耦合流域模型及在中国环境规划与管理中的应用进展

流域水环境模型是研究流域水体黑臭、水体富营养化和水质超标问题的重要工具,流域水环境模型从概念上可以分为(半)机理模型和经验型模型,前者通过方程式和函数关系来刻画流域水动力和迁移转化规律,并通过实测数据校准获取本土化的参数系数,后者力图寻求大数据量间的统计学规律。按照模拟对象的不同,流域水环境模型还可以划分为陆域的污染负荷模拟模型、水域的受纳水体模拟模型,以及水-陆耦合模拟模型。模型对整个流域系统及其内部发生的复杂地球化学过程进行定量化描述,污染负荷模型一般用来估算点源及非点源产生的污染负荷量,并计算出进入河道的污染负荷量,作为受纳水体模型的污染源边界输入条件;受纳水体模型一般用来模拟沉积物或污染物在河流、湖泊、水库、河口、沿海等水体中的运动和衰减转化过程,是水质预测、评价、分析的重要工具。传统的流域模型多用评价自然活动以及人类活动对水环境造成的影响,而当前越来越多的学者将水环境模型与经济学模型进行耦合,开展基于水环境模型的环境政策设计和优化研究。文章从系统控制的视角,主要总结了水量水质耦合流域模型在水资源管理政策、水环境管理政策中的应用,例如水资源有效分配、排污交易产生的水环境影响、基于成本-效益的水污染控制策略优化等。在此基础上文章对流域水环境模型的发展方向和应用前景进行了的展望,流域水环境容量控制策略、目标总量控制策略的水环境影响比较分析以及水环境模型的不确定性研究将是未来关注的重点所在,尤其不确定性问题经常存在于水污染物产排放预测和水环境质量模拟预测过程中,对于提升环境规划与管理的科学性、有效性具有十分重要的现实意义。     

太子河流域本溪段水生生物的群落特征及其主要水质影响因子分析

着生藻类和底栖动物作为指示生物评价水环境状况已被广泛应用于各类水体状况的监测与评价中,以此对太子河流域的水生生物群落和水环境因子关系进行研究,对整个流域的水环境管理有着极其重要的作用。基于2009年7月丰水期和2010年1月平水期太子河流域本溪段着生藻类和底栖动物的调查数据,通过因子分析和典范对应分析,探讨水生生物群落结构与水质污染因子的空间分布特征。结果表明：太子河本溪段着生藻类为4门22科29属,以硅藻门为优势门类;底栖动物3门10科13属,以环节动物门为优势门类。NH3-N是影响水生生物空间格局的主要水质污染因子,水量是影响太子河流域水生生物群落结构的重要环境因子。     

综合水质标识指数法在浑河水质评价中的应用

综合评价水环境质量,全面把握流域水环境污染特征是水环境污染防治中的重要基础性工作。水质标识指数可以完整标识水质评价指标的类别、水质数据、功能区目标值等重要信息,在单因子水质标识指数法基础上建立的综合水质标识指数法能完整表达河流总体的综合水质信息,既不会因个别水质指标较差就否定综合水质,又能对综合水质做出合理的评价;既可以在Ⅰ到Ⅴ类中比较水质的优劣,亦可以对劣Ⅴ类进行评价。为系统全面地研究浑河流域各不同河段水环境特征,将浑河流域划分为3个控制单元,根据2001—2010年间水质监测数据,采用综合水质标识指数法,识别出各控制单元主要污染因子,并阐明了浑河流域水环境质量时空变化规律,本研究即体现了全流域统筹考虑的系统思想,又体现了分区研究的针对性特点,并首次将综合水质标识指数法应用于浑河流域水质综合评价,其研究结论对水质监测数据的评价有一定的借鉴作用,亦对流域水污染防治对策的提出有一定的指导意义。     

