几种环境因子对塔玛亚历山大藻（大鹏湾株）生长及其藻？…

在室内条件下研究温度（θ／℃）盐度（ρ／ｇＬ＾－１）及ｐＨ对有毒甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻（大鹏株）的生长及其毒力的影响，实验表明，塔玛亚历山大藻θｏｐｔ为１５－２５℃，最大生长率出现在接种后６－８ｄ；在盐度为１４－３２ｇ／Ｌ范围内，该藻均可生长，盐度２３－２７ｇ／Ｌ时生长最佳；在弱酸弱碱下，该藻可较好生长，ｐＨｏｐｔ＝６－７；用小白鼠法测得本藻株ｃ（ＨＣｌ）＝０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ提液的麻痹性贝毒毒力为０．５     

石油水溶性成分对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育及种群动态的影响

溢油污染对近岸生态系统的平衡与稳定危害极大。本研究以石油水溶性成分(water-accommodated fraction,WAF)为目标,研究其对海洋浮游动物褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育和种群动态变化的影响,以期为阐明或评估海洋溢油污染的潜在威胁提供依据。研究结果表明,(1) WAF抑制褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群增长,随着胁迫时间的延长抑制作用不断增强,呈现显著剂量-毒性效应的正相关,其48、72和96 h的半数有效抑制浓度(EC_(50))分别为5.42、4.81和4.39 mg·L~(-1)。(2)WAF能显著影响褶皱臂尾轮虫的生殖和发育过程,缩短轮虫的平均寿命和生殖周期,使得进入生殖期的时间滞后,个体发育延迟;基于生命表的研究发现,其内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)、净生殖率(R_0)和生命期望(E_0)显著降低,世代周期(T)延长,其中r_m、λ和R_0变化较其他指标明显,可作为灵敏指示褶皱臂尾轮虫响应WAF胁迫的指示指标。     

富营养化对浅水湖泊轮虫种群结构影响研究

石臼湖和固城湖是长江中下游两个浅水湖泊,富营养化问题日益突出。为探索湖泊富营养化对轮虫的影响,于2012年平水期和枯水期对这两个湖泊轮虫种群结构进行了调查,并检测水体理化因子,分析轮虫分布与水环境因子及水体富营养状况的关系。水质检测结果显示,平水期石臼湖除个别点水体综合营养状态指数（TLI）〉50为轻度富营养状态外,大多数站点TLI50,处于轻度-中度富营养化状态。水生生物调查检出轮虫35种,其中石臼湖33种,固城湖27种,平水期种类多于枯水期。出现的轮虫以臂尾轮虫（Brachionus）和异尾轮虫（Trichocerca）居多,优势种主要有螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）、广生多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）、疣毛轮虫（Trichocerca sp.）、沟痕泡轮虫（Pompholyx sulcata）、异尾轮虫属和臂尾轮虫属等。轮虫平均密度3023.19 ind·L-1,平均生物量745.72μg·L-1。现存量季节变动明显,大部分站点平水期大于枯水期。轮虫多样性指数也是平水期大于枯水期,石臼湖轮虫多样性大于固城湖。水体综合营养状态指数（TLI）与轮虫种类数和多样性成显著负相关,随着富营养化加剧,轮虫种类减少,多样性降低。典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA）表明,影响轮虫种群分布的主要环境因子为NH4＋-N、TN、TP和CODMn。按轮虫丰度分布与水环境因子的关系排序,2次调查的24个站点可大致分成3个组。轮虫种群结构受水体富营养状态影响,每组站点的代表性种类对水体营养状态有较好的指示作用。组1的代表性种类为曲腿龟甲轮虫,指示营养级别O-β;组2代表性种类萼花臂尾轮虫,指示的营养级别为β-α;组3以O营养级种类为主。     

