天山典型冰川区雪冰中碳质气溶胶浓度特征研究

根据2002年与2004年在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川与奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川采集的粒雪与冰川冰样品,利用热/光反射法(TOR)分析得到有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)的浓度,并探讨了天山典型冰川区雪冰中碳质气溶胶浓度的时空特征与环境意义.结果表明,总碳(TC)浓度从高到低依次为:乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川西支雪坑(1 943 ng.g-1)>乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川东支雪坑(989 ng.g-1)>奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川雪坑(150 ng.g-1)>乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川东支冰川冰(77 ng.g-1),OC和EC的浓度序列也较为类似;天山冰川区雪层中OC浓度平均值为557 ng.g-1,EC浓度平均值为188 ng.g-1.不同冰川积累区雪层剖面的中下部污化层附近一般都会出现碳质气溶胶浓度峰值,但某些突发性事件会使得表层雪也产生浓度峰值;在季节性碳排放(如居民采暖、农业活动等)与碳传输(如大气环流等)的影响下,雪层中碳质气溶胶浓度在7～11月间总体呈波动下降的趋势;冰川冰与粒雪间碳质气溶胶浓度可能存在着数量级的差异,这主要受到冰川所在环境、雪冰采样时空条件等因素影响;雪层表面是否存在EC对反照率有很大影响,模拟显示在波长为300～700 nm范围内反照率平均降低0.22.     

念青唐古拉山扎当冰川雪冰中不溶性有机碳含量及其辐射强迫研究

为了研究雪冰中不溶性有机碳(Water-insoluble Organic Carbon,WISOC)的含量及其辐射强迫作用,于2012年7月和8月对青藏高原南部纳木错流域扎当冰川90个表层雪冰样品中WISOC的含量进行了分析,采样期间利用地物光谱仪实地测量了反照率.结果表明,在消融季节(7—8月),扎当冰川表面被裸冰、老雪和新雪覆盖,以上3种消融情形下WISOC的平均含量分别为(1618.4±1236.0)、(432.3±329.7)和(183.7±158.0)ng·g-1,雪冰的融化导致WISOC等吸光性物质在冰川表面的富集,降低了冰川表面反照率.通过SNICAR模型(Snow,Ice,and Aerosol Radiative Modle)敏感性分析表明,3种情形下WISOC降低雪冰表面反照率(贡献率)分别为0.0020(6.8%)、0.0018(7.4%)和0.0010(2.1%),对应的WISOC的辐射强迫分别为1.14、1.34和0.81 W·m-2.平均地,WISOC对辐射强迫的影响超过了黑碳(BC)影响的20%,而在新雪覆盖条件下,WISOC对辐射强迫的影响甚至达到了粉尘影响的72.3%.因此,虽然雪冰中的WISOC的吸光能力相对于BC较弱,但所引起的雪冰表面反照率降低及冰川消融等效应不容忽视.     

哑铃湾网箱养殖海域沉积物中氮的地球化学形态分配特征

对哑铃湾养殖网箱下沉积物、养殖区和非养殖区沉积物中氮的地球化学形态分配特征做了4个季度的比较研究。结果表明:除NNEX以外,其他形态氮的含量都是养殖网箱下沉积物>养殖区沉积物>非养殖区沉积物,并且随着养殖年限的增加,这一规律越明显;但各形态氮之间的比例在三类海域沉积物中有所不同,w(NO) w(NT),w(NEX) w(NI),w(NH+4-N) w(NEX)都是养殖网箱下沉积物>养殖区沉积物>非养殖区沉积物,养殖历史最长的S6站点养殖网箱下沉积物比例最高,网箱养殖明显增大了NO,NEX和NH+3-N) 4-N的含量,而w(NI) w(NT),w(NNEX) w(NI),w(NO-w(NEX),w(NO-2-N) w(NEX)则呈相反的规律;各形态氮之间及其与有机质之间的相关性在三类海域沉积物中也不尽相同,养殖网箱下沉积物中,w(NH+4-N)与w(NT),w(NO),w(NI)及有机质与w(NT),w(NO)都存在显著的正相关关系。      

Disturbance of light-absorbing aerosols on the albedo in a winter snowpack of Central Tibet

A field observation on the albedo of the snowpack in Central Tibet was conducted in the Nam Co region in the winter of 2011. Snow properties, including grain size and density, were measured in the field, and surface-layer snow samples (down to 5 cm) were collected. The average concentrations of black carbon and dust were 72 ppbm (close to that in the glaciers of Mt. Nyainqentanglha) and 120 ppmm, respectively. Inverse trends were found to exist between the albedo of the snowpack and light-absorbing aerosols (LAAs) as well as grain size growth. Modeling showed that black carbon, dust, and grain growth in the winter snowpack can reduce the broadband albedo by 11%, 28%, and 61%, respectively.     

