会仙岩溶湿地丰平枯时期地下水金属元素污染与健康风险

以我国面积最大的亚热带低海拔岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区不同时期（丰水期、平水期和枯水期）地下水27组样品中10种金属元素（Cd、Cr、As、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Hg和Fe）进行测试和分析,分别运用综合污染评价法、多元统计分析及健康风险评价模型揭示了丰平枯时期地下水中10种金属元素的污染特征、分布状况和健康风险.结果表明,研究区地下水中金属元素的平均浓度大小为：Mn > Fe > Zn > Al > Hg > Cr > Cu > Cd > As > Pb,丰水期Mn（1022.00 μg·L^-1）和平水期Hg（42.40 μg·L^-1）最大浓度超过我国相关水质标准限值.据污染评价结果,丰水期地下水中仅Mn污染等级出现Ⅵ,Cd、Al、Zn、Fe污染等级均为Ⅲ,平水期仅Hg污染等级为Ⅵ,仅Al污染等级为Ⅲ.从金属元素超标组分、浓度和污染特征看,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中Zn、Cd、Mn和Al浓度受人类活动影响,时间尺度特征不明显,As、Fe、Cu和Cr浓度即受人类活动影响,又具有一定时间尺度特征,Hg和Pb浓度主要表现为时间尺度特征.据健康风险评价结果,地下水中10种金属元素通过饮用水和皮肤入渗2种途径暴露的人群总健康风险大小为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,Cr通过饮用水途径在丰水期（8.03×10^-5 a^-1和8.76×10^-5 a^-1）、平水期（1.15×10^-4 a^-1和1.26×10^-4 a^-1）和枯水期（8.72×10^-5 a^-1和9.51×10^-5 a^-1）引起的成人和儿童致癌风险均高于5.0×10^-5 a^-1,Cr是引起致癌健康风险的主要金属元素.从饮用水安全角度,饮用前应对会仙岩溶湿地部分地下水中Mn、Hg和Cr进行一定控制.     

漓江流域水体中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解漓江流域水体中重金属污染水平,在2019年5月对漓江干流采集62个表层水样,对水样中As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Hg、Co和Sb这9种重金属的浓度进行了分析检测,运用美国环境保护署（US EPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型对其引起的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,水样中重金属平均浓度顺序为：Mn > Zn > As > Cr > Cu > Sb > Co > Cd > Hg,其均值都未超过《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB 5749-2006）》规定的标准限值,且符合《地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）》Ⅰ类水质标准.从空间分布来看,As、Cr、Zn和Sb的高浓度区主要分布在漓江下游,而Cd、Cu、Hg、Co和Mn高浓度区主要分布在漓江上游.多元统计分析结果显示,Cd、Mn、Cu和Co主要来源于农业生产;Cr、Zn和Sb主要来源于旅游交通运输;As主要来源于岩石风化和土壤侵蚀;Hg主要来源于生活垃圾处置不当和大气沉降.健康风险评价结果表明,儿童比成人更易于受到重金属污染的威胁,化学致癌物重金属通过饮水途径对人体健康危害的平均个人年健康风险远远超过非致癌物的平均个人年健康风险,Cr的平均个人年健康风险最大值大于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受风险水平（5.0×10^-5 a^-1）;非致癌物重金属平均个人年健康风险（10^-14~10^-9 a^-1）呈现出Co > Cu > Hg > Zn > Sb > Mn,均远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受水平.     

