磷钼杂多化合物脱除H2S回收硫磺反应机理研究

综合运用离子选择电极分析、微分量热分析与能谱分析等手段对磷钼杂多酸钠盐与硫化氢的反应机理进行了研究。发现：1）磷钼酸钠体系在脱硫过程中具有稳定的化学性能，硫产物中基本不含Mo,V的物相；2）脱硫过程中，复配体系磷钼酸钠与偏钒酸钠独立作用，两者之间不存在协同效应；3）磷钼酸钠吸收H2S过程的化学反应式为：H2S Na3PMo( Ⅵ）12O40→S↓＋Na3H2PMo(Ⅵ)10Mo(Ⅴ)2O40。即在磷钼酸钠分子中有2个Mo(Ⅵ)被还原成Mo(Ⅴ)，因此，相同摩尔浓度下，磷钼酸钠的饱和硫容量是螯合铁的两倍。     

过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系对2-氯乙基乙基硫醚的降解机理与动力学研究

研究了不同温度下过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系和单一过碳酸钠对芥子气模拟剂2-氯乙基乙基硫醚（2-CEES）降解动力学规律,建立了相应的反应速率方程;利用液质联用技术分析了降解产物,并利用顺磁共振技术检测了过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系产生的活性成分,推测了反应机理.结果表明,两种体系对2-CEES降解反应均为一级反应,过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体...     

养分(磷)吸收机理模型的应用研究──Ⅱ.模型参数的敏感性分析

采用Claassen的养分吸收机理模型探讨了玉米与大豆幼苗磷吸收过程中的参数敏感性，结果表明：在一般土壤与施肥条件下，玉米与大豆幼苗吸收磷的高度敏感性参数或重要限制因素为根系伸长速率与根半径；在相同土壤供磷条件下，供试大豆幼苗根系的磷摄取能力远低于玉米幼苗根系的磷摄取能力，其原因归结于两者在根系最大养分流Imax与根系伸长速率K两个敏感性参数上的差异；玉米与大豆幼苗磷吸收过程中三种根毛参数的敏感性均较低，这主要与土壤供磷水平较高有关；土壤含水量在玉米幼苗磷吸收过程中表现了极高的敏感性,当土壤含水量降低时，土壤养分供应参数对玉米幼苗磷吸收的敏感性与限制作用均增大。     

四种不同生态系统的土壤解磷细菌数量及种群分布

通过分析农田、林地、草地和菜地土壤有机磷细菌和无机磷细菌的数量及种群结构，发现有机磷细菌数量比无机磷细菌多；有机磷细菌主要是芽孢杆菌属，其次是假单胞菌属；而无机磷细菌主要是假单胞菌属。菜地土壤解磷细菌的数量和种类最多。不同的细菌解磷能力差异很大，其解磷能力与培养介质的ｐＨ值有一定的关系；许多菌株在进一步的纯化过程中失去了解磷能力。     

玉米自交系吸收利用磷素的差异及其相关性

大田选取11份玉米自交系，在两个供磷水平下研究了玉米自交系籽粒产量基因型差异及吸收效率、利用效率与磷效率的相关关系。试验结果表明：在磷胁迫的条件下，不同玉米自交系不仅产量存在较大的差异，而且对磷的响应度也不相同，产量最高的基因型中宗2号为最低的忻9005的5．15倍，将这些品种在二磷水平下以产量进行磷效率双向划分可以分为4种类型：双高效型(太411、KH12、58、中宗2号)；高磷高效型(187)；低磷高效型(冀257)；双低效型(478、冀35、XL12、忻9005、H21)，成熟期吸收、利用效率与磷效率的关系表明，在同一供磷条件下，11份自交系吸收、利用效率均有显著的差异，在两个供磷水平下，吸收效率与磷效率存在显著的正相关关系，而利用效率仅在高磷条件下与磷效率存在正相关性，表明在低磷水平下，成熟期磷效率主要由吸收效率决定，在高磷水平下，磷效率是吸收效率和利用效率共同作用的结果。图2表1参7。     

铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对铁磷复合物中铁、磷释放规律的影响

中国南方红壤中的磷素大多以铁磷复合物的形式被固定于土壤中,磷的利用率较低。通过向土壤中添加以S.oneidensis MR~(-1)为主的生物肥料,促进土壤磷的释放,减少外源磷肥的输入,以期达到保护环境和资源节约的目的。采用室内模拟试验,在纯化学培养的条件下,采用接种S.oneidensis MR~(-1)的厌氧体系进行培养,分别以磷吸附态的水铁矿(水铁矿-磷)、磷吸附态的针铁矿(针铁矿-磷)和磷酸铁(FePO_(4-)磷)作为体系唯一的磷素和Fe(Ⅲ)来源,3种磷均为土壤中铁磷复合物的组成成分。结果表明,S.oneidensis MR~(-1)对3种铁磷复合物中的Fe(Ⅲ)产生了还原效应并将其还原成Fe(Ⅱ),且Fe(Ⅱ)质量浓度随试验时间延长总体呈先增长后稳定的变化趋势;当3组加入S.oneidensis MR~(-1)的体系Fe(Ⅱ)质量浓度均为最高时,Fe(Ⅱ)平均生成速率表现为:针铁矿(30.44 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1))水铁矿(21.05 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1))磷酸铁(6.62 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1));3组加入S.oneidensis MR~(-1)的体系Fe(Ⅲ)质量浓度与初始质量浓度相比较均发生了改变,在针铁矿-磷-菌体系中Fe(Ⅲ)质量浓度极低,而水铁矿-磷-菌体系和磷酸铁-磷-菌体系中则大量存在Fe(Ⅲ);至试验结束时,磷酸铁-磷-菌体系中总磷质量浓度是初始时的2.3倍,而针铁矿-磷-菌和水铁矿-磷-菌体系的总磷约为初始质量浓度的1/10。因此,S.oneidensis MR~(-1)利用磷酸铁-磷的过程会促进磷的释放,使磷酸铁中磷得以活化,而利用针铁矿-磷和水铁矿-磷的过程则会消耗磷,不会造成磷累积。     

湖泊沉积物对磷酸盐的负吸附研究

分别在高、低两种磷酸盐质量浓度下，研究了6个湖泊沉积物对磷酸盐的负吸附。结果表明，(1)污染严重的湖泊沉积物不仅在上覆水体水质好转时，可能向上覆水体释放磷，即使上覆水体水质没有好转，在一定条件也可能释放；而较为清洁的湖泊沉积物，在上覆水体水质下降时，可能从上覆水体中吸附磷。在水质好转情况下，也可能向上覆水体中释放磷。(2)湖泊沉积物吸附磷酸盐过程中存在负吸附，吸附研究中使用较高质量浓度磷溶液是负吸附现象被掩盖的原因；在吸附研究中不仅要重视负吸附，而且初始磷酸盐质量浓度不能太高。(3)沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附／解吸平衡质量浓度与其有机质、CEC、总氮、总磷以及各形态磷含量均有显著的正相关关系，相比而言。与总磷以及各形态磷含量的相关性最高。污染较为严重的沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附／解吸平衡质量浓度也较高。     

双碱法脱硫技术研究

脱硫过程主要是二氧经硫与氢氧化钠生发化学反应，反应生成物亚硫酸钠溶于水，含亚硫酸钠的脱硫循环水与投加的氢氧化钙反应可生成氢氧化钠和亚硫酸钙。通过沉淀分离可将难溶钙从循环水中清除，氢氧化钠易溶于水可循环使用，脱硫过程中消耗氢氧化钙。达到脱硫效率高，运行费用低的目的。     

再生气氛对CuO/AC脱硫活性的影响

本文考察了不同气氛再生后ＣｕＯ／ＡＣ脱硫剂的二次脱硫活性，并藉借助ＸＲＤ和ＸＰＳ表征技术以及对再生后脱硫剂残硫的分析，探讨了脱硫剂以不同还原剂在不同温度下再生后二次脱硫活性差异的内在原因，结果表明：脱硫剂经Ｈ２再生后二次脱硫活性与初活性相比出现大幅度下降，Ｈ２气氛中添加Ｈ２Ｏ可提高其二次脱硫活性；经ＮＨ３在３００℃再生后二次脱硫活性与初活性相当，两次再生后仍未观察到活性的明显下降，ＮＨ３再生时脱硫     

砂页岩赤红壤磷肥活化效果及其机理研究

应用不同活化剂处理不同性质的磷肥，并对其在砂页岩赤红壤中的生物效应及作用机理进行了研究。结果表明，在砂页岩赤红壤上，施用供试的儿种经活化剂处理的磷肥均能显著提高蔬菜生物量。砂页岩赤红壤中的铁、锰质量分数与磷素的有效性有密切的关系，且在还原条件下，土壤铁、锰对磷的固定作用更大；硅、钙可促进土壤中磷的释放。供试活化剂不仅可促进难溶磷的释放，还可控制水溶性磷的释放，使土壤供磷性能平稳；有机活化剂的用量，用于难溶性磷促释时其质量分数为3％，用于水溶性磷控释时其质量分数约为14％。在土壤-植物体系中，活化剂对磷的促释和控释机理是它通过对土壤铁、锰、铝质量分数的调节而实现对磷的活化。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.