近20年天津地区植被变化及其对气候变化的响应

植被与气候变化的相互关系在全球或区域尺度上得到了证明.研究特定地区植被动态变化及其与气候变化的关系,找出影响植被变化的     

农田生态系统服务功能研究进展

农田生态系统是人类社会存在和发展的基础,研究农田生态系统服务功能及其价值评估具有重要的意义.文章综述了国内外有关农田生态系统服务功能及其价值评估的研究进展;提出了农田生态系统服务功能的特点;将其服务功能类型划分为生产功能、生态功能和生活功能.分析了当前研究中存在的问题,如服务功能形成的微观机制及其参数研究欠缺;评价结果不准确;评价指标和方法有待完善等.因此,今后农田生态系统服务功能价值评估研究重点应着重于理论探索和方法完善方面,从农田生态系统微观形成机制入手,开展不同尺度和类型的农田生态系统功能价值评估研究,充分考虑影响其功能价值的因素,改进评估的手段、方法和技术,使评估结果更具可比性和实用性,为合理开发利用农业资源、管理农田生态系统,实现农业的永续发展提供理论依据和技术支持.     

矽卡岩型钼矿尾砂中重金属Mo的淋滤实验研究

运用动态淋滤法实验研究了辽宁葫芦岛地区矽卡岩型辉钼矿浮选法产生的尾矿中重金属钼的淋滤行为(15 ℃和35 ℃,淋溶液pH值4～9).结果表明:淋滤液均呈碱性,钼的质量浓度为7.5～14.2 mg·L-1,淋滤累积质量为54～69 mg,占总钼的12.56%～16.54%;与Pb、Cu和Zn等重金属随酸性排水淋滤迁移不同,钼在碱性环境中具有较强迁移性;尾砂中斜长石和钠长石等矿物因具有较强的产碱能力形成了尾砂内部的碱性环境;尾矿中MoS2和MoO3在碱性环境下转化为MoO42-是迁移的主要机制.pH值为5～9时,淋滤累积质量与pH值正相关.因酸可溶态钼发生溶解,pH值为4淋滤累积质量大于pH值为5时的淋滤累积质量,排水仍为碱性.温度能够加速淋滤速率,35 ℃淋滤液中钼质量浓度比15 ℃的高7%～10%.因此,对该区尾砂应该设置标准尾矿库封存管理,否则将对环境造成严重影响.     

膨润土负载壳聚糖修复土壤镉污染的效果

随着重金属污染土壤日益加剧,污染土壤修复和控制技术的研究越来越迫切.为利用膨润土原位修复土壤镉污染提供理论依据,采用平衡吸附试验研究了Cd2 在膨润土负载壳聚糖上的吸附行为.以90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖为原料,制备了膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂,用于吸附溶液中Cd2 .试验探讨了壳聚糖质量浓度对负载率的影响,结果表明,质量浓度3%的壳聚糖负载量最大,壳聚糖最大负载率达32.6%.吸附Cd2 最佳工艺条件是:壳聚糖与膨润土质量比为1∶20,膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂用量为15 g·L-1,溶液中Cd2 含量不大于200 mg·L-1, pH 值为6～8,吸附平衡时间为8 min,Cd2 去除率为99%.动态吸附Cd2 试验结果表明:质量浓度为 200 mg·L-1的含Cd2 溶液,流速为4～6 m(h-1,经壳聚糖-膨润土吸附剂一次处理后,溶液中Cd2 的残留量为0.7 mg(L-1.     

萘乙酸和Zn对大豆Cd胁迫伤害的缓解效应

为探讨植物生长调节剂对大豆Cd胁迫伤害的缓解效应,采用营养液培养试验方法,研究了喷施萘乙酸(NAA)和加Zn处理对3个Cd胁迫大豆幼苗的影响.结果表明,加Zn和喷施NAA均可降低Cd胁迫大豆幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(PRO)含量,可减轻膜脂的过氧化作用及蛋白质的水解;喷施NAA还可降低Cd胁迫大豆幼苗POD活性,提高硝酸还原酶(NR)活性;加Zn对Cd胁迫大豆幼苗NR活性的降低缺乏抑制作用,但降低沔1101叶片中POD活性,提高湘04-6和特早熟毛豆的POD活性,品种之间表现明显的差异性.     