生物技术在微污染景观水处理中的应用

利用生物砂和多孔活性材料作为载体与滤料,投入硝化细菌和相容的复合菌群,构成小试规模的循环式过滤装置,模拟自然水体的生态净化系统,观察微污染的景观水中NH3-N,NO-2 -N,有机物,色度等等的去除效果。经长期运行测试表明,系统对 NH3-N去除率达99%, NO-2 -N 的去除率达 87%,对COD,浊度,都能较好地保持在较低水平。并使 DO、pH稳定在适合水生生物生长的范围。     

Seasonal variability in CDOM absorption and fluorescence properties in the Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA

Absorption and fluorescence properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM) along a 124 km transect in the Barataria Basin,a large estuary located in Louisiana,USA,were investigated during high and low flow periods of the Mississippi River in the spring and winter of 2008-2009. Mean CDOM absorption at 355 nm from the marine to the freshwater end member stations ranged from(3.25 ± 0.56) to(20.76 ± 2.43) m-1 for the three month high flow period whereas it varied from(1.48 ± 1.08) to(25.45 ± 7.03) m-1 for the same stations during low flow period. Corresponding salinity values at these stations indicated the influence of river and shelf exchanges in the lower basin and precipitation and runofl in the upper basin. An inverse relationship of CDOM absorbance and fluorescence with salinity observed in the basin could be a useful indicator of salinity. CDOM fluorescence also varied over a large range showing an approximately 8 to 12-fold increase between the marine and freshwater end members for the two flow seasons. Excitation-emission matrix spectral plots indicated the presence of various fluorescence components with highest being the A-peak,lowest the T-peak,and the C and M-peaks showing similar trends along the transect. During low flow season the A/C ratio were well correlated with station locations indicating increased terrestrial influence towards the upper basin. CDOM absorption and fluorescence at 355 nm were highly correlated and independent of CDOM sources suggesting that fluorescence could be used to characterize CDOM in the basin.     

Ionic tracer movement through a wyoming snowpack

A meltwater ionic pulse with initial concentrations of 5–10 or more times the average was observed in lysimeters set at the base of a 2-m snowpack in an unpolluted, alpine watershed. Both background chemical species and added tracers exhibited the initial pulse. About 10 days after the onset of meltwater release, solute concentrations collected in the lysimeters dropped to near the average snowpack level. Silica was elevated more than major ions in some initial lysimeter samples, which is evidence of a soil-water or overland-flow contribution. Lysimeter flow rates were equivalent to about 2 cm of melted snow per day, approximately equal to the daily melt estimated from a temperature-index model. Less than 10 per cent of the ionic-tracer mass applied to snow directly above the lysimeters was present in the meltwater. Snow pits dug in an area adjacent to the lysimeters showed that ice lenses played a significant role in solute movement through the pack, influencing both solute depletion and horizontal vs vertical flow. Snow pits also showed depletion of at least 25–35 per cent of the solute mass during release of the first 10 per cent of meltwater.     

天山东部雪冰中硝酸根浓度对中亚生物质燃烧的响应研究

研究了天山东部雪冰中NO3-浓度对中亚哈萨克斯坦生物质燃烧的响应情况.在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川持续采集了52组表层雪与雪坑样本,分析了雪样中NO3-等成分的浓度,运用HYSPLIT模型模拟了空气轨迹,目的是考察雪冰中NO3-与2002年哈萨克斯坦草原大火的关系,探讨由生物质燃烧产生的NO3-在高海拔山岳冰川雪层中的沉...     

四川西部山区土壤和大气有机氯污染物的区域分布

为研究持久性有机污染物（POPs）的长距离传输和边远山区POPs的区域分布与来源,于2005年10月—2008年4月在四川西部山区的卧龙自然保护区内沿巴朗山迎风坡1个海拔梯度（1 242～4 475 m）采集表层土壤和大气被动采样样品.对色谱-高分辨质谱（GC-HRMS）的数据分析表明,在卧龙山区2 800 m以上的高海拔地区,土壤和大气中HCB,HCHs和DDTs具有浓度低、分布均匀的特点,这可归因于大气长距离传输的贡献;在有人居住和活动的地区,也观测到HCHs和DDTs的浓度异常和污染情况.通过对有机氯污染物浓度水平、相对化学组成、浓度空间分布特征和季节变化等情况的综合分析,可以区分大气长距离传输和局地污染源排放2种源贡献.大气被动采样技术能够提供边远山区有机氯污染物大气浓度水平和时空分布的信息. 结合大气和土壤的现场数据,可以综合观测和表征山区环境有机氯污染物的浓度异常现象.      