基于知识图谱的北运河流域水环境研究进展分析

北运河流域属海河水系,先后流经北京市、河北省廊坊市和天津市,是维持北京、廊坊、天津的重要生态廊道。为了落实国家和地方《水污染防治行动计划》,改善北运河流域水环境质量,北运河流域愈发受到科研工作者的关注。文章使用CNKI中国期刊全文数据库统计了20年内(2000-2019年)关于北运河流域水环境研究文献。通过共被引、共现关键词等分析探讨北运河流域水环境研究的基础以及研究热点与前沿。结果表明:研究分为初期萌芽阶段、中期井喷阶段和后期稳定阶段,在此期间重要贡献者较多,研究呈现多样性与深入性。北运河流域水环境各研究主题间界限清晰,领域分化鲜明,研究角度较少,研究方式相对单一。未来北运河流域水环境研究将会基于多种水质评价方法得出的水质变化规律和污染物的来源与特征,进行有针对性的治理研究,以改善目前恶劣的水质情况。     

通波塘水量水质一维动态模拟及水环境容量

本文在研究通波塘水文特征和水质特征的基础上,推导出通用性较好的一维动态水量水质数学模型。该模型基本反映了通波塘水量水质的时变情况。文章对通波塘水环境容量作了计算,并提出了改善水质的建议。     

完善我国流域生态补偿制度的思考——以东江流域为例

上下游对流域生态资源保护做出的贡献与生态利益享有的不平等导致区域间社会经济差距的扩大,需要通过生态补偿制度的建立和完善来实现区域统筹和谐发展,但我国现行生态补偿制度由于行政区界限制、相关法规建设不完善、补偿方式较单一、补偿标准测算困难等原因面临不少问题和困境。以东江流域现行生态补偿措施为视点,分析了当前生态补偿研究实践中存在的问题;进而以此为基点根据流域生态系统的连贯性与人类政治结构分割性之间的矛盾进行反思,提出打破流域行政区界限制,统筹构建流域“生态共同体”的理念;并在此理念指导下,提出采取“政府主导、市场运作”策略。即在明确界定流域范围后,首先由“政府主导”开展全流域综合规划、建立和完善省内流域统管机制、跨省流域生态共享共建统筹协商机制;其次以水质水量、出售许可交易权方式测算“生态共同体”之间核算补偿资金,并结合“市场运作”实施多样化并进补偿方式;同时建立流域生态补偿奖惩制度并将其纳入“生态共同体”干部绩效考核体系,构建流域补偿的长效机制,完善我国流域生态补偿制度。     

小城镇河网水质规划及水环境经济系统协调发展对策研究

本文用系统工程方法进行河网地区小城镇水质最优规划.研究选择震泽镇作为典型,对现有水质规划方法加以推广,得到了河网水质模型建模的改进方法,提出求解以此模型为基础的河网水质线性问题的分解—协调算法.通过对典型镇环境现状的系统分析结果,提出了小城镇控制水污染的规划技术要点,以及水环境—经济系统协调发展对策     

生态住宅的水环境规划:I. 水循环

生态住宅已成为住宅建设的发展趋势和潮流,水环境是生态住宅小区的重要组成部分。文章以中信保利达美景度假区为实例,根据度假区建筑总体规划方案,结合当地自然条件和水环境现状,探讨生态住宅小区的水环境规划,全面统一规划住宅小区内各种水系统,提出小区水环境总体规划方案,充分发挥各系统的功能,使其相互衔接、协调与补充。重点对项目所在区域开发前后的水量平衡,水库的水位变化及其安全性,极端气候条件下的库区水量变化及其因应对策,高尔夫球道的用水方案以及项目开发后的水循环模型做了深入探讨,旨在为生态住宅的水环境建设提供范例。     

2001—2012年全国水环境质量趋势分析

研究了2001—2012年间全国水环境整体质量及主要流域水环境质量,并进行了趋势分析.分析表明,近年来水环境质量整体呈好转趋势,但形势依然严峻.本文对水质变化的原因进行总结,并提出了水污染严峻形势下急需关注的问题.     