2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统营养盐时空分布机制分析

以江苏省常州市长荡湖流域河湖系统为研究对象,基于野外监测与室内分析,探讨了水体氮、磷等营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染突出,河流TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（3.70±0.76）mg ·L^-1、（1.81±0.42）mg ·L^-1、（1.03±0.61）mg ·L^-1、（0.38±0.31）mg ·L^-1、（25.74±37.00）μg ·L^-1和（6.35±0.81）mg ·L^-1.河流总氮污染季节差异明显,表现为冬、春季劣于夏、秋季,河流总磷污染表现为秋、冬季劣于春、夏季,空间差异表现为北 > 西北 > 南 > 东部,河流处于中~高度富营养化状态.湖区TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（2.25±0.94）mg ·L^-1、（0.98±0.47）mg ·L^-1、（0.19±0.14）mg ·L^-1、（0.11±0.03）mg ·L^-1、（18.71±8.76）μg ·L^-1和（4.59±1.09）mg ·L^-1,氮、磷质量浓度均超过Ⅲ类水标准,在空间上表现为从西部向东、南部降低的趋势,湖区处于轻~中度富营养状态.丹金溧漕河、通济河与薛埠河等河流是长荡湖流域河湖水系的主要污染物输送通道,丹金溧漕河干流输送氮、磷年通量最大,约为通济河和薛埠河年通量总和的10~12倍.长荡湖流域河流氮、磷污染同时受到农业面源污染物流失与城镇污水排放的影响.土地利用方式转变和大气沉降是导致长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染加剧的重要驱动因素.     

青岛大气降水中金属浓度、溶解度及其来源解析

利用2020年6月至2021年6月期间在青岛地区采集到的42场降水共计54个样品,分析了雨水中Al、Fe、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cd和V等8种金属元素的浓度、溶解度、来源和影响因素.除Al、Fe和V主要来自自然源外,其余金属元素受自然源和人为源的综合影响,浓度变化较大.其中,常量元素浓度ρ（Al）和ρ（Fe）的平均值为（710.9±969.4）μg·L^-1和（409.1±503）μg·L^-1;微量元素浓度ρ（Zn）、ρ（Ni）、ρ（Cu）、ρ（Pb）、ρ（V）和ρ（Cd）的平均值分别为（71.7±37.9）、（8.9±14.4）、（7.5±8.5）、（1.8±2.3）、（1.6±1.6）和（0.1±0.1）μg·L^-1.金属元素的溶解度特征与浓度不同,微量元素的溶解度普遍高于常量元素,Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的溶解度较高,分别为（44.8±28.2）%、（36.2±28.3）%、（34±28.6）%和（14.1±11.8）%;Al和Fe的溶解度较低,分别为（6.5±11.8）%和（6.1±15.8）%.在连续降水过程中,金属元素的浓度和溶解度变化较复杂.由于Al和Fe在大气气溶胶中本底值较高,从降水初期到降水中期,Al和Fe的浓度平均值没有明显变化,在这8种元素浓度总和中占比增加1%~3%,而微量元素浓度明显下降,Cu和Cd浓度下降约80%.当降雨量>20 mm时,Al和Fe的浓度迅速降低,相较于初期下降约1/3,而此时Zn、Cu和Pb等元素的去除率基本饱和,金属元素总去除率为20%~60%.除Al外,其余元素的溶解度均随降雨量增大而呈现先升后降的趋势,与降水频次、降雨量和金属来源等因素有关.青岛地区降水中的金属元素的来源从高到低依次为二次气溶胶和生物质燃烧（37.28%）、海盐气溶胶（29.21%）、扬尘（17.91%）、船舶及石油工业（8.36%）和汽车尾气排放及其它活动（7.24%）.     

柳江流域饮用水源地重金属污染与健康风险评价

为说明柳江流域饮用水源地的重金属元素含量特征及饮用水水质对人体健康的潜在危害,于2016年1~12月对柳江干流及主要支流的水体进行常规水质指标和Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn等金属元素进行分析检测,并采用美国EPA推荐使用的健康风险评价模型对饮用水源地的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,Cd、As、Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn含量未超过我国地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的限值,Hg含量存在超标.对重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析,其中Cd、Pb、As与Fe可能具有相似的来源,Cu、Cr、Hg、Zn之间污染具有多源性,9种重金属含量与pH值间均不存在显著相关性.柳江流域饮用水源地致癌重金属元素健康风险成人和儿童分别为4.52E-04 a^-1和5.91E-04 a^-1,非致癌健康风险成人和儿童分别为8.96E-09 a^-1和1.14E-08 a^-1.致癌重金属Cr、As、Cd通过饮水途径所造成的人均年健康风险分别表现为Cr > As > Cd,风险值范围为3.58E-06~1.21E-04 a^-1,Cr和As的风险值大于ICRP所推荐的风险水平5.0×10^-5 a^-1.该研究区内重金属元素非致癌健康风险值范围为3.53E-12~2.87E-09 a^-1,均在EPA推荐的可接受水平内,初步认为不会对人体健康产生明显危害.流域主要健康风险来源于致癌物.Cr和As是柳江流域水环境产生健康风险的主要污染物,应当优先列为柳江流域水环境风险管理的主要对象.     