Growth,yield and system performance simulation of a sugarcane–eucalyptus interface in a sub-tropical region of Brazil

The sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum) monocropping has had a great socio-economic and environmental impact in Brazil, and agroforestry (AFs) has been considered as an alternative to its sustainable production. However, there is a lack of field experiments results under such conditions. Therefore, yield measurement across transect in the tree–crop interface in on-farm conditions, as well as the use of simulation models, may allow the evaluation of biophysical interactions between trees and crops and system productivity. In this work, plant growth and yield in a sugarcane–eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) on-farm interface were evaluated. The experimental site had a Chromic Ferralsol soil and it is located in a sub-tropical region of Brazil. Availability of solar radiation for the crop along the transect was estimated and its effect on sugarcane dry matter production was evaluated. Using such relations, two sugarcane–eucalyptus AFs cycles were simulated to estimate system productivity. The field results showed that the trees presented a higher growth in the AFs, while the crop growth and yield were inversely proportional to their distance from the trees. The eucalyptus wood volume increased from 0.15 to 0.29 m³ per tree from monocropping to AFs. The sugarcane dry matter decreased from 35.1 to 8.70 t ha⁻¹ from the furthest to the closest position from tree along the transect. Simulations suggested that light was the main cause of the crop yield reduction, but the importance of competition for water and nutrients increased inversely according to tree distance. However, both simulated AFs provided land equivalent ratio (LER) similar to one (1). Field measurements and simulations indicate that agroforestry systems are a sound alternative for sugarcane cultivation in the studied region. Combination of on-farm studies and simulation models provided conditions to understand tree–crop interactions and to extrapolate field results so that the performance of a new system could be estimated.     

冰川区积雪中NO3-与粉尘记录的对比研究 ——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

为研究山岳冰川积雪中NO3-与粉尘记录之间的联系,利用2003~2005年间新疆天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川东支积累区的雪样,分析了雪层中NO3-与不溶微粒的对应关系.研究发现,沙尘活动季节初期,表层雪中NO3-浓度与不溶微粒浓度呈正相关,而与其平均粒径呈负相关,表明NO3-可以通过吸附在粉尘细颗粒表面远距离传输.雪层剖面中NO3-浓度峰值与污化层之间的相对位置在冬半年可基本保持稳定,但夏半年以淋溶作用为主的后沉积过程,会强烈改造NO3-与粉尘记录之间的联系.     

The local deposition of heavy metal emissions from point sources in Antarctica

Surface snow samples have been analysed for the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn to investigate the spatial scale of local sources of pollution in Antarctica. Samples from around an isolated petrol generator showed vastly increased levels (up to 800,000 times background) directly under the exhaust. Concentrations fell sharply with distance from the exhaust, reaching background levels at 40 m, even in the downwind direction. Snow was also collected at various distances from a manned scientific station. The data are more difficult to interpret, but the influence of the station could not be detected beyond 10 km. These findings indicate the areas that are influenced by local emissions, and that are therefore unsuitable for air and snow sampling intended to study larger-scale pollution input.     

青藏高原中汞的分布特征及影响因素——以典型海洋性冰川小流域为例

本研究以青藏高原典型海洋性冰川的雪冰-径流水为研究对象,分析讨论了雪冰-径流水中汞浓度变化趋势及控制因素.结果表明,贡嘎山冰川中雪、冰样品的THg浓度略高于全球背景值,而明永冰川以及米堆冰川的雪、冰、水样品均处于全球背景水平.3个冰川所有雪样、冰样、水样的THg浓度平均值分别为（4.78±5.99）ng/L、（1.72 ±1.15）ng/L、（1.31±0.91）ng/L.不同的环境介质中THg浓度变化总体表现为：雪 > 冰 > 水,其主要受颗粒汞沉淀作用及气态单质Hg挥发作用的控制.贡嘎山的径流水中THg浓度表现为六月最高（7.48±2.22）ng/L,十一月最低（1.39 ±0.27）ng/L.所有雪冰-径流水体系中HgP与THg存在极显著的正相关关系,雪中HgP/THg最高,其次为冰,最低为径流水.贡嘎山径流水中的HgP/THg及月均THg输出变化趋势受径流量和降雨量的影响.主成分分析表明了本研究区域雪冰中THg浓度主要受大气颗粒物沉降及季风传输的影响.此外,相比于其他2个冰川,贡嘎山冰川由于更加靠近人类活动密集区域,更易受到人类活动的影响.     