城市景观河道不同类型驳岸界面微生物生态研究

对某景观河道鹅卵石驳岸、泥岸、石砌驳岸和砼仿木桩驳岸4种类型驳岸的河水/河床界面上覆水质及界面功能微生物生态多样性进行了研究.结果表明:4种驳岸的界面上覆水质以鹅卵石驳岸和泥岸较好,而石砌驳岸和砼仿木桩驳岸较差;界面上覆水和界面泥样的功能微生物菌群数量都以鹅卵石驳岸最多,泥岸次之,砼仿木桩驳岸最少.在鹅卵石驳岸上鹅卵石的堆砌增加了水体与驳岸的接触面积,为微生物提供了更多的生存空间.泥岸对污染物的吸附能力较强,为微生物提供了有利的生存环境,微生物数量较大.     

福建沿海水稻Cd、Pb、Hg等重金属含量变化规律

文章研究了福建沿海重金属高含量的水稻样品的区域分布规律,分析了不同品种的水稻对重金属吸收的差异.以该区10个流域两侧的水稻种植区为研究对象,系统采集了福建沿海水稻样品185件,采用干灰石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法,分析了籽粒中的Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Zn等重金属元素的含量,结果表明其平均值分别为0.005、0.08、0.33、0.17、2.94和14.62 mg·kg-1,显著高于台湾地区稻米的平均含量.对比大米国家食品限制值,有16.8%的样品的Pb超标;有11.4%的样品Cd超标.Hg、As的超标率相对较低,均只为0.5%.Cd、Pb含量高的样品主要集中分布在漳州、福州、福清等工业发达的城市周边地区.不同的水稻品种对重金属的吸收率完全不同,昌优964对Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb表现出高的吸收率,而糯米、803A1527等则表现出对Cd、As、Pb等低的吸收率.这些结果的获得为水稻安全标准评价和品种的优选提供了理论基础.     

基于GIS数字城市规划的应用研究

介绍了GIS在数字城市规划中的应用模式,针对数字城市建立了GIS数据模型、数字城市规划模型、数字城市基本模型、公众参与冲突的协调机制理论模型,在GIS概念的基础上,给出了数字城市的框架与关键技术,并对解决城市规划中的优势进行了分析.该方法表明,GIS技术在城市规划中能起到重要的作用.图2,参5.     

水压力对填石路堤稳定性的影响

基于极限平衡理论和Ordinary方法,采用Geo-slope软件分析了不同临界水位时水压力对高填石路堤稳定性的影响.结果表明:填石路堤稳定性系数随着临界水位的降低而增大.对于干沟高填石路堤,当临界水位低于路肩52 m时,水压力对路堤稳定性的影响可以忽略不计.在最低临界水位时的稳定系数为1.371,满足有关规范的要求.在最高临界水位时,稳定系数为0.921,比低水位时降低了32.8%,路堤的稳定性降低,且稳定系数不能满足有关规范的要求.因此,在进行填石路堤设计或施工时必须考虑水压力对其稳定性的影响,采取相应的工程措施保证路堤安全.     

Two-phase modeling of sediment clouds

A sediment cloud release in stagnant ambient fluid occurs in many engineering applications. Examples include land reclamation and disposal of dredged materials. The detailed modeling of the distinct characteristics of both the solid and fluid phases of the sediment cloud is hitherto unavailable in the literature despite their importance in practice. In this paper, the two-phase mixing characteristics of the sediment cloud are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments were carried out to measure the transient depth penetration and the lateral spread of the sediment cloud and its entrained fluid using the laser induced fluorescence technique, with a range of particle sizes frequently encountered in the field (modeled at laboratory scale). A two-phase model of the sediment cloud that provides detailed predictions of the mixing characteristics of the individual phases is also proposed. The entrained fluid characteristics are solved by an integral model accounting for the buoyancy loss (due to particle separation) in each time step. The flow field induced by the sediment cloud is approximated by a Hill’s spherical vortex centered at the centroid and with the size of the entrained fluid. The particle equation of motion under the effect of the induced flow governs each computational particle. A random walk model using the hydrodynamic diffusion coefficient is used to account for the random fluctuation of particles in the dispersive regime. Overall, the model predictions of the two-phase mixing characteristics are in good agreement with the experimental data for a wide range of release conditions.     

