水库或河流等水体富营养化;桉树施肥技术中施肥量对水体营养物质影响最大,其次分别为肥料养分和肥料颗粒形态。建议在一定范围内,速生桉施肥可提高肥料总养分含量、适当减少其施肥量,可防止或减缓桉树林区内水体富营养化。     

水稻缓释控释肥的增产效应与环保效应

在广东省范围内对水稻缓释控释肥进行大面积试验示范,结果表明,(1)移栽前每公顷一次基施“农科”水稻缓释控释肥525～750kg,其肥效完全可满足水稻本田期对养分的需求。与常规分次施肥比较,施用该缓释控释肥平均增加稻谷497．7kg／hm^2,增产率7．78％;其中,获显著增产的概率达69．4％,平产概率占28．6％,说明施用该水稻缓释控释肥增产效果稳定。(2)施用水稻缓释控释肥显著降低氮磷肥料的养分施用量。与常规分次施肥比较,早晚造平均减少氮素用量26．5％、磷素19．3％,表明水稻缓释控释肥不但显著减少肥料资源的浪费,而且减少了肥料养分流失造成的污染,对生态环境的保护具有重要的现实意义。     

控释肥料推广施用的意义与措施

讨论了控释肥料推广施用的意义，总结了广东省控释肥料试验示范的效果，并对今后推广施用控释肥料提出了若干意见和建议。     

有机肥对土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的影响研究进展

施肥是农业生产中补充养分的重要措施,但过量施用化肥的现象越来越严重,导致肥料利用率低,引起土壤肥力下降,破坏农田生态环境。目前,化肥减量和增施有机肥逐渐成为被人们普遍接受和提倡的施肥方式,但仍然存在对有机肥的认识不全面,利用不合理的现象。文章综述了国内外有机肥施用对农田土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的影响效应及作用机理,并对有机肥的合理利用提出了对策。研究表明,有机肥含有丰富的有机质,有机质对土壤肥力水平、土壤重金属有效性和温室气体排放均有至关重要的作用。有机肥能显著改善土壤物理性状,缓解土壤酸化,增加土壤有效养分,维持土壤养分平衡,提高土壤生物和生物化学特性,优化土壤微生物群落的结构组成;然而有机肥(主要来源于畜禽粪便)的长期过量施用会增加土壤重金属含量,加大作物吸收积累重金属的风险,另外,有机肥还可能促进土壤温室气体(CO2,CH4等)的排放,加重温室效应。因此,在农业生产中应加强有机肥的管理,选择安全优质的有机肥(重金属和持久性污染物含量低),建立有机肥施用的配套技术,改革施肥方式,适时适地施肥,有机与无机相结合,尽量降低有机肥施用所带来的环境风险。     

利用农田系统中源汇型景观组合控制面源磷污染

通过田间调查、采样分析和小区试验,研究浙江省农田系统中源汇型景观组合及其控制面源磷污染的效果.调查表明,浙江省农田系统中源、汇配置的景观类型主要有:蔬菜地 - 稻田系统、蔬菜地 - 茭白田系统、桑园地 -稻田系统、旱地 - 稻田系统、高施肥稻田 - 低施肥稻田系统、农地(稻田、旱地) - 多塘系统、农地(稻田、旱地) - 植草水道(泥质排水沟)等.不同利用方式农田排水中磷含量有较大的差异,总磷平均含量为桑园>蔬菜地>稻田、小麦田、油菜田>休闲地>茭白田.小区试验表明,利用蔬菜地(旱地) - 稻田 - 茭白系统、蔬菜 - 稻田系统、桑园 - 稻田系统和蔬菜地 - (多)水塘系统可明显降低磷流失.建议对某些养分流失严重的农业流域,通过调整土地利用方式和增加养分汇型景观面积来控制农业面源污染.     

保护地番茄养分利用及土壤氮素淋失

在施用不同复合肥料的条件下，对保护地蔬菜蕃茄对N、P、K养分的吸收利用及保护地条件下土壤的硝酸盐淋洗进行了研究，结果表明，复合肥的品种及施肥水平对番茄的产量影响不大，与CK相比番茄果实增产12．．7％－18．4％；复合肥N、P养分的当季利用率不足10％，而K素的当季利用率也不超出25％，传统的大水漫灌条件，蔬菜保护地土壤硝酸盐的淋洗状态相当严重，并有可能造成地下水的硝酸盐污染，长期过量施肥及大小漫灌等措施是造成土壤养分累积、硝酸盐淋洗严重、肥料利用率低的根本原因，图2表3参11     