典型岩溶区地下河中溶解态脂类生物标志物来源解析及其变化特征

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了青木关地下河中溶解态类脂物的含量.研究了其在地下河中的来源、组成及迁移特征.结果表明,7~11月,各溶解态类脂物的平均含量随着青木关地下河运移距离的增加呈降低趋势,其中以溶解态饱和直链脂肪酸的下降最为显著,即由最初的5 704 ng·L~(-1)下降到1 043 ng·L~(-1),减少了约81.71%.正构烷烃能够较为详尽地指征地下河中溶解性有机质来源,而饱和直链脂肪酸、脂肪醇则对藻类和细菌等微生物有较好的指示意义.随着地下河运移距离增加,有机质输入类型呈现多样化,可能与岩溶地表不均一性有关.正构烷烃三端元图解中,水生植物的输入为地下河中溶解性有机质的主要来源,其次分别为陆地高等植物和藻类、细菌等微生物,但随着地下河运移距离的增加水生植物的相对贡献量逐渐减少.青木关地下河中正构烷烃TAR值对降雨有一定的指示意义,而饱和直链脂肪酸CPI、L/H值则指示细菌降解活动.     

黑碳研究进展

黑碳由生物质和化石燃料不完全燃烧所产生的具有高度热稳定性的含碳物质,广泛存在于土壤、沉积物、大气乃至极地和高山的冰雪中。工业革命以来,人类活动促使大量的黑碳进入到环境中,导致全球黑碳的背景值显著升高。土壤和沉积物中的黑碳有着长时间尺度(约10000yr)的降解周期,在全球碳循环过程中起着部分"汇"的作用。大气和冰雪中的黑碳通过"辐射强迫"作用吸收太阳辐射,促进全球变暖进而影响全球气候变化。目前主要有光学(optical)、热氧化(TO)、化学氧化(CTO)等方法用于黑碳的分离和测试。大气中的黑碳研究一般采用光学法,而土壤和沉积物中的黑碳研究则主要采用化学氧化法。本文全面总结了黑碳在环境中的研究进展,并指出黑碳对全球变暖的贡献是今后黑碳的重要研究方向。     

Utility of semivariogram for spatial variation of soil nutrients and the robust analysis of semivariogram

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＧｅｏｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓｈａｓｐｒｏｖｅｎｕｓｅｆｕｌｆｏｒｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚｉｎｇａｎｄｍａｐｐｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｐａｔｉａｌｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ (Ｗｅｂｓｔｅｒ,1985;Ｔｒａｎｇｍａｒ,1985;Ｇｏｏｖａｅｒｔｓ ,1999) .Ｍｏｓｔｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｇｅｏｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｆｏｃｕｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｄａｔａｏｆａｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｓｍａｌｌｓｐａｔｉａｌｓｃａｌｅ(Ｃｈｉｅｎ ,1997) .Ｔｈｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｇｅｏｓｔａｔ…     

中亚咸海干涸湖床粉尘潜在扩散的时空变异分析

基于1969~2018年再分析气象资料,运用拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道（HYSPLIT）模型,计算了以咸海为中心未来7d的逐日气团轨迹,采用核密度分析法,绘制了5个层次（0~0.5,0.5~1,1~1.5,1.5~2,2~5km·agl）的气团轨迹密度图,分析了咸海干涸湖床粉尘扩散的时空变异.结果显示,粉尘潜在扩散具有季节分异.春、冬季粉尘扩散范围与密度最大,沿东北方向扩散比例分别占61%、35%,最远可达亚洲东部地区,其次是秋季;夏季粉尘扩散以0.5km为界限表现明显的高度差异.随着高度的增加,粉尘潜在扩散的密度逐渐降低.受地形与天气系统的影响,春、夏粉尘扩散呈现向东北,西南方向扩散趋势,秋、冬呈现沿东北方向扩散趋势.有利的天气条件下,咸海干涸湖床粉尘可远距离输送：在近源区沉降,影响乌兹别克斯坦及周边国家,在山区沉降,则可能加速天山雪冰融化.     

