闽江水体和生物体中六六六和滴滴涕污染特征和来源解析

六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)是一类难降解的环境污染物,可在生物体内蓄积并通过食物链传递,对生态环境及人体健康造成严重威胁。以闽江下游河段水体(壁头到草霞洲)和14种生物体为研究对象,使用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)测量了其HCHs和DDTs残留量,并进行了组成特征和来源分析。结果表明:该河段水体∑HCHs和∑DDTs质量浓度范围分别为1.031~1.804和0.767~1.156 ng·L~(-1),低于国家《地表水环境质量标准》,且壁头高于草霞洲。两个采样点∑HCHs浓度表现为表层水高于深层水,溶解相高于颗粒相;∑DDTs浓度表现为表层水低于深层水,颗粒相高于溶解相。生物体中,HCHs质量分数为0.725~5.574 ng·g~(-1),以β-HCH为主,占27.8%~62.6%;DDTs质量分数为2.266~9.189 ng·g~(-1),以p,p'-DDT为主,占14.9%~43.6%。闽江生物体中残留量和生物富集系数DDTs高于HCHs,且均是鱼类蟹类沼虾类。其中,白条钝鰕虎鱼最大,白鲫鱼最低。HCHs和DDTs组成特征表明,闽江水体和生物体中α-HCH/γ-HCH比值分别为0.891~1.104和0.416~3.871,低于工业HCHs中α-HCH/γ-HCH比值,说明闽江HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用;而闽江水体和生物体中o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT比值分别为0.434~0.739和0.396~1.543,高于工业DDTs中o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT比值,说明闽江DDTs主要来源于历史残留,且可能存在三氯杀螨醇的输入。虽然闽江水体和生物体中HCHs和DDTs残留量相对较低,但由于其具有高生物富集性等特征,仍需对其加强监测,以保证闽江流域环境及水产品安全。     

施用尿素和硫酸铵对红壤硝化和酸化作用的影响

通过室内恒温培养试验,研究施用CO(NH2)2和(NH4)2SO4对初始pH值分别为5.14、4.77和4.34的红壤酸化速率和硝化速率的影响。结果表明,施用CO(NH2)2显著增加了3种红壤的硝化速率,从而显著加速土壤酸化。培养结束时,3种红壤pH值较培养过程中最高值分别下降2.14、1.23和0.56。施用(NH4)2SO4抑制了初始pH<5.0的2种红壤的硝化作用,从而显著降低这2种红壤的硝化速率和酸化速率,但显著增加了初始pH>5.0红壤的硝化速率,对其酸化速率则未见显著影响。3种红壤的酸化速率与硝化速率间存在显著线性相关关系。硝化作用是导致农田红壤pH值下降的主要原因之一,但不同氮肥对红壤硝化速率和酸化速率的影响不同。     

联苯菊酯在棉花和土壤中的残留和降解行为研究

为了评价为联苯菊酯在棉花上使用的安全性,于2010—2011年在济南、杭州两地采用田间试验和气相分析方法研究了联苯菊酯在棉叶、棉籽及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。联苯菊酯在棉叶和土壤中的降解行为均符合一级降解动力学方程,其降解半衰期分别为4.2-6.7、10.6-16.0 d。联苯菊酯在棉籽和土壤中的最终残留质量分数均小于最低检出限0.01 mg.kg-1,低于联苯菊酯在棉花上的最高残留限量（MRL）0.5 mg.kg-1。建议10%联苯菊酯可溶液剂防治棉花蚜虫,用药次数1-2次,使用剂量是9-18 aig.hm-2,在棉花上的安全间隔期14 d。     

酸雨和降尘对菜青虫生长和取食行为的影响

通过室内模拟试验探讨了酸雨、降尖及其复合污染对菜青虫生长发育和取食行为的影响。结果表明，直接处理对菜青虫有明显的抑制作用，而间接处理则有促进作用。试验发现，在受污染的植物体内有糖分与蛋白质积累现象，这是造成虫害加重的主要原因之一。     

HRGC-HRMS测定卧龙高海拔地区冰雪和水中OCPs和PCBs

由于持久性有机污染物(POPs)可进行大气远程迁移,在一些看来是清洁的边远地区也能被检出.季风可将它们携带到气候较寒冷的地区,在那里它们冷凝下来并被捕集.在冰雪中直至春季融雪时被重新释放到生态系统中,发生所谓的"冷凝结"积聚过程.     

