用纸色谱法测定岩石中铜、铅、锌、钴、镍、汞、镉、铋、银、铁、锰、铬

<正> 纸色谱法是以纸作为载体的一种分离手段,又是一种鉴定方法。在地质地球化学领域内,国内外都有广泛的研究。但在硫化矿床的一些指标元素没有见过系统的用纸色谱法测定的报导,本文试图用纸色谱法将硫化矿床的这些指标元素如铜、锌、铅、汞、银等十二种元素分离开来,并给予鉴定以应用在矿石分析与岩矿鉴定上,本方法简单、快速,既能定性又能定量,在研究成矿规律上有一定的使用价值。     

模拟实验研究煤矿酸性水中Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Al、Cr、As、Pb可溶性金属迁移行为

通过模拟煤矿酸性水环境,对来自2个不同产地的煤系非均质黄铁矿样品进行了不同固液比的淋滤实验,对反应体系物理化学状态以及其中的Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Al、Cr、As、Pb8种元素的释放行为进行了长达312h跟踪检测和对比.结果显示,在2种不同来源的煤系黄铁矿样品反应体系中,Co、Ni、Zn、Cd的释放行为均为持续升高,说明这些元素的释放受体系中物理化学状态的影响相对较小,在液相中具有较高的迁移行为;Al、Cr、As、Pb在不同样品体系中的释放行为差异较大,受到体系pH值、吸附及共沉淀作用等因素的影响,是相对不易迁移的元素.煤矿酸性水环境中元素释放和迁移行为主要受到黄铁矿的氧化还原反应速率、反应体系介质pH值和围岩矿物学性质3个宏观因素控制.     

温度、氨对鲢、鳙、草、鲤鱼的影响

为制定热排放标准的需要,用动态实验和静态实验方法研究了热冲击与氨对鲢、鳙、草、鲤鱼的急性和亚急性效应。结果表明：选择温度与起始致死温度（TL₅₀）值随着驯化温度的升高而增大,鳙鱼对热冲击的反应较敏感。氨对鲢、鳙、鲤鱼的急性毒性（96h）LC₅₀值分别为0.38、0.30、0.66mgNH₃/L（非离解氨）。水温升高5℃,鲤鱼的（96h）LC₅₀。值从0.66mgNH₃/L下降到0.44mgNH₃/L,热冲击明显提高了氨对鲤鱼的毒性。氨对鲤鱼的亚急性毒性结果表明,鳃、肝组织出现了病理改变。以上室内实验结果可作为评价监测热污染水质的科学依据。     

ICP-AES法测定工业废水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As和Hg

本文研究了ICP-AES法测定冶炼工业废水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As和Hg条件.方法操作简便,分析速度快,结果准确.     

吨、公吨、短吨、长吨

吨(ton),重量单位,与公吨(tonne)同。1吨=1公吨=1000公斤(千克)。欧州大陆及不用英语的各国常用。简称t.。 短吨(Short美国常用。1短吨=2000磅(pound)=907.18486公斤。磅为英制重量单位,1磅=453.592338克,简写为1b.。 长吨(long ton),英国常用.1长吨=2240磅=1016.047公斤。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定植物样品中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Hg

采用微波消解法对植物样品(大米、茶叶、白菜、龙眼等)进行消解后,直接用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定其中的铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、铬、砷、汞等8个重金属元素含量,并对大米标准物质GBW10010(GSB-1)和圆白菜标准物质GBW10014(GSB-5)进行了方法准确度验证,结果表明,该方法精密度均小于5%,回收率在89.8%-107.9%之间,可满足日常分析中植物样品的微、痕量重金属元素的检测要求。     

柳州市社会、经济、资源、环境协调发展评价

运用主成分分析法评价了2000～2006年柳州市社会、经济与资源、环境各子系统的综合发展水平,并通过隶属度函数测算社会、经济、资源、环境各系统间的协调发展状况,找出柳州市可持续发展过程中存在的问题。结果表明：近年来柳州市的社会、经济、资源、环境各系统的综合发展水平不断提高、4个系统间的协调发展状况良好,但柳州市的经济结构还不够合理,经济增长方式仍然较粗放,资源利用率和环境保护工作有待进一步提高。最后提出了相应对策。     

苏、浙、皖、闽、湘、鄂、赣7省酸沉降农业危害——农业损失估算

为估算苏、浙、皖、闽、湘、鄂、赣7省由酸沉降造成的农业经济损失,利用野外开顶式熏气装置对水稻、小麦、大麦、棉花、大豆、油菜、番茄、胡萝卜和菜豆9种作物进行模拟酸雨与SO₂的单独处理和复合处理。建立酸雨pH值和SO₂浓度对农作物产量的单一影响模型和复合影响模型,从而推算出自然条件下7省农作物受酸沉降危害的减产量,利用市场价格法估算并分析酸沉降造成的７省农业经济损失。分析表明,酸沉降已对7省的农业生产造成了一定程度的危害,7省主要农作物受酸沉降影响播种面积达991.83万hm²,减产562.41万t,经济损失约合36.99亿元。     

配额、贸易、欧洲风格

为了减轻欧洲钢铁生产商和炼油厂在2012年后国际竞争中的负担,欧盟减排政策制定者通过了为这些企业提供价值100亿欧元的免费排放限额的新决议。     

原子吸收光谱法测定地质物料中的砷、锑、铋、镉、铜、铅、钼、银和锌

<正> 矿床的地球化学勘探是基于对岩石、土壤、沉积物、水和植物中与矿床有关的元素或元素基团的系统测定。这些元素通过物理或化学作用可由原来的分散状态达到异常高的富     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.