黄曲霉A5p1对偶氮染料的降解特性和降解途径

以黄曲霉菌株A5p1为生物材料,研究其脱色染料的广谱性,并选择偶氮染料直接蓝71（DB71）为模型底物,探讨脱色特性及降解产物.该菌株对15种染料的脱色测试结果表明,染料浓度为100mg/L时脱色效率为61.7%~100%.该菌对偶氮染料DB71具有生物吸附和生物降解的双重作用,在pH值7.0,温度30℃,染料浓度300mg/L,蔗糖为碳源时对DB71 脱色率为100%.酶分析显示葡萄糖氧化酶和锰过氧化物酶参与染料的降解.FTIR、GC-MS和LC-MS分析确定代谢终产物为萘胺、叠氮萘、2-羟基-6-草酰-苯甲酸和1-萘酚.     

固定化藻类的生理特征和对染料的脱色能力研究

利用海藻酸钙对蛋白核小球藻进行了固定,比较了固定化藻和悬浮态藻的生长和生理特征,优化了固定条件,利用扫描电子显微镜对藻的形态及其在固定化载体中的分布进行了观察,并对其降解染料能力进行了初步研究.固定化提高了藻的生长和合成代谢活性.选择藻珠粒径为2.5mm,藻初始密度为200×104cell/mL,通入含2%CO2的空气为最佳条件.没通CO2气体的藻在载体中的分裂生长受到限制,藻细胞个体增大,藻在载体中分布不均;通入CO2气体的藻生长和代谢均大大提高,且个体大小恢复正常,藻在载体中分布均匀,对固定化藻降解染料的初步研究表明,固定化藻比悬浮态藻对染料有更佳的降解脱色能力,而通入CO2气体更有利于提高对染料的脱色率.     

高盐度复杂染料废水脱色菌群的降解特性

从天津市市政污泥中筛选出复杂染料脱色菌群,其经16SrDNA基因序列鉴定,主要由Dokdonella（12.26%）、Dyella（10.19%）、Saccharibacteria genera（7.07%）、Rhodobacter（5.80%）、Pseudodoxanthomonas（3.61%）、Flavihumibacter（3.02%）组成.将其用于高盐度复杂染料废水的降解脱色,并研究共代谢基质和各种理化参数对染料废水脱色的影响.结果表明,最佳共代谢基质为葡萄糖和硫酸铵;最佳脱色条件：温度为35℃、pH值为9.0、菌群接种浓度为1.2g/L;在高盐度条件下（50g/L）,菌群能高效脱色复杂染料废水,72h脱色率达到（87.0±2.4）%.经高效液相色谱仪（HP-LC）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）及气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析,甲基橙首先被迅速降解,分散蓝次之,酸性品红的降解较慢;复杂染料的发色基团（-N=N-,-NH_2,-SO₃）和苯环结构被破坏;其降解产物为苯胺、乙酰胺及2-氨基-5-甲基苯甲酸等.     

氮磷比对蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻种间竞争的影响

通过单独培养和共同培养的方法,以Na NO3和KH2PO3为氮源和磷源,研究了氮磷比(4、6、9、10、13、16、22、36和91)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长和种间竞争的影响,并对其作用机制进行了探讨.结果表明:在单独培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻在N/P为4~22时生长适宜,N/P22时生长受抑制,而塔玛亚历山大藻在N/P为4和6时生长适宜,N/P6时生长受抑制;在共同培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻具有竞争优势,而塔玛亚历山大藻的生长受抑制,且N/P为13和16时蛋白核小球藻种群竞争优势最明显;蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的培养滤液对彼此生长均未产生抑制作用,由此推测,两种微藻的种间竞争主要以资源利用性竞争为主.结果可为开发利用饵料藻进行赤潮生物防控提供一些理论依据.     