试论我国烟草的营养与施肥

本文从烟草的养分吸收规律、生长的土壤环境、施肥效应、施肥量和施肥方法等五个方面系统地探讨了我国烟草的营养与施肥,并在此基础上指出专用复混肥是我国烟草肥料的发展方向。     

棉花田力宝盆栽肥效研究

采用盆栽试验方法，客观评价“田力宝微生物肥料”对棉花生长发育和产量的影响．生物试验和植株养分吸收测定结果表明，田力宝能够为棉花生长提供少量磷素营养，但不能满足棉花全生育期生长的需要，本观察到田力宝的固氮微生物活性，其处理效果与施用复合肥料比较差异悬殊，与不施肥处理相当，不可能取代化肥使用．     

延边地区水稻稳产高产施肥体系的探讨

采用二次饱和D-最优设计,建立了有机肥、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥配合施用对水稻产量影响的数学模型.研究表明有机肥施用量的过多或过少均使水稻产量下降,化肥的施用也有相似的影响;有机肥与氮肥、磷肥、钾肥只有施用量在适宜的范围内,交互作用较大,产量最高.提出了延边地区水稻获得稳产、高产的施肥体系.     

长期定位施肥土壤有效磷与速效钾的剖面分布及对作物产量的影响

通过25年的长期定位试验研究不同的施肥方式对土壤有效磷与速效钾质量分数及水稻产量的影响。研究结果表明：有机肥配合施用氮、磷、钾肥能够大大提高土壤耕层有效磷的质量分数,施肥主要影响土壤耕层有效磷的质量分数,对其它土层影响不明显。有机肥配合施用氮、磷、钾肥能够提高土壤耕层速效钾的质量分数,对20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾质量分数也有提高作用。化肥配合有机肥施用稻谷的产量高于单施化肥或单施有机肥,单施化肥或单施有机肥稻谷的产量高于不施肥的对照。因此,为了提高土壤肥力与作物产量,最好的培肥方式是有机肥配施氮磷钾肥。     

含硫及含氯化肥对作物生长发育的影响与农田生态学效应

本文对水田阳离子肥料长期定位试验进行了观察和总结．研究表明，湘南水田长期施用含硫及含氯化肥对水稻生长的影响随年度和季节变化：ＳＯ肥料促进早稻返青和晚稻营养生长，Ｃｌ肥料提高晚稻经济产量．从１９８２年到１９９０年，水稻稻谷年产量随气候变化有两次明显的波降周期，并且九年间，两类阴离子肥料处理的水稻年均总干物质生产量相等，绿肥生长也无显著不同．然而，长年施用含硫及含氯化肥的小区具有明显的土壤生态学差异．     

Response of winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass to fertilization with ridge mulching-furrow planting in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau北大核心CSCD

As the typical planting pattern of winter wheat in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau, ridge mulching-furrow planting (RMFP) has played an important role in fertilizer efficiency of different fertilizers, and the differences in fertilizer efficiency further influence the diversity of the structure of soil microbial communities. The effects of different fertilization practices on winter wheat yield formation, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and soil microbial biomass phosphorus (SMBP) were investigated by field experiments during 2014-2016 in the winter wheat growing region of the dry highlands in southern Shanxi. The treatments included four groups, farmer fertilization (FF), monitoring fertilization (MF), monitoring fertilization combined application of manure (MFM), and monitoring fertilization combined application of bio-organic fertilizer (MFB). Results showed a significant increase in winter wheat yield by optimized and balanced fertilization, and the grain yield of MFB was highest among all treatments, with a value of 4 107-5 400 kg/hm2, which was 14.5%-23.2% (P < 0.05) higher than that of FF. The effects of different fertilization treatments on the winter wheat yield formulation mainly depended on spike number; however, no effect was found on kernel number per spike and 1 000-grain weight. Soil microbial biomass was affected by both growth period and fertilization patterns, i.e., the content of SMBC from jointing to flowering stage was highest during the winter wheat growth period, whereas the maximum values of SMBN and SMCP were found during the jointing stage. Changes in the rates of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP during the entire growth period were less than 50%; however, the average contribution rate of optimized fertilization on SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP reached 90%. Compared to single chemical fertilizer applications, the combined application chemical fertilizer and manure or bio-organic fertilizer significantly improved the contents of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP; however, the contents of SMBC and SMBN between MFM and MFB had no significant difference, whereas the SMBP of MFB was 19.8%-47.1% (P < 0.05) higher than that of MFM owing to the effect of mixed phosphorus bacteria. The soil microbial biomass C/N and C/P of the different treatments were 6.9-9.8 and 14.4-41.0, respectively, and maximum values occurred during the flowering stage. Given the above, the combined application of reasonable chemical fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer can effectively improve the winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass under RMFP cultivation in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