高温高饵料密度对萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群休眠卵动态的影响

探讨了在较高温度和饵料密度下实验室小批量培养萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionuscalyciflorus）休眠卵产生的时间及变动规律.结果表明，在本实验条件下，该轮虫高温较低温时休眠卵产生得早；未见饵料密度对休眼卵的产生时间有影响；前期培养于适宜温度和饵料密度条件下的轮虫种群，产生休眠卵的数时大．     

几种环境因子对塔玛亚历山大藻(大鹏湾株)生长及其藻毒力影响

在室内条件下研究了温度 (θ/℃ )、盐度 (ρ/gL-1)及pH对有毒甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻 (大鹏株 )的生长及其毒力的影响 .实验表明 ,塔玛亚历山大藻θopt为 15～ 2 5℃ ,最大生长率出现在接种后 6～ 8d ;在盐度为 14～32g/L范围内 ,该藻均可生长 ,盐度 2 3～ 2 7g/L时生长最佳 ;在弱酸弱碱下 ,该藻可较好生长 ,pHopt=6～ 7;用小白鼠法测得本藻株c(HCl) =0 .1mol/L提液的麻痹性贝毒毒力为 0 .5 0× 10 -5～ 3.2× 10 -5Mu/cell,在同种藻株中属低毒藻株 .与其他作者对本藻株用不同毒素抽提方法及测定技术所得结果的比较表明 ,其藻毒力测定值最大相差达 30倍 .图 3表 2参 17     

4种典型有害赤潮原因种的溶血特性研究

对4种典型赤潮原因种的细胞和培养水中的溶血特性进行了研究.藻种分别是:赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)的两个品系,微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum),东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和微小卡罗藻(Karlodinum micrum).对各藻类的去藻上清液和超声破碎细胞提取液进行了溶血性检测,发现:几种赤潮种对鲫鱼红血细胞的溶血特性具有种间差异,同藻种的细胞与其培养水中的溶血强度存在差异.具体表现为:赤潮异弯藻具有最强的溶血性,去藻上清液的溶血性(60￣100%)远大于超声破碎细胞提取液的溶血性(30￣60%);微小卡罗藻超声破碎细胞提取液的溶血性(70%)大于去藻上清液的溶血性(30%),且是各藻超声破碎细胞提取液溶血性中最强的;东海原甲藻和微小亚历山大藻溶血性较弱,微小亚历山大藻去藻上清液的溶血性(30%)略大于超声破碎细胞提取液的溶血性(10%),东海原甲藻两部分的溶血性差异不显著.赤潮种类及其细胞内外的溶血特性在一定程度上显示了赤潮原因种在赤潮致害过程中的特征.     

不同藻密度下诺氟沙星对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表统计学参数的影响

诺氟沙星是一种被广泛使用的抗生素,但其对轮虫的毒性作用尚不清楚。为调查诺氟沙星对轮虫的毒性及其与藻密度之间的关系,以及各试验终点对诺氟沙星污染的相对敏感性,本文以萼花臂尾轮虫为受试生物,研究了不同斜生栅藻密度(1.0×10~6、2.0×10~6和4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1))下不同浓度(0、5、20、35、50、65和80 mg·L~(-1))的诺氟沙星对其生命表统计学参数的影响。结果显示,与3个藻密度下的对照组相比,暴露于5～80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫生命期望和世代时间显著延长,净生殖率和种群内禀增长率显著提高。5 mg·L~(-1)的诺氟沙星使生命期望和世代时间的延长幅度随着藻密度的升高而增大,但6个处理组的平均提高幅度却随着藻密度的升高而减小; 5 mg·L~(-1)的诺氟沙星对净生殖率和种群内禀增长率的提高幅度随着藻密度的升高而增大,但6个处理组的平均提高幅度却在2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下最小,4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下最大。1.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,诺氟沙星浓度对轮虫后代混交率无显著性影响(P0.05); 2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,暴露于5～35和80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫后代混交率显著降低; 4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,暴露于5、35和80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫后代混交率显著降低。当藻密度为1.0×10~6和2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)时,诺氟沙星浓度与轮虫的生命期望、世代时间、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系;当藻密度为4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)时,诺氟沙星浓度与轮虫的净生殖率和种群内禀增长率之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系。本研究表明,亚致死浓度的诺氟沙星促进轮虫的存活、发育、孤雌生殖和种群增长,促进作用的幅度受藻密度的显著影响。     

