两次金汞齐—冷原子吸收光谱法测定雨水中不同形态汞

本文建立了两次金汞齐冷原子吸收光谱法测定雨水样品中总汞及活性汞、次活性汞和惰性汞的方法,该方法的最低检出限为０．５ｎｇ．ｌ＾－１,回收率为９６－１０５％,精密度ＲＳＤ≤５．３％,该方法还可用于其它天然水体中汞的形态测定。     

微絮凝直接纤维过滤处理低浊水试验研究

试验采用自行设计和制作的纤维过滤系统,滤床高１．２ｍ,滤料压密度为７４．４ｇ．ｌ＾－１（化学纤维自然干燥堆密度）,处理水量为２３０Ｌ．ｈ＾１０－４６０Ｌ．ｈ＾－１,以聚合氯化铝（ＰＡＣ）为絮凝剂,结果表明,微絮凝直接纤维过滤对处理低浊水具有明显效果。     

改性绿茶对汞的吸附研究——汞的形态分析

试验了用改性绿茶分离，冷原子吸收光谱法测定无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞的条件。在ｐＨ５的溶液中吸附无机汞，与有机汞分离；在ｐＨ１的溶液中吸附有机汞，然后分别以１．５，３．０和６．０ｍｏｌ·１＾－１盐酸解吸无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞，用冷原子吸收光谱法测定汞，探讨了吸附机理，分析了牡蛎和水样中汞的形态。     

应用固相萃取技术分析全血中阿米替林,多虑平药物

本文用国产大孔径树脂ＧＤＸ－４０３固相柱富集分离全血中的阿米替林、多虑平药物，并用ＧＣ／ＮＰＤ毛细管气相色谱技术进行检测，在１．０ｍｌ全血中加入２．０μｇ药物，回收率分别为８３．６％和３９．７％，ＣＶ值为４．４４％和３．３２％，检出限为２５ｎｇ．ｍｌ＾－１和３０ｎｇ．ｍｌ＾－１。研究结果经动物实验验证，获得满意的结果。     

用化学发光法测定雨水中的氨

本文研究了用ＴＣＰＯ－Ｈ２Ｏ２发光体系对氨进行测定。结果表明，当ｐＨ＝１０．３，ＯＰＡ浓度为１０ｍｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１，氨浓度在０－６ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１时，其浓度和发光强度有良好的线性关系（相关系数为０．９９８），本法的最低检出限为２ｎｇ．ｌ＾－１。可用于实际雨水样品的测定，测定结果还表明：本法具有灵敏度高，精度高，线性范围宽干扰少等优点，适用于大批量分析及连续自动监测分析。     

氨的干沉降速度测定

通过对南昌郊区一片樟树林上空氨浓度的实地监测，用微气象学浓度梯度法计算了氨的干沉降速度，在稳定和中性大气情况下，氨的干沉降速度范围为－０．９６－２．０９ｃｍ．ｓ＾－１，平均值为０．６２ｃｍ．ｓ＾－１。     

大同市空气中多环芳烃与人尿中1—羟基芘的分析

用ＧＣ＾２／ＭＳ和ＨＰＬＣ鉴定出大同市空气中的多环芳烃化合物３５种，对大同市不同功能区空气中苯并（ａ）芘（ＢａＰ）和人尿中１－羟基芘同步采样分析。结果表明，不同功能区ＢａＰ浓度有显著差别：采暖期浓度急剧增加，城区浓度为对照点的１７倍，日均值达３３０ｎｇ／ｍ＾３。人尿中１－羟基芘的浓度与空气中ＢａＰ的浓度显著相关。采暖期城区尿中１－羟基芘的几何均值为１．８６μｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ肌酐，非采暖期为１．１４μ     

O（^1D）与CF2ClBr的反应研究

本文研究了ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ－Ｏ３体系在２５３．７ｎｍ紫外光照下所引发的Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应。Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ反应的最终产物为ＣＦ２Ｏ,Ｃｌ２,Ｂ２ｒ;实验中得到Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应速率常数为１．０１×１０＾－１０ｃｍ＾３·ｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅ＾－１·ｓ＾－１,并且对Ｏ（＾３Ｐ）与ＣＦ２ＬｌＢｒ的反应可能性以及Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应机理进行了讨论。     

高温脱除H2S的Mn—Fe／Al2O3脱硫剂研究

本文在热力学分析的基础上,制备了Ｍｎ－Ｆｅ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３脱硫剂,原料气中Ｈ２Ｓ浓度约为０．３％,空速约为３０００ｈ＾－１,在５５０－６５０℃的反应条件下,进行了脱硫反应实验,当出口Ｈ２Ｓ浓度大于０．０１％时,结束脱硫反应,在７１０℃,２４００ｈ＾－１空速的条件下,用１０．８３％的Ｏ２对脱硫剂进行再生,当出口ＳＯ２浓度低于０．００２％时,结束再生反应。     

阴离子态养分从第四纪红壤中的淋失特征

在实验室条件下，将第四纪红壤进行淋洗试验，旨在研究第四纪红壤中阴离子态养分的含量及其淋失特征。结果表明，第四纪红壤中各种可溶发生 阴离子态养分含量除ＮＯ＾－３和Ｃｌ＾－外，其它都是很低的，６种阴离子在第四纪红壤中的淋失强弱顺序是：Ｃｌ＾－〉ＮＯ＾－３〉Ｈ２ＢＯ＾－３〉ＳＯ＾２－４〉ｍＯｏ＾２－４？〉ｈ２ｐｏ＾－４，而土壤对它们的固定或吸附能力则相反。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.