饲料中重金属和抗生素对土壤和蔬菜的影响

长期施用规模养殖场猪粪和未施猪粪土壤调查结果表明.施猪粪土壤及蔬菜(韭菜、青菜、芹菜、萝卜)中铜、锌、砷含量均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).土壤中铜、锌、砷含量最高分别为对照组的11倍、5倍和2倍,蔬菜中铜、锌含量最高均为对照组的4倍,砷为对照组的3倍;施猪粪土壤中铜超标最高达133.98%.锌为52.05%,砷为12.04%;施猪粪蔬菜锌超标最高达117%;在施用粪肥的土壤和非菜根中检测出土霉素和金霉素,对照组中则未检出.     

顺式和反式氯丹在家鸡体内的分布和转运

通过工业氯丹口服暴露实验,研究了顺式氯丹(CC)和反式氯丹(TC)在家鸡体内的吸收、代谢、排泄和在各个器官组织内富集的动态过程.分别测定了未暴露个体和一次性暴露后60、120、160、200、300、500、1000和2000min时脑、肝、肠、肌肉、皮、脂肪等组织和器官样品以及胃部和肠道残余物、排泄物中的氯丹含量.研究发现,暴露2000min后,95%以上的氯丹通过代谢途径被消除,只有少量氯丹通过排泄方式被消除;体内氯丹的消除满足一级反应动力学.研究还发现,在代谢过程中,反式氯丹快于顺式氯丹.另外,在吸收和代谢的过程中,有明显的手性特征,(+)-CC和(-)-TC更易被消除,但各个器官组织存在明显差异.     

丁草胺和乙草胺对蚯蚓CAT和SOD活性的影响

研究土壤中丁草胺和乙草胺对蚯蚓抗氧化酶系CAT和SOD的影响.结果表明,随着暴露时间的延长,蚯蚓体组织的CAT和SOD活性先增大后降低,与对照相比,蚯蚓CAT和SOD活性表现为低浓度诱导和高浓度抑制;在一定暴露时间内,随着丁草胺和乙草胺浓度的增加,CAT和SOD活性呈抛物线型剂量-效应相关关系;丁草胺和乙草胺暴露浓度与蚯蚓CAT和SOD活性均呈现出抛物线型暴露时间-胁迫效应的相关关系.不同酶对毒性效应的响应域值不同,其敏感性大小为:SOD>CAT.根据两个指标对污染物浓度响应域值的不同,建立剂量-效应关系与时间-效应关系.     

高光和低光下木本植物形态和生理可塑性响应

光资源的时空异质性普遍存在.为了提高光利用效率或有效避免强光的伤害,植物通常采取多种调节措施.植物适应林下异质、多变的环境过程中,表型的可塑性是非常关键的.植物表型可塑性与其环境异质性密不可分.植物通过生长变化、生物量分配、光合器官结构调整、叶氮分配、抗氧化防御系统、热耗散机制,以及长期的表型可塑性来增大截取光资源的潜力和实际光资源利用效率,同时也为自身提供了一种有效的保护机制.大量实验证明,阳生植物比阴生植物表现出较大的表型可塑性,且其可塑性方式存在差异.本文主要阐述了植物对高光和低光条件的形态和生理可塑性适应,为了解植物在极端光照条件下生存与繁殖提供参考.大量的人工模拟与自然光照实验有待进行来阐明植物对自然光照条件的适应,为植被恢复和重建提供参考和依据.参96     

蛋白质和磷酸水解酶在废水处理系统中的活性和作用

通过分析亮氨酸氨基肽酶和碱性磷酸酶,研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧废水处理系统中蛋白质和磷酸水解酶的活性及其作用.结果表明,亮氨酸氨基肽酶存在缺氧和好氧池中的活性分别达19.2 цmol L-1 h-1和21.6 ц mol L-1 h-1;而碱性磷酸酶在厌氧池中占主导地位,平均活性达32.5 ц mol L-1,h-1,好氧池中的活性只有厌氧池的一半,缺氧池中的酶活性最小.动力学研究得到,厌氧条件碱性磷酸酶的最大反应速度v 为778.42 ц mol L-1 h-1,是亮氨酸氨基肽酶Vmax值的一百倍以上;亮氨酸氨基肽酶的Vmax值在厌氧、缺氧、好氧池中依次增大.此外,外加的NO2-、NO3-离子对亮氨酸氨基肽,酶和P043-离子对碱性磷酸酶的活性均有不同程度的促进作用,只有浓度为50 mg/L的P043-对碱性磷酸酶有显著的抑制.     

