节能视角下的泡沫混凝土外墙厚度选择及分析

该文以泡沫混凝土材料作为外墙自保温材料,结合武汉某住宅建筑实例,借助DeST-h能耗模拟软件,以未保温墙体作为基准模型,通过比较几组不同厚度的自保温墙体,以净现值为评价指标确定了泡沫混凝土自保温墙体的经济厚度;借用minitab16软件的曲线拟合功能,计算分析了泡沫混凝土自保温墙体的最佳经济厚度,为泡沫混凝土作为建筑节能墙体材料进一步发展提供指导性的意见.图2,表3,参7.     

不同状态样品培养下太湖地区黄泥土好气呼吸与CO2产生潜力

土壤呼吸的CO2释放是陆地生态系统快速而活跃的土气交换途径,培养试验常用来讨论土壤的有机碳矿化及其温室气体产生潜力.对太湖地区一个代表性水稻土在水稻收割后采集土壤, 分别进行常规(磨碎土的培养瓶法)和原状土恒温好气培养,测定分析土壤呼吸的CO2释放量,讨论其有机碳矿化与CO2释放潜力.结果表明,该水稻土常规培养CO2呼吸释放速率在CO2-C 12.85 ～ 15.17 mg·kg-1·d-1范围, 而原状土培养CO2呼吸释放速率在CO2-C 2.15 ～ 4.47 mg·kg-1·d-1范围,虽然两者均显著低于文献报道的培养研究结果,但原状土培养下土壤呼吸及CO2产生潜力看起来较大幅度地低于磨碎土常规培养结果,前者与同地区田间监测结果计算的值相当.不但如此,培养中土壤呼吸作用与CO2释放动态格式也发生变化,原状土条件下存在一个较为稳定的低呼吸速率阶段,不同施肥处理下这一阶段的差异十分明显.计算表明,原状土培养下存在微生物潜在可矿化碳的土壤保护作用,这种保护性碳约占土壤有机碳总量的2%左右,较大于Pulleman & Marinissen (2004) 对于草地土壤团聚体有机碳矿化的研究结果.采用磨碎样品的常规培养实验可能会高估水稻土有机碳矿化与CO2释放潜力.     

条浒苔与玉米秸秆热解特性及所制生物炭性质对比

为探讨沿海绿潮藻类浒苔的资源化利用潜力,应用热重-差示扫描量热技术(TG-DSC)对条浒苔(Enteromorpha compressa)和玉米(Zea mays)秸秆的热解特性及其在不同温度下制成的生物炭的性质进行对比。结果表明,条浒苔与玉米秸秆热解特性有较大差异,条浒苔热稳定性较差,热解反应温度低,制备相同热解温度的生物炭需热量较少。对2种材料所制备生物炭的性质分析表明,条浒苔基生物炭的w(碳)为33.47%~37.86%,仅为玉米秸秆基生物炭含量的49.07%~65.41%,其芳香化合程度、比表面积均低于相同热解温度下玉米秸秆基生物炭;但条浒苔基生物炭灰分和氮含量却远高于玉米秸秆基生物炭,分别是玉米秸秆基生物炭的3.83~4.53和6.39~30.33倍。     

玉米秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是大气CO2的重要来源,而我国华北平原玉米秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤呼吸的影响的研究报道较少.该文的研究目的主要在于揭示玉米秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤呼吸的影响,为农作措施对碳循环的影响的研究提供理论依据.覆盖免耕试验结果表明,玉米秸秆覆盖免耕土壤CO2全年平均释放量为13.2 g·m-2·d-1,分别比还翻处理和清翻处理增加8.38％和27.6％.所有测定时间中,除去2007年4月24日外,在其余取样时间里处理之间CO2释放量均呈差异显著.不同处理土壤呼吸均表现出显著的季节性动态变化,7月是全年的呼吸高峰期,覆盖免耕在5月多出一次高峰期.玉米秸秆覆盖免耕全年土壤呼吸的最低峰值比最高峰值降低77.1%,显著高于清茬翻耕和还田翻耕,表明玉米秸秆覆盖免耕土壤呼吸季节性变化较为强烈.     

基于BaPS技术的高山草甸土硝化和反硝化季节变化

应用气压分离(BaPS)技术测定了川西北高山草甸土硝化和反硝化季节动态变化.结果表明:植物生长季节内,土壤总硝化、反硝化和N2O释放率的变化趋势一致,即从6月份(硝化率:N 8.40 mg kg-1 d-1;反硝化率:N 0.48 mg kg-1 d-1;N2O释放率:N 84.48 靏 kg-1 d-1)开始增加,7月份(N 19.36 mg kg-1 d-1;N 0.60 mg kg-1 d-1;N 100.13 靏 kg-1 d-1)达到最大值,然后开始下降,到9月份(N 1.81 mg kg-1 d-1;N 0.24 mg kg-1 d-1;N 40.09 靏 kg-1 d-1)降为最小值.氮素物质基础(NO3--N和NH4 -N)不是影响该高山草甸土硝化和反硝化的主要因素,土壤温度和湿度是该高山草甸土硝化、反硝化作用的主要影响因子.     