黄孢原毛平革菌对6种染料的脱色降解

在黄孢原毛平革菌与6种染料的液体静培养体系中,不同浓度的染料均发生脱色降解。共培育30 d时,刚果红、直接冻黄G和活性翠蓝KN－G达到92%～99％的脱色率。10,50,100 mg/L活性翠蓝KN－G,50,100 mg/L金莲橙O与天青蓝A,100 mg/L活性艳蓝KN－R的降解率达70%以上;18个样品中60%的降解率超过50%。生物吸附和生物降解是2个重要过程。研究表明,黄孢原毛平革菌对各种染料类群具有广谱有效的脱色降解能力。      

淡水绿藻的光合碳酸氢盐利用探讨

为了探讨藻类对碳酸氢盐的利用,采用pH漂移实验技术,辅以氧测定技术和抑制剂的抑制实验,研究了斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的光合无机碳摄取速率(PCU)和净光合速率(NPS).结果表明,PCU对pH的曲线上存在明显的转折点(简写为pHTP),在pH超过PHTP后存在第2个PCU峰,求此峰的平均值并以PCUsc表示,可以作为表征藻类碳酸氢盐利用的参数.蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻的PCUBC值分别为269.41和175.98μmol·g-1·h-1它们的平均NPS(pH为4.8～11.0)分别为477.5和495.9ttmol·g-1·h-1.随着碳酸酐酶抑制剂AZ(acetazolamide)浓度的增加,PCUBC减小;当AZ达到1.2mmol·L-1时,蛋白核小球藻的PCUBC减小到0.随AZ浓度增加,蛋白核小球藻PCUBC减小的速度比斜生栅藻的快.AZ和阴离子交换抑制剂DIDS(4,4'-diisothiocyanatoetilbene-2,2'-disuffonic acid)对蛋白核小球藻的PCU和NPS的抑制作用大于斜生删藻.AZ和DIDS对2株藻的PCU的抑制均大于对它们NPS的抑制.2株藻具有高的PCUBC值,都是强碳酸氢盐利用者.     

普通小球藻与DBP的相互作用

实验结果表明,普通小球藻对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)有明显的富集作用,但生物降解作用并不显著,6d的藻富集率和藻降解率分别为42.0%和11.0%。富集量和富集系数在1h达最大,分别为 85.94mg/g.dwc和 4.83 104mL/g。在对实验结果分析的基础上,提出了普通小球藻对DBP的一级降解反应动力学方程:C=1.82e-0.0008t,用此方程计算 DBP浓度与实测值之间的平均相对偏差为1.51%。     

海藻去除水中双偶氮染料机理及重金属离子研究

对铜离子协同海藻使偶氮氯膦Ⅲ染料分子脱色和海藻同时吸附去除五种重金属离子的特性进行了研究。结果表明,海藻对Cu（Ⅱ）、Zn（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）、Cd（Ⅱ）、Hg（Ⅱ）离子的吸附去除受pH和吸附时间的影响较大,在pH＝6～7时,对以上5种金属离子的去除率都在79％以上。适量的铜离子能很好地协同海藻处理水中的偶氮染料,脱色率可达100％;而单独的海藻体系则完全不能吸附偶氮氯膦Ⅲ染料分子。研究了Cu（Ⅱ）协同海藻处理染料的脱色机理。处理染料的海藻的再生性能也很好。     

环境化学

X13 9803134有机化合物动态定量结构一生物降解关系(QSBR)模型研究/戴树桂:(南开大学环境科学系)//环境化学/中科院生态环境研究中心一1998,17(2)一105~113环信X一87 通过分析影响有机物生物降解的墓本因素,指出QSBR模型应综合反映影响有机物生物降解的四个方面:取代化合物的摄入,取代化合物的诱导作用、毒性物质的形成和基础醉的缺乏。在此基础之上给出了动态QSBR的概念模型及方法学基础,并利用其研究了氯代芳香化合物的生物降解性。表2参29X 1 3 9803135偶氮染料定量结构一生物降解关系(QSBR)研究/戴树桂…(南开大学环境科学系)//…     

超声/镁粉体系协同降解活性艳红

研究了超声/镁粉体系对偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B的降解效果,探讨了溶液pH值、声强、镁粉投加量、辐照时间等因素对染料脱色率的影响。结果表明,当溶液pH=3.5,声强=54.3W/cm2,镁粉投加量为2.122g/L时,20mg/L活性艳红溶液在超声辐照48min后脱色率达99.71%。同时探讨了超声波/镁粉体系的协同降解作用。超声波强化镁粉降解的能力主要表现在机械振荡加速了染料向镁粉表面的传质速度;加入镁粉促进超声产生大量·OH,强化了对染料的声化学脱色和降解。超声波/镁粉联用具有显著协同作用,服从动力学一级反应。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.