基于遗传算法的大庆市黎明河环境需水量优化配置

为克服水环境管理领域中多目标优化模型加权法求解时主观性强的缺点,将遗传算法与河流水质模拟模型相耦合用于大庆市黎明河生态环境水量优化配置的研究。该模型充分利用遗传算法的开放性和全局搜索的能力,从而得到了较满意的调水方案。对调水方案实施后的河流水质状况进行仿真的结果表明,水质有明显的改善,从而进一步证实了遗传算法应用于城市内河的生态环境水量优化配置的可行性和有效性。     

Eco-hydrological modelling in a highly regulated lowland catchment to find measures for improving water quality

Water quality modelling in the meso-scale Rhin catchment in the German federal state Brandenburg was done (1) to answer some specific questions concerning identification of point and diffuse sources of nutrient pollution in the catchment, (2) to assess the influences of possible climate and land use changes on water quantity and quality and (3) to evaluate potential measures to be done in order to achieve a “good ecological status” of the river and its lakes as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD).The Rhin catchment is a typical highly regulated lowland river basin in Northern Germany. The regulations complicate water quantity and quality modelling in the catchment. The research was done by using the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which simulates water and nutrient fluxes in soil and vegetation, as well as transport of water and nutrients to and within the river network. The modelling period was from 1981 until 2005. After calibrating the hydrological processes at different gauges within the basin with satisfactory results, water quality (nitrogen and phosphorus) modelling was done taking into account the emissions of different point sources (sewage treatment plants, etc.) and identifying the amount of diffuse pollution caused mainly by agriculture.For suggesting some feasible measures to improve water quality and to reduce diffuse pollution considering possible climate and land use changes, different reasonable scenarios were applied in consultation with the Environmental Agency of Brandenburg (LUA). The study revealed that the amount of water discharge has significant influence on the concentration of nutrients in the river network, and that nitrogen pollution, caused mainly by diffuse sources, could be notably reduced by application of agricultural measures, whereas the pollution by phosphorus could be diminished most effectively by the reduction of point source emissions.     

Defining and modelling the coastal zone affected by the Po river (Italy)

One of the most important sources of pollution in coastal zones (CZ) is certainly that one produced by human activities in the associated river basin. Understanding the linkage between water quality in CZ and river catchments is important in order to better assess CZ processes and to evaluate different management options aimed at improving the coastal ecosystem state. CZ water quality targets as identified by the Water Framework Directive (EC 2000/60) require an accurate study of the effects of pollutant loads coming from river discharge.In order to evaluate the impacts of human activities in river catchments on the associated coastal zone, a sound definition for this geographic area is needed. Many definitions for this area have been proposed in different contexts. The definition is generally built upon a particular goal, and is henceforth highly variable according to the different purposes. In this paper a general methodology allowing to discern those areas of the sea that are directly influenced by fluvial discharge is presented. The methodology is based on the variation pattern of sea water characteristics, and provides a numerical evaluation of this influence. In particular an analysis based on salinity as tracer, results in a sound definition of this area. The methodology has been applied on the case study of the Po river. Due to the significant nutrient loads discharged by the river, the CZ associated with Po is affected by severe eutrophication phenomena that have important consequences on the ecosystem and on the socio-economy of the area.In order to study the impacts of nutrients loads carried by the river, a water quality model (WASP6) has been implemented. The model simulates the seasonal variability of nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass and dissolved oxygen. Using the CZ model is possible to compare the effects of variations of nutrient loads on the biochemical (short term) and ecological (long term) quality of the coastal environment. This is accomplished by feeding nutrients loads forecasted for different scenarios by the catchment model (MONERIS) as forcing functions to the CZ model. This way the effect of the different catchment management scenarios are propagated to the CZ model, and the trophic conditions of the coastal ecosystem evaluated using TRIX.This study has been developed in the context of the European project EUROCAT.     

Impact of coal industries on the quality of Damodar river water

Increasing demand for water in domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors necessitates exploitation of water either in the form of groundwater or from natural resources. To safeguard the long-term sustainability of water resources and their utilization, the quality of water has to be periodically monitored and determined for various characteristics, especially when the sources are polluted, such as Damodar river. Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR), Dhanbad, is carrying out research work on coal and its utilization and associated environmental concerns. The blood stream of life for the whole Jharia Coalfield is none other than the river Damodar. CIMFR's campus also depends exclusively on river Damodar for meeting its demand of drinking water. This study is a general survey toward the characteristics of Damodar river water, with special emphasis on the pollutant parameters, and evaluation of the treatment process being carried out at the institute for potability. Damodar river water is indeed affected by the disposal of the wastes without any pre-treatment by different coal-based industries established in its basin. The quantity of dissolved and suspended solids, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand, and coliform bacterial count are higher in Damodar water due to the disposal of the waste/effluents from coal-washing plants, coke ovens, cement, and other industries, but well within the permissible limit which is probably attributable to the high-carrying capacity of the river. The river is still not that much affected as it is usually apprehended, and it can be well utilized for potable and domestic purposes after simple treatment.     