Wildlife and coal development: An overview

This paper briefly reviews the changes which have occurred in the past three hundred years in the public's attitudes toward our Nation's natural resources, particularly the wildlife resources. It discusses how these changing attitudes have contributed to today's surface coal mine reclamation laws which require that the disturbed land be restored to a level of productivity equal to or greater than that which occurred before mining. This paper stresses the need to manage each reclamation site on an ecosystem basis, recognizing the interrelationships of all the resource components. This paper emphasizes both the fundamental importance of the holistic approach to mine site reclamation and the responsibility that the wildlife biologist has to see to it that wildlife habitat considerations are incorporated into each phase of the reclamation plan. Brief management considerations are given to three unique reclamation habitat types; riparian, agriculture and forest.     

Surface coal mining hydrology

A physical-process approach to the planning and design of stable mine drainage systems is presented. Various source control measures useful for minimizing water pollution associated with mining activities are discussed, along with guidelines for selection of appropriate measures considering site-specific conditions. Source control measures discussed include surface protection, mechanical treatment, detention and filtering structures, and water diversion structures. Flow charts depicting design procedures for surface protection measures and diversion channels are included. An overview of dynamic equilibrium concepts applicable to diversion channel design in sandy soils is also presented. Different types of sediment ponds, design considerations, and basic design concepts are introduced in a section pertaining to treatment measures. Reference documents providing detailed design guidelines and methodologies are cited in discussions of the different control measures.     

Land reclamation and strip-mined coal production in appalachia

This study quantifies the short-run impacts of reclamation on strip mining costs, coal prices, production, and employment in Appalachia. A process analysis model is developed and used to estimate short-run strip-mined coal supply functions under conditions of alternative reclamation requirements. Then, an econometric model is developed and used to estimate coal demand relations. Our results show that full reclamation has rather minor impacts. In 1972, full reclamation would have increased strip-mined coal production costs an average of $0.35 per ton, reduced strip-mined coal production by 10 million tons, and cost approximately 1600 jobs in Appalachia.     

Laboratory weathering studies of coal refuse

Coal refuse samples from Staunton, Illinois, were continuously leached in soxhlet extractors at 97, 65, 55 and 45°C for up to 192 hr. An identical refuse sample was leached once a week for 11 weeks using a humidity cell at approximately 25°C. Leachate collected from the soxhlet and humidity cell apparatus was analysed for pH, EC, SO₄, Fe, Mn, Al and total acidity.The data indicate that concentrations of SO₄, Fe and Mn increased rapidly as the leaching temperature in the soxhlets increased. Soxhlet extractors removed virtually all soluble Fe and Mn species within 64 hr of leaching. A comparison of the leachate characteristics of the low-temperature soxhlet and humidity cell showed that the soxhlet removed 50% more total Fe and SO₄ for the complete leaching cycle. Pyrite oxidation in the soxhlet extractors was observed near the end of the extraction sequence, but pyrite oxidation in the humidity cell was masked by the release of soluble iron sulphates. Thus, the origin of leachate acidity in the humidity cell could not be distinguished between the soluble mineral phase and the acidity resulting from the oxidation of pyritie minerals.The results of this experiment suggests that the use of the soxhlet extractor for leaching coal refuse may produce a faster and more accurate representation of water quality impacts than would the use of the humidity cell. Long-term leaching studies must be completed to further clarify the role of both these leaching methods for predicting water quality impacts.Contribution of the Land Reclamation Program at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌对煤炭脱硫影响的研究

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)广泛应用于湿法冶金和煤炭脱硫。不同的实验条件对煤炭脱硫效率的影响很大。以QXS菌株为实验对象,分别考查了处理时间、初始pH、煤样粒度、煤浆质量分数等因素对煤炭脱硫效率的影响,结果表明:处理时间达到10d后,全硫脱除率达到65%且不再继续增加;初始pH的影响符合钟罩形曲线,最佳pH条件为2.0左右;伴随煤样粒度和煤浆质量分数的增加,脱硫的效果均呈现减弱趋势。此外,对具有不同Fe2 氧化能力的菌株的脱硫能力进行了对比分析,结果表明它们的脱硫效率与Fe2 氧化能力呈正相关。采用QXS菌株,煤浆质量分数为20%,煤样粒度为200目(<0.074mm),初始pH为2.0,温度30℃,摇床转速为175r/min,接种量为1010～1011·g-1时,10d后煤炭的全硫脱除效率可达65.1%。     

