GIS支持下密云水库石匣小流域非点源污染

利用GIS建立石匣小流域非点源污染信息的数据库,分别以SCS方程、USLE方程和污染物迁移为核心,初步建立非点源污染负荷模型。模型的界面设计体现了VB面向对象的程序设计,直接在WINDOWS环境下运行。采用实测资料对SCS法进行修正。USLE方程计算,取得较为理想的结果。     

非点源污染模型研究进展

随着点源污染的有效控制,非点源污染已成为水体污染的主要因素,如何有效地控制和管理非点源污染已成为水环境整治的一项重要任务。而计算机模型是极其有效的流域非点源污染模拟和污染负荷估算的定量化工具,为非点源污染评价、管理和控制提供了可靠依据。文章综述了非点源污染模型的发展概况及其研究不足,并对模型的发展趋势进行了分析和预测。由于非点源污染随机性大、分布范围广、形成机理模糊、管理控制难度大等特点,未来非点源污染的量化模型研究及其与量化模型有关的相应参数研究、模型与GIS集成研究将成为未来研究的主流。     

雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物时空变化特征研究

以雷州半岛为研究区，利用2000-2003年问南渡河与九洲江，以及赤坎水库与鹤地水库的4年常规监测数据，结合实地调查，利用数理统计分析，对雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物及其时空变化规律进行了初步研究。研究发现，河流与水库的水质均是以氮污染为主，水体有富营养化现象发生，同时，两河流在雨季都不同程度受到了非点源污染的影响，而只有赤坎水库明显受到了非点源污染的影响。究其原因，主要是由于土地利用方式的不同在一定程度上决定了雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物质量浓度的时空变化特征。因此，只有合理调整流域和库区的土地利用方式、加强区域的水土流失治理工作，才能有效降低非点源污染所带来的地表水体环境污染问题。     

基于SWAT模型的渭河流域污染控制效果模拟

在实测数据的基础上,利用率定验证后的SWAT模型对渭河流域污染负荷进行模拟计算,并对非点源和点源污染控制措施的模拟效果进行评价。结果表明:非点源污染综合控制措施可较好地削减污染物,且削减效果明显高于单一非点源措施。点源污染控制措施对N、P削减效果较明显,且削减效果随着强度的增加而增强。点源和非点源相结合的污染控制综合方案对流域N、P的削减效果比单一措施效果明显,采取综合措施后2020年渭河流域污染负荷产出均有所下降,且满足"十二五"规划中主要污染物控制目标,说明综合措施治理效果较好,流域水环境质量得到明显提高。     

特定小流域水质模型的选择

根据特定小流域的水文特点和实际要求，建立一个流域综合水质模型，它由三个子模型支持，即：河流水质模型、水库富养营化模型和非点源污染模型。本工作对河流水质模型（ＱＵＡＬ２ＥＵ）加以改进，使之适应Ｗ河的具体情况，并在ＱＵＡＬ２ＥＵ增加了模拟ＣＯＤ、网箱养鱼和底泥泛起的功能。完成了作了水源地的水库地的水库富营养化模型，解决了流域内农业耕作、污水灌溉等造成的非点源污染随降雨径流进入水体过程的模拟和计算，使之     

北运河下游流域典型设施农田非点源污染负荷定量化研究

为定量研究北运河下游流域设施农业非点源污染负荷情况,选择北辰双街大棚葡萄示范园为研究对象,通过对降雨径流污染负荷模型(SCS模型,USLE模型,吸附态N、P污染负荷模型以及溶解态N、P污染负荷模型)和灌溉污染负荷模型(改进的输出系数法模型)进行研究与修正,对径流和灌溉过程进行模拟分析,估算大棚种植区的污染负荷.结果显示,研究区雨季吸附态N、P输出负荷分别为40.98和1.42 kg·a-1,溶解态N、P输出负荷分别为628.77和4.57 kg· a-1,灌溉期TN、TP、NH4+-N和NO3--N输出负荷分别为182.15、2.56、60.49和62.82kg·a-1.示例验证表明所建模型具有较好的模拟效果,可进一步推广应用.     

广州流溪河流域典型农业集水区降雨径流污染物输出特征分析

选取广州市流溪河流域典型农业集水区--新田小流域为研究对象,对研究区降雨地表径流进行定点监测,探讨降雨-径流条件下农业非点源污染物的动态变化规律和不同利用类型的地表景观对非点源污染的贡献情况.结果表明:在降雨事件下,污染物输出浓度总体上高于日常非降雨条件的污染物浓度,T-N、T-P和CODCr的平均输出浓度分别是非降雨条件下的3.8倍、7.8倍和32.1倍;整个降雨-径流过程中,降雨初期是非点源污染物流失的高峰期,污染物浓度变化总体趋势滞后于降雨强度的变化,但与径流量变化趋势总体上相似;从不同地表景观径流产污来看,经生活区的径流CODCr输出浓度显著上升,水田田面径流是引起水体环境N、P污染的主要原因.     