剑湖沉积物、间隙水、鱼体砷汞分布及风险评价

为了解剑湖沉积物、间隙水、鱼体中砷（As）和汞（Hg）含量特征,评价其风险,使用双道原子荧光光度计测定了剑湖表层沉积物、间隙水、鱼体中As和Hg含量,并利用潜在生态风险指数法、目标危险系数法、致癌风险指数等评价了其风险状况.结果表明：①剑湖表层沉积物中As、Hg平均含量分别为（12.62±0.66）mg·kg^-1和（0.050±0.002）mg·kg^-1,As含量呈东高西低的分布特征,Hg含量呈北部高、中南部湖区低的分布特征.剑湖流域内农地对剑湖As含量影响较大,流域煤炭开采与堆积、水泥加工对剑湖Hg含量分布影响较大.②间隙水中As、Hg平均含量分别为（0.64±0.03）μg·L^-1和（0.020±0.001）μg·L^-1,As含量在湖区内呈东高西低的分布特征,Hg含量最高值出现在湖心区.③6种鱼体中As、Hg含量平均值分别为（0.21±0.04）mg·kg^-1和（0.020±0.003）mg·kg^-1,两者分布在食性方面均呈现杂食性>草食性特征,在活动范围上呈底栖 > 中层 > 上层特征.④据相关性分析可知,As、Hg各自在间隙水和表层沉积物中的含量呈显著正相关（r>0.5,p<0.01）,6种鱼体As、Hg含量也呈显著正相关（r=0.92,p<0.05）.⑤沉积物样品中As均为轻微风险,Hg元素除部分样点（19.35%）为中度风险外其余为轻微风险,因此,需要对Hg进行重点防控.剑湖所选食用鱼体目标危险系数值均小于1,表明其不会对人类健康造成潜在非致癌危害;剑湖鱼体As元素存在一定的潜在致癌风险,但尚在人体可接受范围内.     

反硝化除磷污泥聚集体内原位除磷活性及有机物浓度的影响

以SBR系统反硝化除磷污泥为对象,利用氧化还原电位、溶解氧和磷酸盐微电极定量研究了污泥聚集体内除磷菌的原位除磷活性及有机物浓度的影响.结果发现,厌氧初期污泥聚集体内最大净体积释磷速率为3.29mg·（cm³·h）^-1,是缺氧初期最大净体积吸磷速率的3倍左右;厌氧末期释磷速率明显降低,最大净体积释磷速率仅为厌氧初期的一半.在缺氧末期,最大净体积吸磷速率降至0.14mg·（cm³·h）^-1,且在1800 μm以下深层区域发生了"二次释磷"现象.随着COD浓度由350 mg·L^-1降至250 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1,反硝化除磷菌的最大净体积释磷速率由3.27 mg·（cm³·h）^-1降至2.44 mg·（cm³·h）^-1和2.01 mg·（cm³·h）^-1,且快速吸磷区域整体向污泥聚集体表层收窄.     

华北平原典型城市(石家庄)地下水重金属污染源解析与健康风险评价

地下水重金属污染已引起全球的广泛关注,重金属来源解析及其健康风险评估将为地下水中重金属污染的精准防控提供数据和方法支撑.因此,选取华北平原典型城市——石家庄作为研究区,筛选20个样点,利用APCS-MLR模型和健康风险模型解析评估了石家庄市地下水中10种重金属的污染源及其健康风险.结果表明：①石家庄市地下水中典型重金属的浓度均值排序为：Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Al>Pb>Cr>As>Cd>Hg,其中ρ（Fe）和ρ（Pb）的均值分别为260.3 μg ·L^-1和10.01 μg ·L^-1;根据单因子和内梅罗指数,Pb、Fe和Cd是石家庄市地下水主要的污染重金属;②重金属浓度范围为47.30~2560 μg ·L^-1;就空间分布而言,重金属浓度在S3处最高（2560 μg ·L^-1）,而在S9处最低（47.30 μg ·L^-1）;③污染源解析结果表明：工农业活动、交通排放和地质背景是石家庄市地下水中重金属的3个主要来源,其中工农业活动对重金属的累积贡献率最大（47.83%）;④除工农业活动来源的重金属对成人造成潜在威胁（HI>1）外,其余来源的重金属对成人和儿童造成的非致癌风险均处于可接受水平（HI<1）,而致癌风险对成人和儿童均存在潜在威胁;工农业活动是非致癌风险（成人：52.46%,儿童：52.45%）和致癌风险（成人：65.22%,儿童：65.69%）的主要贡献者,其中Cd和As的致癌风险较高.因此,为了保障石家庄地下水环境安全,需严格控制污染来源,进一步加强地下水中重金属污染的风险管控.     