不同重金属混合液对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)实验种群增长的影响

为探究重金属复合污染对轮虫种群增长的影响,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,采用析因设计方法设置ρ(Cu2+)为0.001和0.01 mg·L~(-1)、ρ(Zn2+)为0.01和0.1 mg·L~(-1)、ρ(Cd2+)为0.01和0.1mg·L~(-1)、ρ(Cr6+)为0.01和0.1 mg·L~(-1)和ρ(Mn2+)为0.1和1 mg·L~(-1)不同组合的混合液,利用轮虫群体累积培养方法,研究暴露于不同重金属混合液中的轮虫18 d实验种群增长的变化情况,探讨不同处理组对轮虫种群增长率和轮虫最大种群密度的影响。结果显示,重金属混合液组成成分浓度的变化显著影响其对轮虫的毒性,高浓度重金属混合液均显著降低轮虫种群增长率和轮虫最大种群密度。每种重金属离子和其他4种重金属混合液浓度的交互作用均显著影响轮虫种群增长率;Zn2+和其他4种重金属混合液浓度的交互作用显著影响轮虫最大种群密度。轮虫种群增长率对重金属混合物中各组成成分之间的交互作用更加敏感,适合用来监测重金属复合污染对轮虫种群的长期、慢性毒性影响。     

鼠尾藻提取物对亚历山大藻的化感效应

研究不同浓度的鼠尾藻组织蒸馏水及4种不同极性有机溶剂(甲醇、丙酮、乙醚、氯仿)提取物对亚历山大藻的生长抑制作用.结果表明:鼠尾藻组织甲醇提取物对亚历山大藻的生长抑制活性最强,大于3×10-8 mg kg-1浓度作用下亚历山大藻在1 d内完全死亡;鼠尾藻组织蒸馏水抽提物与对照组相比在各个浓度时均能显著抑制亚历山大藻的生长,但即使在最高浓度1.6×10-6mg kg-1下亦对其无致死效应;其他3种有机溶剂提取物对亚历山大藻的生长无明显影响.表明鼠尾藻组织中含有的对亚历山大藻具有抑制作用的活性物质具有较高的极性.对鼠尾藻甲醇提取物进行液液萃取,将其分离为石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和蒸馏水相,并对亚历山大藻进行生物活性检测.结果发现,石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相具有较强的杀藻活性,表明脂肪酸可能是鼠尾藻组织内抑制亚历山大藻生长的克生物质的重要组成成分之一.图3参36     

聚苯乙烯纳米塑料和溴酸盐对萼花臂尾轮虫的联合毒性作用

聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(polystyrene nanoplastics, PSNPs)和溴酸盐(BrO■)广泛存在于水环境中,会对水生生物产生不利影响。为了探究PSNPs和溴酸钠(NaBrO₃)共存条件下对轮虫的联合毒性效应,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,探究了PSNPs(0.001、0.1 mg·L^-1)、NaBrO₃(0.001、0.1 mg·L^-1)以及它们的联合作用对轮虫生命表参数、种群增长、个体及卵大小的影响。PSNPs和NaBrO₃单一及联合暴露显著影响萼花臂尾轮虫的生命表参数,其中,内禀增长率是最为灵敏的参数。0.1 mg·L^-1PSNPs和0.001、0.1 mg·L^-1 NaBrO₃联合暴露使轮虫个体显著减小,0.001 mg·L^-1 PSNPs和0.001、0.1 mg·L^-1 NaBrO₃     

