伊利石对水溶液中低浓度铀的吸附

采用静态实验方法研究了伊利石对水溶液中铀的吸附特性,通过批实验考察了反应时间、溶液初始浓度、p H值、离子强度、固液比以及温度对吸附的影响,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征伊利石吸附铀前后结构的变化,探讨了伊利石对铀的吸附等温方程和热力学规律,分析其反应机制.实验结果显示,伊利石与低浓度铀溶液接触后立即反应,1 h后反应基本达到平衡;溶液p H和离子强度对伊利石吸附铀的影响显著,当p H=4—7、离子强度为0.001 mol·L-1时,吸附效果最好;在一定条件下,伊利石对水溶液中低浓度铀的吸附量与铀初始浓度呈正比,与固液比呈反比;吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,相关系数可达0.9966;伊利石对铀的吸附属于吸热反应,反应自发进行,高温促进伊利石的吸附行为.     

超声波/Fenton试剂联用降解水中的吡啶

采用超声波/Fenton联用技术降解水中的吡啶,探讨了吡啶初始浓度、反应温度、pH值、H2O2浓度、超声波声能密度和超声波频率对降解效果的影响及规律,实验发现,在所研究的吡啶初始浓度范围内,随着吡啶初始浓度的增大,其降解率减小;同时,随着反应温度、pH值、H2O2浓度和超声波声能密度的增大,吡啶的降解率增大;对于24.55kHz和30.19kHz两种频率而言,超声波频率愈高吡啶的去除率愈大,而对于30.19kHz和34.19kHz两种频率而言,吡啶去除率随频率的变化关系不明显,超声波和Fenton联用对吡啶进行降解比二者单独降解吡啶有更好的处理效果,另外,对于不同初始浓度的吡啶溶液来说,在所研究的浓度范围内,超声波/Fenton试剂联用降解吡啶的反应属于一级动力学反应,     

生物质电厂底渣对水溶液中Cu~(2+)的吸附特性

本实验选用安徽某生物质发电厂燃烧炉底渣,通过研究吸附等温线、吸附时间以及电厂灰投加量和溶液初始p H对生物质灰吸附Cu2+的影响,以确定其对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性.结果表明,Cu2+初始浓度在50—100 mg·L~(-1)范围内,Langmuir模型能很好地描述生物质电厂底渣对Cu2+的等温吸附规律,其理论饱和吸附量为20 mg·g~(-1),非常接近实际饱和吸附量19.45 mg·g~(-1).溶液初始p H值在2—6范围时,Cu2+的去除率随p H值的升高而增加,当p H在6附近时去除率最佳,接近100%.溶液Cu2+初始浓度为100 mg·L~(-1),体积为50 m L时,随生物质电厂底渣投加量增加,其对Cu2+的去除率上升,但去除效率下降,0.2 g左右可能是达到最佳去除效率和去除率的用量.溶液中Cu2+的去除率随吸附时间的增加而升高,用量越大达到吸附平衡的时间越短,但90 min左右时各个用量的去除率均趋于稳定.     

CCl_4强化超声降解诺氟沙星的效果和抗菌性分析

研究CCl4对超声降解诺氟沙星的强化效果和抗菌性的去除,考察了CCl4质量浓度、超声功率、溶液初始p H值、诺氟沙星初始浓度、Na Cl等对降解效果的影响.并采用滤纸片法考察了诺氟沙星降解过程中抗菌性的变化.结果表明,CCl4增强了超声降解诺氟沙星的效果,降解过程符合一级反应动力学.在反应液体积为250 m L,CCl4质量浓度在0.00—2.55 g·L-1范围,诺氟沙星的去除率随CCl4质量浓度的增加而增加,超声40 min,去除率由6.9%增加到67.37%.超声功率在130—325 W范围,260 W时的去除率达到最高;p H值对诺氟沙星的超声降解影响很大,p H值为6.60时一级反应速率常数k达到最大,为27.19×10-3min-1.CCl4质量浓度一定,诺氟沙星的去除率随其初始浓度的增加而降低.Na Cl降低了诺氟沙星的降解效果,Na Cl浓度在0—8.0 mg·L-1,反应40 min,诺氟沙星的去除率从67.37%降低为47.43%.大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌结果表明,超声/CCl4能够完全去除诺氟沙星的抗菌性.反应30 min,大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径从30.0 mm减小到14.0 mm(滤纸直径为14.0 mm).反应40 min,金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径从28.0 mm减小到14.0 mm.本研究表明超声/CCl4能有效用于含氟喹诺酮类抗生素的废水处理.     