典型药物在医院废水和城市污水处理厂中的污染特征及去除情况

本研究采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱仪监测了17种苯二氮类药物、14种酸性药物和5种中性药物在广东省广州市的4座医院污水处理系统（H1~H4）和3座城市污水处理厂（W1~W3）中的污染特征.结果表明,在医院污水处理系统中检测到10种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和3种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.41~23376 ng·L^-1和0.11~22888 ng·L^-1;在城市污水处理厂中检测到8种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和4种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.4~1695 ng·L^-1和0.1~1526 ng·L^-1.其中,检测到浓度较高的苯二氮类药物分别为劳拉西泮［（53.1±2.7）ng·L^-1,H1］、奥沙西泮［（39.5±4.1）ng·L^-1,W2］和氯氮平［（30.6±4.0）ng·L^-1,W1］,布洛芬［（19014±5430）ng·L^-1,H1］和扑热息痛［（2600±570）ng·L^-1,H2］分别是酸性和中性药物中检测浓度最高的药物.大部分苯二氮类药物在医院污水处理系统和污水处理厂中的去除率均低于30%.酸性和中性药物的去除率远高于苯二氮类药物,且在污水处理厂中的去除率大部分在60%~99%之间,高于医院污水处理系统（10%~60%）.最后,根据人均污染负荷推算了典型药物在广东省和广州市的使用量以及广州市的年排放量,20种药物在广东省和广州市的总使用量分别为30371 kg·a^-1和3942 kg·a^-1,其中扑热息痛和布洛芬的使用量最高,苯二氮类药物中奥沙西泮和劳拉西泮也有较高的使用量.20种药物在广州市的排放量达到了1456 g·a^-1,各类药物的排放量范围为3.07（甲芬那酸）~378 g·a^-1（奥沙西泮）.     

会仙岩溶湿地丰平枯水期地表水污染及灌溉适用性评价

以我国典型的亚热带低海拔岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区丰水期、平水期和枯水期共采集的27组地表水样品进行12种常规离子和10种金属元素检测,在分析地表水主要离子化学特征基础上,分别运用内梅罗污染指数法以及钠吸附比法（SAR）、钠含量法（SC）、渗透指数法（PI）和残余碳酸钠法（RSC）这4种评价体系对不同时期地表水进行污染评价和灌溉适用性评价.结果表明,研究区内地表水主要为弱碱性水,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为优势离子.常规指标中仅NH₄⁺超过生活饮用水卫生标准限值,超标率为25.93%,金属元素中超标组分为Al（11.11%）、Mn（44.44%）和Hg（37.04%）.常规指标浓度受时空尺度影响程度整体低于金属元素,两者均具有丰水期 > 平水期 > 枯水期的时期分布特征.据污染评价结果,区内地表水总体水质尚可,内梅罗综合污染指数介于0.75~2.69,主要污染指标为NH₄⁺、Mn、Al和Hg,部分样点存在季节性污染,污染级别为轻度~中度,丰水期污染程度最高,污染点多分布于湿地核心区.综合农田灌溉水质标准和地表水环境质量标准限值以及SAR、SC、PI和RSC灌溉适用性评价结果,会仙岩溶湿地地表水总体适合灌溉,枯水期灌溉适用性优于丰水期和平水期,平水期PH1（Hg浓度1.91 μg·L^-1）和丰水期FH8（NH₄⁺浓度13.70 mg·L^-1）地表水已不适用于农业灌溉.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.