荧光法监测硝普钠释放NO过程及其对微藻生长的影响（Fluorescence Dynamic Monitoring of Nitric Oxide Release Process Following Administration of Sodium Nitroprusside and Its Effect on the Growth of Microalga）

以硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)为一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)供体研究了NO对海洋微藻生长的影响.对不同浓度SNP在海水介质中释放NO的过程进行了监测;对所培养的亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)进行藻密度测定,观测NO对微藻生长的影响.结果表明:5、10和100μmol·L-1的SNP释放NO浓度大约分别为6×10-9、9×10-9和2×10-7mol·L-1左右,而释放时间分别为4、5.5和7.5h.研究表明,NO对不同微藻有明显不同的作用规律:NO持续作用下,对亚心形扁藻的最佳作用浓度在10-8mol·L-1数量级;对赤潮藻中肋骨条藻的最佳作用浓度在10-9mol·L-1数量级;赤潮藻对NO的响应比非赤潮藻更灵敏,NO可能是海洋生态系中微藻生长重要的调节因子.     

米氏凯伦藻对蒙古裸腹溞的毒性及致毒途径分析

米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi Hasen)是一种典型的鱼毒性赤潮藻,近年来在我国频繁爆发,给水产养殖业带了严重的经济损失.在实验室条件下,采用混合培养、隔离培养等手段研究了米氏凯伦藻及不同细胞组分对枝角类蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica)摄食与生存的影响,分析了其致毒途径.结果表明,随着混合...     

Innovative method of culturing bdelloid rotifers for the application of wastewater biological treatment

• An innovative method of culturing bdelloid rotifer fed on flour was proposed. • Rotifer fed on flour grew faster than that fed on bacteria or Chlorella vulgaris. • The optimum mass culture conditions for rotifer fed on flour were investigated. • The cultured rotifer could improve sludge settleability in the SBR. This study aims to establish a simple and efficient method for the mass culture of bdelloid rotifers, which is the basis for the application of bdelloid rotifers as biological manipulators to improve wastewater biological treatment performance. A common bdelloid rotifer, Habrotrocha sp., in a wastewater biological treatment system was selected as the culture target. Rotifers fed on flour could reproduce faster than those fed traditional food such as Chlorella vulgaris or mixed bacteria. As a rotifer food, flour has the advantages of simple preparation, effortless preservation, and low cost compared to live Chlorella vulgaris or mixed bacteria, so it is more suitable for the mass culture of rotifers. The optimal rotifer culture conditions using flour as food were also studied. According to the experimental results, the recommended rotifer culture conditions are a flour particle size of 1 μm, a flour concentration of 6 × 10⁶ cell/mL, a temperature of 28℃, a pH level of 6.5 and salinity of 100–500 mg/L. In addition, the sludge volume index in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with the addition of cultured rotifers was 59.9 mL/g at the end of operation and decreased by 18.2% compared to SBR without rotifer, which indicates that the cultured rotifers still retained the function of helping to improve sludge settling. This function may be related to the rotifer’s role in inhibiting bacteria from producing loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances in the SBR.     

Transfer of the chlorinated hydrocarbon PCB in a laboratory marine food chain

The transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) in a laboratory simulation of a three trophic level marine food chain was studied. The food chain consisted of the algal flagellate Dunaliella sp., the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, and the larva of the Northern anchovy Engraulis mordax. CHC were introduced into the seawater at concentrations representative of near-shore conditions off southern California without the use of dispersing agents. Each trophic level appeared to be in a steady-state at the time of first sampling, 5 days after inoculation. Apparent partition coefficients were calculated for each trophic level. The CHC contamination in the diet of the rotifers and anchovy larvae was also calculated. Unfed anchovy larvae accumulated the same amount of CHC as fed larvae and the final concentration appeared to be dependent on the CHC concentration in the seawater. The data in this report suggest that CHC accumulation is not a food-chain phenomenon but rather the result of direct partitioning of the compounds between the seawater and the test organisms.     