Relationship between sediment texture,species richness and volume of sediment sampled by a grab

This paper discusses the problems involved in obtaining grab samples for direct comparison of the respective benthic fauna, using information from a survey conducted across the South African Continental Shelf below the Benguela Current. Many factors influence the depth of grab penetration into the sediment and, hence, the grab sample volume. One of the most important of these factors is sediment texture. While this fact has been long recognised, most workers have attached little significance to it. It is shown here that an exponential relationship exists between the grab sample volume and sediment texture, until the minimum percentage of silt plus clay that will give a maximum grab sample volume is reached. This relationship only extends to a certain depth, in this case to 280 m. There are more species per unit number of specimens (“species richness”) in association with sand or muddy-sand than with mud. A linear relationship is given between the grab sample volume and species richness between the depths of 280 and 440 m, inclusive.     

A new multisample sediment trap

A sediment trap is described which can be used in open ocean moorings or as a freefloating version. With this sediment trap, 8 successive samples of settled particulate material can be obtained. The collecting interval can be set to any appropriate time period.Contribution No. 186 of the Joint Research Programme 95, Kiel University.     

嗪吡嘧磺隆在土壤和沉积物中的降解

采用室内模拟实验法,测定了嗪吡嘧磺隆在好氧与积水厌气(或厌氧)条件下的土壤降解和水-沉积物降解特性.研究结果表明,嗪吡嘧磺隆在好氧条件下,江西红壤、太湖水稻土、东北黑土中降解速率分别为0.041、0.008、0.004 d-1,积水厌气条件下分别为0.028、0.023、0.005 d-1,不同类型土壤中降解快慢顺序为:江西红壤太湖水稻土东北黑土,在太湖水稻土和东北黑土中积水厌气条件更有利于其降解,且土壤p H值是影响土壤中降解速率的主要因素;水-沉积物降解中,好氧条件下河流与湖泊水-沉积物系统中农药总量的降解速率分别为:0.031、0.032 d-1,厌氧条件下的降解速率分别为0.035、0.041 d-1,湖泊体系的降解速率快于河流体系,厌氧条件下降解速率快于好氧条件,且嗪吡嘧磺隆在水-沉积物体系中主要存在于水体中,系统降解速率主要受水体中的降解速率影响.可见,嗪吡嘧磺隆在中性至碱性土壤中具有较强稳定性,进入水-沉积物系统时主要分布于水体当中,可能会对水体和土壤环境造成一定的污染影响.     

湖泊沉积物对磷酸盐的负吸附研究

分别在高、低两种磷酸盐质量浓度下，研究了6个湖泊沉积物对磷酸盐的负吸附。结果表明，(1)污染严重的湖泊沉积物不仅在上覆水体水质好转时，可能向上覆水体释放磷，即使上覆水体水质没有好转，在一定条件也可能释放；而较为清洁的湖泊沉积物，在上覆水体水质下降时，可能从上覆水体中吸附磷。在水质好转情况下，也可能向上覆水体中释放磷。(2)湖泊沉积物吸附磷酸盐过程中存在负吸附，吸附研究中使用较高质量浓度磷溶液是负吸附现象被掩盖的原因；在吸附研究中不仅要重视负吸附，而且初始磷酸盐质量浓度不能太高。(3)沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附／解吸平衡质量浓度与其有机质、CEC、总氮、总磷以及各形态磷含量均有显著的正相关关系，相比而言。与总磷以及各形态磷含量的相关性最高。污染较为严重的沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附／解吸平衡质量浓度也较高。     

Deoxyribonuclease activity in seawater and sediment

This paper describes a fluorometric method for assaying deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity in natural seawater and sediment. DNase activity was detected in a sea-water sample taken from Tokyo Bay (Japan), and in various sediment samples taken from Suruga, Sagami and Tokyo Bays, and from Aburatsubo Inlet. Much more DNase occurred in seawater in a state bound to suspended particles or microbial cells than dissolved free in seawater. Although viable DNA-hydrolyzing bacteria were found to be widely distributed in seawater and sediment, poor correlation existed between the bacterial population and the intensity of DNase activity in the sediments examined. In addition, intensities of DNase activity in various surface sediments had no apparent correlation with the DNA contents and the sediment types. However, a close correspondence was found between the vertical variation of DNase activities and the gradient of DNA contents and of Eh in the core sediment at Aburatsubo Inlet.     