A study on the environmental background values in the Mt. Namjagbarwa region, Tibet

A study on the elemental composition of aerosol, water and soil in the Mt. Namjagbarwa region, Tibet, was carried out in the period of 1982 to 1984. Samples of aerosol particles were collected by cascade impactor and analyzed for 10 elements by PIXE. Samples of ice, snow and water were collected and analyzed for trace metals, major cations and anions. The pH values of water were at quasi-neutrality or neutrality, and the hardness of water was low. Contents and physico-chemical composition of 20 elements in the major types of soil were determined by physico-chemical methods. Levels of elements in soil varied with soil type and their parent materials. Contents of some elements were higher in the substratum soil derived from in situ than in the surface soil. The region was in a remote area with negligible pollution and could be considered as a good location for measuring the baskground value of environmental sample.     

长江源区各拉丹冬峰雪冰中微粒季节变化及其环境意义

分析了长江源区各拉丹冬峰冰川区不同海拔采集的3个雪坑SP1、SP2和SP3样品中δ18O、不溶微粒数量浓度及主要离子浓度,以探讨本研究区域雪冰微粒含量变化及其来源.结果显示,不同粒径微粒含量变化趋势一致,3个雪坑中细微粒含量分别占总微粒的88%、78%、86%.中微粒分别占10%、19%、11%;不同粒径微粒数量浓度之间的相关系数均达0.9以上(置信度可达99%),具有良好的相关性.雪冰中不溶微粒浓度同Ca2 、Mg2 、SO2-4一样,具有明显的季节波动.非季风期微粒浓度要高于季风期2～4倍.3个雪坑非季风期微粒通量分别占一个年层雪冰中微粒总通量的73.6%、92.3%、97%,即初春季节沙尘暴对于各拉丹冬雪冰中微粒沉降贡献远大于夏.秋季节.结合NCAR/NCEP再分析资料.应用HYSPLIT-4模式模拟的不同季节5 d后向气团轨迹图表明,各拉丹冬峰冰川I区雪冰中不溶性微粒可能来源于中亚、南亚和青藏高原本身,其中影响最大的可能是青藏高原自身的沙尘源区,同时冰川区裸露基岩对雪冰中不溶微粒含量亦有贡献.     

祁连山典型冰川雪冰主要化学离子特征及其环境意义

基于2011年在祁连山七一冰川和十一冰川采集的雪坑样品和2014年在八一冰川采集的表层雪样品,并结合2006年老虎沟12号冰川的研究成果,通过Pearson相关分析、主成分分析以及HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Practical Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)后向气团轨迹分析各冰川雪冰中主要化学离子特征,并探讨其反映的环境意义.研究表明:①祁连山各冰川雪冰中化学离子总质量浓度序列为七一冰川(31 014.2 μg/L)>十一冰川(17 157.1 μg/L)>老虎沟12号冰川(7 729.6 μg/L)>八一冰川(2 248.1 μg/L),整体上呈中段雪冰化学离子质量浓度大于西段的空间分布特征;各冰川雪冰中SO₄2-和Ca2+均为主要的阴、阳离子,Ca2+、SO₄2-载量在阴、阳离子中均居首位〔ρ(SO₄2-)/ρ(阴离子)为52.7%,ρ(Ca2+)/ρ(阳离子)为68.5%〕,除八一冰川之外的其他三条冰川间化学离子载量变化不大.祁连山冰川雪冰中主要化学离子分布存在显著的区域特征,其含量整体上高于高亚洲的大多数冰川区域,但与青藏高原东北部一些冰川相似,都有含量极高的Ca2+和Mg2+等阳离子.②Pearson相关性和主成分分析结果显示,地表矿物粉尘输入是该区域雪冰中化学离子最主要的来源,Ca2+和Mg2+含量的多寡可以指示地表矿物的输入状况;此外,柴达木盆地盐湖在夏季对Cl-和Na+的贡献较大,但在湖水蒸发较弱的其他季节对雪冰中化学离子的贡献并不显著,夏季ρ(Cl-)/ρ(Na+)在一定程度上可以反映盐湖离子输入的强度,NH₄+和部分NO₃-主要来源于人类活动排放.③HYSPLIT后向气团轨迹反演结果表明,到达祁连山区的大多数气团主要发源于西部,途径沙漠地区,是冰川化学离子输入的主要动力,也有部分季风气团来自印度洋等海域,为冰川区带来大量降水.