Scenario analysis of water pollution control in the typical peri-urban river using a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model

The water quality pollution and ecological deterioration in peri-urban rivers are usually serious under rapid urbanization and economic growth. In the study, a typical peri-urban river, Nansha River, was selected as a case study to discuss the scheme of peri-urban river rehabilitation. Located in the north part of the Beijing central region, the Nansha River watershed has been designated as an ecologically friendly garden-style area with high-tech industry parks and upscale residential zones. However, the Nansha River is currently seriously contaminated by urban and rural pollutants from both nonpoint sources (NPS) and point sources (PS). In this study, the pollutant loads from point sources and nonpoint sources in the Nansha River watershed were first assessed. A coupled model, derived from the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality in the Nansha River. According to the characteristics of the typical peri-urban river, three different PS and NPS control scenarios were designed and examined by modeling analyses. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, a river rehabilitation scheme was recommended for implementation.     

外源性污染对太湖梅梁湾水质影响的定量化

通过太湖的水量水质数学模型,模拟了梅梁湾内主要的入湖污染源———直湖港、武进港和梁溪河排入的污染物质的迁移、转化规律;分析了梅梁湾中梅园、小湾里、闾江口、拖山4个监测点水质浓度受直湖港、武进港和梁溪河排污影响程度的大小;并分别建立了监测点污染物浓度与排污口排污量的响应关系曲线和响应关系表达式。通过这些结论可以方便的定量的计算出在排污口排污量发生变化的情况下监测点水质浓度的变化量,为合理控制外源污染物质的入湖量提供了技术支持。     

河流水质全球变化研究若干问题

本文首先简要阐述自本世纪50年代以来全球河流水质研究与水质监测的基本情况,进而就河流水质全球变化研究中的几个难点问题进行讨论。这些问题是:1)河流水质的多样性及全球参比值问题,2)河流水质监测的发展及存在问题,3)与社会-经济发展有关的河流水质全球变化趋势分析。     

九龙江流域经济发展与河流水质时空关联分析

以闽西南地区的九龙江流域为例,综合采用数理统计、GIS技术和环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）方法,对该流域1981—2009年经济发展与河流水质变化进行时空关联分析。结果表明,九龙江流域呈现＂第1产业缓增,第2、3产业产值增加较快＂的总体经济格局,农业污染突出;农业种植面积呈现先增加后减少趋势,流域氮、磷肥平均施用强度呈线性增加趋势;氮、磷肥平均折纯施用量之比从1981年的4∶1下降到2009年的2∶1,引起水化学改变并增加水华发生风险;各县（市、区）污染源结构存在明显差异,河流水质变化和沿程分布与流域社会经济布局有很好的空间相关性;北溪流域畜禽养殖业的过快发展、西溪流域以经济作物为主的农业种植结构和高强度施肥、低效率利用是导致河流水质从20世纪90年代开始富营养化的主要原因;EKC曲线尚未出现明显拐点,若农业污染不能得到有效控制,流域水环境将持续恶化;九龙江水质演变规律是流域社会经济布局、污染源排放强度和方式发生变化的综合作用结果。     

Calculation of the minimum ecological water requirement of an urban river system and its deployment: A case study in Beijing central region

The minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system and water deployment are key elements in integrated water resources planning and urban ecological construction. Based on a review of ecological water requirement calculation methods and considering the different ecological functions of an urban river system, the ecological function method was used in this paper to calculate the components of the ecological water requirements of an urban river. An envelope curve-based method was proposed for assessing the minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system. Water resources deployment strategies designed to meet the minimum ecological water requirements were described. Then, the minimum ecological water requirements of the urban river system in Beijing central region, selected as a case study, were investigated. The key parameters for assessing the minimum ecological water requirement in the Beijing urban river system were determined. Based on the ecological objectives and the current status of the different urban river systems within the Beijing central region, the minimum ecological water requirements were calculated. Different types of water sources, including rainwater, upstream water, and reclaimed water, were deployed to meet the ecological water requirements for the urban river system in the Beijing central region.