高效产H_2O_2气体扩散电极的研究

采用C/PTFE气体扩散电极在无隔膜体系中进行H2O2发生工艺研究,探讨了石墨和Vulcan XC-72碳黑两种碳材料以及电解电压、p H值对该反应过程的影响.结果表明,在较低的空气流量(1.41 cm3·min-1·cm-2)下,以Vulcan XC-72碳黑为表面的气体扩散电极相比石墨电极有较高的H2O2产率和电流效率,碱性条件比酸性条件下H2O2产率和电流效率更好;在2.6 V恒定电压下,2 h后,H2O2浓度达到了250 mg·L-1,电流效率从69.8%降到44.7%,单位产量能耗从5.87 k Wh·kg-1升高到9.16 k Wh·kg-1.     

长期施肥对华北平原农田土壤呼吸及碳平衡的影响

在具有21年历史的长期定位试验地,研究了土壤温度变化、不同施肥处理对土壤释放CO2及小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)、玉米(Zea mays L.)吸收CO2的影响,进而明确在华北平原小麦-玉米轮作制的农田生态系统中碳素平衡问题.研究表明:土壤释放CO2的量与土壤温度呈明显的正相关,相关系数分别达到r=0.717**(5 cm地温)和r=0.764**(10 cm地温).进一步研究表明:在小麦生育期,施氮、磷各处理土壤释放CO2的数量随气温而增加,氮、磷肥配合的各处理与对照和单施氮、磷肥处理之间有显著的差异(P<0.05);但是2个处理组合(氮、磷肥配合、单施氮、磷肥)之内各处理之间差异不显著.土壤温度在10～20℃之间单施氮、磷肥无助于改变土壤释放CO2的量,而氮、磷肥配合施用可以明显地增加土壤释放CO2的量.不施肥与单施氮、磷肥处理麦田土壤呼吸释放的CO2量大于小麦固定的CO2量,向大气净排放的CO2量达0.83～3.73 t hm-2,而氮、磷肥配合处理的麦田从大气中净吸收的CO2量达7.89～12.49 t hm-2.在玉米生育期,土壤释放CO2的量在7月中旬达到最高值(12.40～22.52 g·m-2·d-1),9月中旬降到最低(6.19～8.20 g·m-2·d-1).施用N 540 kg·hm-2·a-1,P2O5 135kg·hm-2·a-1的处理(N2P2)释放的CO2量与施用N 270 kg·hm-2·a-1的处理(N1)之间差异不显著.与其它各处理之间差异显著(P<0.05),表明在玉米生育期长期施用高量氮、磷肥明显地影响到土壤释放CO2的量.玉米不但可以吸收土壤释放的CO2,还要从大气中吸收大量CO2,即在玉米生育期的农田生态系统可以降低大气中CO2的含量.总之,在华北平原小麦一玉米轮作制的农田生态系统土壤呼吸不会增加大气中CO2的含量,相反则有可能减少其含量.     

发酵基质含水率对牛粪好氧堆肥发酵产热的影响

以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料进行好氧堆肥试验,采用氧弹量热法测定发酵产热量,研究堆肥原料不同初始含水率(物料初始含水率w分别为41%、50%、55%、65%和75%)对发酵产热的影响,以及堆肥过程中有机质损失与产热的关系。结果表明,在堆肥第3天各处理(除初始含水率75%处理)温度均达55℃以上,堆肥各处理均表现为前3 d有机质降解最快,热值损失最多。物料初始含水率为41%～65%时,发酵产热量与物料初始含水率呈显著正相关。初始含水率65%对堆肥最有利,有机质损失和总热值变化最大,有机质损失29.18%,总产热量为2 236 kJ.kg-1,若所产热量全部用于去除水分,可以使堆肥物料水分完全去除。     

硅基微/介孔材料吸附二硫化碳(CS_2)的性能

以聚甲基含氢硅氧烷(PMHS)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,在不同的PMHS:TEOS质量比条件下合成了一系列具有微/介孔硅基材料.N2吸/脱附表征显示该材料具有微/介孔双孔分布的结构特征和较高的比表面积,并且随着PMHS:TEOS质量比的变化而变化.其中,当PMHS:TEOS质量比为1:3时硅基微/介孔材料具有最大的比表面积,达到783m·2g-1.XRD表征结果显示,该材料是无定形材料.材料对二硫化碳(CS2)的吸附性能的研究结果表明,PMHS:TEOS质量比为1:3合成的硅基微/介孔材料对CS2的吸附量最大,静态吸附量达到762.76mg·g-1,动态吸附穿透时间达到35min.再生实验表明材料再生性良好,可重复使用。     

添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥氮素转化与氮素损失的影响

采用静态好氧工艺,就不同添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥氨挥发与氮素损失影响方面进行比较试验。试验设4个处理:A0,对照;A1,添加30 mL.kg-1(以干基计,下同)高温保氮菌剂;A2,添加1 mol.kg-1化学保氮剂;A3,同时添加30 mL.kg-1高温保氮菌剂和1 mol.kg-1化学保氮剂。堆肥结束时,与对照相比,A1、A2和A3处理堆肥全氮含量分别提高8.4%、38.4%和43.1%,有机氮含量分别提高9.9%、64.3%和68.8%,氨氮含量分别降低11.3%、86.5%和86.5%,厨余氨氮释放率分别降低13.4%、84.0%和86.5%,堆肥氮损失率分别下降17.5%、61.5%和67.2%。加入添加剂均可减少厨余垃圾堆肥氨挥发,降低堆肥氮损失。单独添加时,化学保氮剂较高温保氮菌剂作用大;但就3种处理比较而言,菌剂与化学药剂联合添加效果最好。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.