Ecosystem development and natural succession in surface coal mine reclamation

Biotic and abiotic factors involved in surface coal mine reclamation were evaluated on 81 mine sites in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, USA. Soil moisture and organic content were the two most important factors in determining the establishment and growth of vegetation on mined lands. Soil bacteria and fungi populations were also related to these soil conditions, and soil micro-organisms were important in the decomposition of organic materials as well as factors in the rate and type of natural succession occurring on these lands. The succession of native plant species increases the density and stability of plant communities on mined lands. The importance of natural succession in mined-land reclamation and the use of these lands by wildlife is discussed.Supported by Grant-In-Aid, Natural Geographic Society.     

Low sulfur coal a revision of reserve and supply estimates

Conventionally, the definition of low sulfur coal, on which traditional reserve and supply estimates are based, depends only on the weight of sulfur in a ton of coal. The Btu content of coal is not considered. However, coal purchases and SO₂ regulations are based on Btu content. A recalculation of reserve estimates of low sulfur coal on a utility average Btu basis reduces traditional U. S. estimates by over 75% and Western estimates by almost 85%. When calculated on a Btu basis, maximizing low sulfur coal production results in a supply shortage by 1985. The data revisions are significant for both energy policy planning and air pollution control.     

Ecological and human health risk aspects of burning arsenic-rich coal

The subject of the study was the ecological and human health consequences of environmental pollution from emissions arising from burning local coal with an arsenic content ranging from 900 to 1,500 g/tonne of dry substance. The first indication of environmental pollution by arsenic-containing emissions was the mass extinction of honeybee colonies. The neurotoxic and carcinogenic aspects of arsenic exposure were followed. On using a group diagnostics approach, significant hearing losses were detected in exposed children in both air and bone conduction audiometry at high frequency range (4,000 and 8,000 Hz, respectively). Exposure assessment of the local population of the Prievidza district, Central Slovakia, was based on biological monitoring. The criterion of higher exposure was arsenic content in hair exceeding concentrations of 3 μg/g of hair. In a 7.5-km radius of the exposed region, live about two-tenths of the district population who were considered as “exposed” and rest of the district served as the “reference” population. The subject of our analysis was a database of 1,503 non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cases (756 in men and 747 in women) collected from 1977 to 1996 in the Prievidza district, Central Slovakia (population ~125,000). The age standardized incidence of NMSC (each confirmed by histological examination) in non-occupational settings ranged from 45.9 to 93.9 in men and from 34.6 to 81.4 in women. Analysis of our data demonstrates a positive correlation between human cumulative exposure to arsenic and incidence of NMSC.     

Leaching of trace and major elements from coal ash dumps

Coal ash samples taken from an active, currently filled cassette as well as samples taken from passive cassettes of the power plant in Obrenovac (Yugoslavia) were subjected to sequential leaching, comprising of extraction with distilled water, 1 M KC1 and 0.1 M HC1. Concentrations of trace and major elements found in extracts revealed that lead and cadmium are not present in significant concentrations, while other elements show different behavior: practically all absorbed trace elements and most of the major elements are partially leached during transport, while later, on the dump, only a slow release of most of the examined ion‐exchangeable elements occurs.     

Enhanced methane hydrate storage using sodium dodecyl sulfate and coal

A potential solution to reduce global warming is to store greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gas storage has been recently improved using several materials and techniques. However, the actual storage capacity is slow, limited, and costly. Here, we tested the use of an accelerating agent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and coal to produce methane hydrate for methane storage. Experiments of storing methane gas in coal samples have been carried out under high pressures, 4 or 6 MPa, and low temperature of 273.15 K. Results reveal that sodium dodecyl sulfate improved the rate up to 58.26 cm³/min and the capacity up to 179.97 volume at standard temperature and pressure per unit volume of coal. This finding shows that sodium dodecyl sulfate is efficient to accelerate the formation of methane hydrate. We also found that storage capacity increased with pressure. We conclude that our method allows a gas storage capacity higher than any other medium materials reported previously.