基于清单分析的农业非点源污染控制区划方法

进行农业非点源污染控制区划,识别出污染关键源区,可以提高非点源污染控制成效。通过清单分析定量核算农业非点源污染物(COD、TN、TP)排放量及排放浓度,并以非点源污染敏感性评价和污染类型划分为研究基础,探讨了农业非点源污染控制区划方法,提出了区划原则、分区方法和命名方法。该区划结果可以实现农业非点源污染的分级管理和分类控制。最后,以江苏省的64个县(市、区)作为基本单元(市辖区除外),采用该方法进行了农业非点源污染控制区划。     

非点源污染对人类健康影响的研究进展

社会经济的发展,在使社会得以进步、物质得以丰富的同时,也产生了一系列的工业点源、农业或城市非点源的污染问题,而这些污染对人类健康造成了极大的威胁。尽管非点源污染与人类健康息息相关,但在大多数情况下,人们只考虑污染对环境质量本身的影响,而由非点源污染直接或间接影响到人类健康的问题却没有得到足够的重视。文章综述了目前国内外对非点源污染直接和间接影响人类健康的研究进展,提出了控制非点源污染及减缓它对人类健康影响的对策。。     

平原灌区农田养分非点源污染研究进展

平原灌区作为农业规模化生产的基地,在农业乃至经济社会发展中起到了重要作用,但是随着农业的发展,平原灌区农田非点源污染问题日益严重,研究平原灌区农田非点源污染具有重要意义。文章以平原灌区污染物随水文循环迁移过程为基础对平原灌区养分非点源污染研究进行综述。(1)平原灌区农田非点源污染的主要来源是过量的化肥施用,农药和农膜,秸秆等农作物的降解,牲畜粪便,污水灌溉,灌溉引起的盐渍化以及大气的干湿沉降等;产生及影响因素主要有土壤的理化性质,水分的输入方式和人为管理措施等。(2)降雨径流及灌溉排水条件下污染物在多级渠系中的迁移规律和灌区地表水与地下水的交互耦合作用决定了平原灌区农田非点源污染的输送途径与特征。(3)在监测资料比较缺乏时,采用输出系数法进行负荷估算;在监测资料充足情况下,采用针对灌区特殊的水文特征而改进的经典水文模型对平原灌区农田非点源污染的负荷进行估算。(4)新型肥料、配方施肥、合理的耕作措施及生态沟渠的设置有利于平原灌区农田非点源污染的控制,TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Loads)为平原灌区农田非点源污染控制提供可靠的依据。针对平原灌区非点源污染研究现状,提出了中国开展平原灌区农田非点源污染研究的重点,包括养分污染物在多级沟渠中的迁移,灌区地表与地下水水量水质耦合模型的建立,分级控制单元与TMDL的制定以及多模型结合模拟等,可望在控制农业非点源污染方面起到指导作用。     

Simulating the impacts of land-use changes on non-point source pollution in Lugu Lake watershed

Protection of the water quality of Lugu Lake is important because it is a unique geographic and cultural resource. Not only point source pollution but also non-point source pollution contribute to degradation of water quality. A GIS-NPS model, with long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA), was used to evaluate long-term implications of land-use change impacts on non-point source (NPS) pollution. The land-use patterns of 1995 and 2005 were analysed to determine the changes in Lugu Lake watershed. A 30-year (1974–2003) precipitation dataset was used to estimate mean annual surface runoff and NPS pollutant loads. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed with a unit contribution index (UCI). Results show loss of agricultural land (by 44.9%), while forest, grass/pasture and residential land increased to different degrees from 1995 to 2005. At the same time, annual average NPS pollutants, TN, TP, TSS and BOD loads all decreased, while heavy metal lead increased by 6.87%. The UCI formulated in this research was a more useful method to assess land-use impact on NPS pollutants than simple investigations of the percentage land-use change. Agricultural and residential land changes had more impact on NPS pollutants and were identified as the main source types. Suggestions on regulating land uses and management proposals for protecting lake water quality in Lugu Lake watershed are made.     

Modeling agricultural non-point source pollution in a high-precipitation coastal area of China

Non-point source （NPS） pollution simulation in the high-precipitation coastal areas of China is difficult because varying annual typhoon incidence leads to highly contrasting rainfall patterns in dry years and wet years. An IMPULSE （Integrated Model of Non-point Sources Pollution Processes） based NPS model of the Changtan Reservoir watershed, which is a typical high-precipitation coastal area in China, was established based on the analysis of point and NPS pollution data, a digital elevation model, and data on land-use, soil, meteorology, economy, and agricultural management practice. Pre-processed pre-rain- fall soil moisture levels were introduced during the simulation to model the effects of typhoons on hydrology. Rainfall events were simulated sequentially through the year and the model was calibrated and verified using hydrological and water quality data. Accuracy of the simulated rainfall runoff and water quality in the Changtan watershed was found to be acceptable. The study showed that the NPS modeling system could be applied to the simulation and prediction ofNPS loadings in the Changtan Reservoir watershed.     