几种天然矿物去除苯酚效果及日光光解效应评价

本文以四种天然矿物为受试矿物，评价了它们去除苯酚的效果，以及日光光解放应及温度，ＰＨ值，矿物浓度，苯酚初始浓度对去除效果的影响。     

纳米TiO2催化染料活性艳红X—3B光降解

研究了纳米级二氧化钛对活性艳红X－3B的多相光催化降解行为。对影响活性艳红X－3B溶液的光催化降解的各种条件（如溶液的pH值、光强、催化剂用量以及溶液的初始浓度等）进行了考察。结果表明，X－3B溶液在强酸性和强碱性介质中降解速度更快，降解率随着紫外光强度的增强而加快，随着X－3B初始浓度的增大而减慢；催化剂的最佳用量在1.5g／L左右，H2O2的使用量也有一个最佳浓度，约在20mmol左右，高于该值X－3B的去除率反而降低，而不是以前文献所报道的使用量赵多效果越好，以上各种条件下X－3B的光催化降解均符合一级反应动力学方程。     

原位即时合成ZnAl-LDH法对Zn~(2+)的去除机制

利用水泥基材料铝酸三钙(C3A)水化过程中可形成层状双羟基氢氧化物(LDHs)的特性,研究了C3A对水溶液中Zn2+的去除效果及机制,并探索了pH、温度对Zn2+去除效果的影响.结果表明,室温下,未调节溶液pH时,C3A对废水中Zn2+的最大去除量可达13.7 mmol·g-1;此外,C3A对Zn2+的去除量随反应时间及Zn2+初始浓度的增加而增大,随后去除量不再变化;在pH值为3—7时,C3A对Zn2+的去除量随pH的升高而增加;在25—35℃范围内Zn2+的去除量随温度的升高而增加,在35-55℃范围内Zn2+的去除量随温度的升高反而下降.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外(FT-IR)及扫描电镜(SEM)等微观分析手段表明反应固体产物为Zn Al-LDH.结合反应平衡后溶液组分分析表明,原位即时形成的Zn Al-LDH是通过C3A水化过程中形成的Ca Al-LDH与Zn2+发生阳离子交换反应与共沉淀反应协同所致.     

水热法制备PbMoO4微晶体及其光催化降解灭幼脲

以水热法合成的PbMoO4微晶体为催化剂,考察了反应溶液pH、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对光催化降解灭幼脲的影响,研究了光催化降解过程的反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,最佳反应溶液pH 6.0、污染物初始浓度20 mg.L-1、催化剂用量0.4 g.L-1.反应4 h灭幼脲降解率达99.96%,矿化率达66.4%,降解反应符合一级动力学.通过加入自由基清除剂对比实验发现,PbMoO4微晶体主要通过空穴和.OH的氧化作用使灭幼脲降解,其中空穴起主要作用.     

木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

以木本泥炭为吸附材料,用于去除水中的Cr(Ⅵ).研究了溶液pH值、吸附时间、木本泥炭用量、缓冲液浓度和初始浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响,以及溶液pH值对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸附的影响.结果表明,木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随溶液pH值的增大而减小,当溶液pH值为4时,木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力最强,3.33 g·L~(-1)木本泥炭对100 mg·L~(-1)Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量为29. 98 mg·g~(-1);当磷酸盐缓冲液浓度在0. 10—0.20 mol·L~(-1)范围内时,随着缓冲液浓度的增大Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量逐渐减小;木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合准一级反应动力学,其吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型;当溶液pH值小于6时,Cr(Ⅵ)的解吸率低于0.32%.     

活性焦吸附处理五氯酚钠废水

以活性焦为吸附剂,采用静态吸附实验考察活性焦对PCP-Na模拟废水的吸附性能,研究了反应时间、温度、p H值、活性焦用量对吸附效果的影响,采用急性毒性法评价吸附前后废水急性毒性的变化.结果表明,在原始p H下,温度40℃,活性焦用量4 g·L-1,反应时间180 min时,废水中PCP-Na的浓度由100 mg·L-1降为2.92 mg·L-1,去除率97.07%.吸附后废水的急性毒性下降99.09%.PCP-Na在活性焦表面的吸附是拟二级反应,吸附速率常数为2.52×10-2g·mg-1·min-1,其吸附行为可用Langmuir等温线模型进行描述;热力学计算结果表明吸附反应是自发和吸热过程.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.