Effects of intensive mariculture on sediment biochemistry.

The exponential growth of off-shore mariculture that has occurred worldwide over the last 10 years has raised concern about the impact of the waste produced by this industry on the ecological integrity of the sea bottom. Investigations into this potential source of impact on the biochemistry of the sea floor have provided contrasting results, and no compelling explanations for these discrepancies have been provided to date. To quantify the impact of fish-farm activities on the biochemistry of sediments, we have investigated the quantity and biochemical composition of sediment organic matter in four different regions in the temperate-warm Mediterranean Sea: Akrotiri Bay (Cyprus), Sounion Bay (Greece), Pachino Bay (Italy), and the Gulf of Alicante (Spain). In these four study regions, the concentrations of phytopigments, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the sediments were measured, comparing locations receiving wastes from fish farms to control locations in two different habitats: seagrass beds and soft nonvegetated substrates. Downward fluxes were also measured in all of the regions, up to 200 m from the fish farms, to assess the potential spatial extent of the impact. In all four regions, with the exception of seagrass sediments in Spain, the biochemistry of the sediments showed significant differences between the control and fish-farm locations. However, the variables explaining the differences observed varied among the regions and between habitats, suggesting idiosyncratic effects of fish-farm waste on the biochemistry of sediments. These are possibly related to differences in the local physicochemical variables that could explain a significant proportion of the differences seen between the control and fish-farm locations. Biodeposition derived from the fish farms decreased with increasing distance from the fish-farm cages, but with different patterns in the four regions. Our results indicate that quantitative and qualitative changes in the organic loads of the sediments that arise from intensive aquaculture are dependent upon the ecological context and are not predictable only on the basis of fish-farm attributes and hydrodynamic regimes. Therefore, the siting of fish farms should only be allowed after a case-by-case assessment of the ecological context of the region, especially in terms of the organic matter load and its biochemical composition.     

Artificial radionuclides in sediment of the Yenisei River

Releases from the nuclear facility Mining-and-Chemical Combine (MCC) located at Zheleznogorsk have contributed to the radionuclide contamination of the Yenisei River since operations commenced in 1958. The aim of this study was to assess the activity concentrations of artificial radionuclides and the strength of their binding in Yenisei River sediments. Investigation of Yenisei River sediment samples revealed the presence of artificial radionuclides typical of the MCC radioactive discharge: namely, isotopes of europium, caesium, ⁶⁰Co and transuranium elements. The concentrations of artificial radionuclides in the sediment layers remain relatively high as far as 200 km downstream of the MCC. In sediment cores collected upstream of the MCC, γ-spectrometric measurements registered only one artificial radionuclide, ¹³⁷Cs, with a maximal activity of 8 Bq·kg^?1. Sequential extraction performed on samples of the upper layers of the sediment core showed different degrees of potential environmental availability for artificial radionuclides: the highest was recorded for ²⁴¹Am and ¹⁵²Eu (up to 85% of initial activity), followed by ⁶⁰Co (up to 32%), and finally, ¹³⁷Cs (up to 15%). In a few samples, ²⁴¹Am was present in the unextractable form, which may be accounted for by the presence of reactor fuel microparticles.     

The adsorption of PCBs to Yangtse River sediment

The adsorption of six PCB congeners to natural sediments from the Yangtse River was investigated. Experiments were conducted at different PCB concentrations to get the adsorption isotherm for each compound. Analytical determinations were carried out using gas chromato‐graphy with ECD detector. Results showed that the adsorption mechanism of PCBs on Yangtse River sediment fitted the best to the Langmuir adsorption model. It was also found that the adsorption rate decreased as the solubility increased or the octanol‐water partition coefficient decreased for each compound.