农田非点源氮污染研究进展

论述农田生态系统中氮素非点源污染的特征、排放途径和污染方式，两种重要氮素形态(NH4^4-N、NO3^- -N)在土水界面的扩散过程及迁移机理，农田非点源氮迁移过程及其影响因素，由农田氮素造成的非点源污染的污染负荷定量计算方法及评价指标，并指出国内外污染负荷定量模型的优缺点和发展趋势；提出了农田非点源氮污染的控制对策。     

Septic tank and agricultural non‐point source pollution within a rural watershed

This investigation addresses the problem of Non‐Point Source (NPS) pollution in the rural Lake Weatherford watershed in Parker County, Texas. This reservoir is the primary municipal water supply for the City of Weatherford, Texas. The principal method of wastewater disposal is the on‐site system or septic tanks for the small residential areas surrounding the reservoir.

Sources of NPS pollution of interest in this watershed include agricultural operations as well as the residential areas. These sites were identified with the aid of aerial photography and field investigation. Suspected NPS problems were substantiated through a sampling program involving chemical and biological testing of the reservoir. Results indicate that there is significant NPS pollution contamination of Lake Weatherford from agricultural sources and seepage from on‐site wastewater disposal systems. Excessive fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus counts (>500 bacteria/100 ml) were generally associated with rainfall events and several samples showed values > 100000 bacteria/100 ml. The fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratios indicated contamination from human sources, animal sources, and a combination of both. Nutrient concentrations fluctuated from quite low to high with ammonia as the most consistent problem. High ammonia values were also associated with rainfall events.     

Temporal-spatial dynamics of vegetation variation on non-point source nutrient pollution

The temporal-spatial interaction of land cover and non-point source (NPS) nutrient pollution were analyzed with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the temporal-spatial features of NPS nutrient loading in the upper stream of the Yellow River catchment. The corresponding land cover data variance was expressed by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) that was calculated from MODIS images. It was noted that the temporal variation of land cover NDVI was significantly correlated with NPS nutrient loading. The regression analysis indicated that vegetation not only detained NPS nutrient pollution transportation, but also contributed to sustainable loading. The temporal analysis also confirmed that regional NDVI was an effective index for monthly assessment of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus loading. The spatial variations of NPS nutrient loading can be classified with land cover status. The high loadings of NPS nitrogen in high NDVI subbasins indicated that forestry and farmland are the main critical loss areas. Farmland contributed sustainable soluble N, but the loading of soluble and organic N from grassland subbasins was much lower. Most P loading came from the areas covered with dense grassland and forestry, which cannot directly discharge to local water bodies. However, some NPS phosphorus from suburban farmland can directly discharge into adjacent water bodies. The interactions among nutrient loading, NDVI, and slope were also analyzed. This study confirmed that the integration of NPS modeling, geographic information systems, and remote sensing is needed to understand the interactive dynamics of NPS nutrient loading. Understanding the temporal-spatial variation of NPS nutrients and their correlations with land cover will help NPS pollution prevention and water quality management efforts. Therefore, the proposed method for evaluating NPS nutrient loading by land cover NDVI can be an effective tool for pollution evaluation and watersheds planning.     

Evaluating long-term hydrological impacts of regional urbanisation in Hanyang,China, using a GIS model and remote sensing

China has experienced a rapid urbanisation, especially since the 1980s; however, the environmental impacts of this process are not fully investigated. Hanyang (Hubei Province, south China) was selected as a typical case to investigate runoff and non-point source (NPS) pollution impacts of urbanisation. A water quality simulation model (L-THIA) was applied to determine the long-term implications of different degrees of regional urbanisation impacts on NPS pollutants. Land-use patterns in 1987, 1998 and 2003 were analysed to evaluate the temporal variation of urbanisation, and the precipitation dataset from 1975 to 2003 was used to estimate the mean annual runoff and NPS pollutants. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed by the means of a regression model. Results show that urban/impervious lands increased by 30.4% between 1987 and 2003, with the most increase occurring in 1998–2003. Industrial and forestlands have the most and least impact, respectively, on mean annual runoff and NPS pollutants. A combination of L-THIA and the regression model was found to be useful as a decision support tool for regional and urban planning from the perspectives of water quality control.     

Quantification and Index of Non-Point Source Pollution in Taihu Lake Region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory.The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

Quantification and index of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory. The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

Loss coefficient of nitrogenous non-point source pollution under various precipitation conditions

In this study, calibrations of non-point source (NPS) pollution models are performed based on Black River basin historical real-time runoff data, sedimentation record data, and NPS sources survey information. The concept of NPS loss coefficient for the watershed or the loss coefficients (LC) for simplicity is brought up by examining NPS build-up and migration processes along riverbanks in natural river systems. The historical data is used for determining the nitrogenous NPS loss coefficient for five land use types including farmland, urban land, grassland, shrub land, and forest under different precipitation conditions. The comparison of outputs from Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and coefficient export method showed that both methods could obtain reasonable LC. The high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.94722) between those two sets of calculation results justified the consistency of those two models. Another result in the study is that different combinations of precipitation condition and land use types could significantly affect the calculated loss coefficient. As for the adsorptive nitrogen, the order of impact on LC for different land use types can be sorted as: farm land > urban land > grassland > shrub land > forest while the order was farmland > grass land > shrub land > forest s>urban land for soluble nitrogen.