有机无机肥配施对超级杂交稻产量构成及植株重金属含量的影响

以超级杂交稻＂Y两优1号＂为供试材料,保持总施氮量不变（180 kg.hm-2）条件下,研究不同比例有机无机肥配施对超级杂交稻产量构成及植株重金属含量的影响。结果表明,由施肥量-产量模型进行模拟,得到有机肥与尿素施入量分别为606.75和288.18 kg.hm-2时,水稻产量最高（10 084.37 kg.hm-2）;有机肥和尿素施用量分别为202.32和353.17 kg.hm-2时,经济效益最佳（产量为9 968.42 kg.hm-2）。不同比例有机无机肥配施对植株镉含量无显著影响。在6个梯度处理中,有机肥和尿素施肥量分别为600和289.27 kg.hm-2处理产量最高,且植株铬含量最低。     

Carbon sequestration and soil microbes in purple paddy soil as affected by long-term fertilization

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration impacts on food security and climate change and may be affected by soil microbes in fertilized croplands. A 12-year field experiment under the rice–wheat system was used to evaluate the effect of the long-term fertilization on the SOC accumulation, culturable soil microbes, and their interaction in purple paddy soil. Results showed that varied fertilizations resulted in a significant increase of the SOC content and stock in the plow layer, as well as rise in populations of major soil microbes, including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi compared with no fertilization. Soil with combined application of chemical NPK fertilizer and organic amendment (pig manure or rice straw return) on average had the highest organic carbon content and stock, amounts of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, which were 7.8%, 5.8%, 75.8%, 130.5%, and 16.2% higher than the NPK fertilization alone. Fertilization differentially altered populations of the functional anaerobic bacteria in paddy soil. With the combined application of chemical NPK fertilizer and organic amendment, soil displayed higher amounts of anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria, anaerobic fermentative bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogen, methanogenic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and sulphate-reducing bacteria than that with the NPK fertilization alone or no fertilization. Populations of all three major soil microbes showed significantly positive correlations with the SOC content, indicating their interaction was of mutual promotion. Data suggest that the combined application of the NPK fertilizer with organic amendment especially by the rice straw return is recommended to sustain the soil biological fertility and mitigate the emission of the greenhouse gas by the SOC sequestration in purple paddy soil.     

一种新型有机肥和蔬菜专用肥的施用效果

蔬菜施用一种添加了NPK增效剂的新型有机肥和蔬菜专用肥比习惯施用鸡粪有机肥和进口复合肥的增产21．9％，达极显著水平；但施用新型有机肥的不同基肥量对单造蔬菜生产的影响未达显著水平，对单造菜心产量贡献最大的基肥施用量是1233．6g／m^2。研究表明这种NPK增效剂作为肥料生产助剂具有很好的经济效应。     

不同硫肥品种的水稻肥效试验研究

在缺硫土壤上以石膏、硫磺、硫酸钾镁（SPM）作为流源进行硫肥水稻试验，并设置与石膏等钙量、与SPM等镁量的石灰、MgCl3处理，结果显示，增施硫、钙、镁，水稻均有显著增产，其中硫的增产效果最好；在3个硫肥品种中，以施石膏增产最大、施硫磺效益最佳。讨论了施硫对水稻生长发育、营养状况及对稻谷品质的影响。     

生态肥料 NutriSmartTM在甜椒生产中应用的生态效应

过量施用肥料导致产品质量下降,引发水体和土壤的严重污染;减少施用农田化肥或施用对环境影响较小的肥料将有利于减少农田N、P损失。因此,世界各国尝试研究和开发既能提高作物产量和质量又可降低环境风险的新型肥料。生态肥料Nutrismart在甘蔗、野菜种植上均取得较好的成效,但在蔬菜上的应用研究及其施用后的N、P损失研究鲜见。本研究以甜椒(Capsicum annuum var.grossum)为例,进行温室培养试验,共设8个处理,采用不施肥、纯施常规化肥和混施不同比例的生态肥料NutriSmartTM和常规化肥的技术,比较生态肥料NutriSmartTM和常规化肥混施与单独使用常规化肥对甜椒产量及品质的影响,并进一步通过土柱淋溶试验模拟研究生态肥料对土壤氮磷损失的影响,评价其生态风险。结果表明,生态肥料NutriSmartTM的施用,不仅大幅度降低化肥的用量,还保持了甜椒的产量和质量,且施用量的提高未增加土壤中氮、磷的淋溶,造成水体富营养化的风险降低,在蔬菜中有良好的应用前景。