黄磷诱发氧化破坏苯环结构的反应途径

黄磷诱发氧化是一种有效的氧化新技术，对许多结构稳定的污染物有明显去除效果，本文针对四种典型苯基衍生物，初步考察了反应过程中原始物的去向。实验结果表明：因气液相接触条件的不同，苯环的三个双键可同时被打开生成乙酸，并进一步氧化到甲酸；或者只打开一个双键，生成共轭小分子羧酸。     

Cu在扇贝组织中的蓄积及其对酶活性的影响

采用暴露实验方法，研究了不同浓度的Cu（Cu^2＋）对栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）鳃、肌肉、内脏团组织中Cu蓄积量及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响．结果表明：随水体中Cu浓度的升高，扇贝各组织中Cu蓄积量明显上升，Cu蓄积量顺序为：内脏〉鳃〉肌肉．Cu浓度对栉孔扇贝各组织中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均有明显影响，各组织中酶活性均随Cu浓度升高表现为抑制-诱导-抑制的规律．这表明，栉孔扇贝各组织中CAT酶对水体中Cu污染反映敏感，存在计量-效应关系，对海洋Cu早期污染具有指示作用．图2表1参19     

久效磷在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为

研究了久效磷在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为，发现其吸附行为主要受沉积物有机质的影响，沉积物有机质的分配作用对久效磷的吸附起主要作用，在实验浓度范围内，吸附行为很好地服从线性吸附等温式，因而其吸附行为较为简单，海水的离子强度对其吸附行为影响很大，海水中分配系数明显高于淡水，温度对其吸附行为也起一定的作用，分配系数随着温度的升高略微减小。     

Release of phagocytosis-stimulating factor(s) by morula cells in a colonial ascidian

In vitro yeast phagocytosis by haemocytes of the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri was studied, with particular attention to interactions among different immunocyte types. It is demonstrated that the supernatant from haemocyte cultures matched with yeast cells contains factor(s) able to enhance yeast ingestion by Botryllus phagocytes. The increase in phagocytosis is not the consequence of yeast opsonisation, as the phagocytic index does not significantly increase when yeast cells, previously incubated in the culture media, are washed and re-suspended in filtered sea water. When haemocytes were fractionated by density gradient centrifugation and each band was incubated with yeast, the ability to stimulate phagocytosis was found in the supernatants from haemocyte cultures of fractions rich in morula cells (MC). Previous studies have demonstrated that MC express molecules recognised by anti-cytokine antibodies, as a consequence of the recognition of foreign molecules or cells. Our results indicate that molecules immunoreactive with anti-cytokine antibodies are required for modulating phagocyte activity, as the above-reported enhancing effect is completely absent in the presence of anti-IL-1-α and anti-TNF-α, but not of anti-rabbit-IgG antibodies, and they also highlight the presence of ‘cross-talk‘ between MC and phagocytes. A new scenario is therefore sketched, in which MC actively recognise non-self molecular patterns and, upon this recognition, release humoural factor(s) recognised by phagocytes, which modulate phagocytosis.     

Long‐term desorption kinetics of Cu2+from biosorbent in water and seawater

A long‐term study of the desorption kinetics of Cu²⁺from biosorbent materials in water and seawater environments was carried out. The biosorbents were un‐treated and pre‐treated biomass of marine alga Durvillaea potatorum.The pre‐treatment of the biomass was carried out with calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution followed by thermal treatment. The biosorbents were loaded with Cu²⁺in batch adsorption experiments and the desorption kinetics were measured in water and seawater in static batch desorption experiments for a period over 10 months. The physical and structure characteristics of the biosorbents were also examined under a microscope. The un‐treated biosorbent structure completely broke down in 2 and 1 months in water and seawater environments, respectively. The pre‐treatment procedure applied improved the biosorbent stability and its long term desorption rate was extremely low.