东北地区旱地土壤有机碳密度的主控自然因素研究

土壤有机碳(SOC)库在陆地生态系统中具有重要作用.基于全国第二次土壤普查获得的1022个东北地区旱地土壤剖面数据,采用方差分析和回归分析方法分析了年均温、年均降水量、成土母质、土壤质地和pH值对旱地SOC密度的影响.结果表明,各因子对东北地区旱地SOC密度在表层和剖面均有显著影响.在5个自然因子中,对SOC密度变异程度的独立解释能力最大的在表层为气温,达32%,剖面为土壤质地,为28.7%.5个自然因子的综合作用分别能解释旱地表层和剖面SOC密度变异的51.2%和50.2%.其中,气温和土壤质地是影响东北地区旱地SOC密度的主要自然因子.因此,合理利用自然条件有利于该区旱地SOC的积累.     

基于RS和GIS黄河三角洲水禽生境因子变化分析

将影响水禽生境选择的因子划分为水、食物、隐蔽物和干扰4类.用遥感(Rs)和地理信息系统(GIS)软件对黄河三角洲地区3期TM数据进行处理,对各生境因子采取一定的分类方法,得出该地区3个时期各生境因子图.通过面积、斑块数变化及转移矩阵的分析可以看出,各生境因子的结构发生了明显的变化,变化表现为干扰加重,积水地区面积增大,谷物草籽面积及适宜隐蔽物范围减少.人类的有意识活动(干扰)是引起各生境因子发生变化的主要驱动力.生境因子变化对水禽生境既有正面影响,又有负面影响.图9表5参30     

太岳山油松人工林干湿交替时期土壤呼吸特征

为了解在温度升高和干湿交替的复合影响下森林生态系统土壤呼吸的动态特征,以太岳山地区油松人工林土壤为研究对象,应用Li-8150土壤CO2通量全自动连续测量系统原位、全天候、高频率地连续监测土壤呼吸速率及环境因子,基于原始数据、小时均值数据和日均值数据3种研究尺度,利用已有的单因子模型、双因子模型对土壤呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度和容积含水量的关系进行了拟合.结果表明:(1)在太岳山地区的干湿交替时期,降雨总体上促进了油松人工林的土壤呼吸;土壤呼吸速率和5 cm土壤容积含水量的小时动态规律非常相似;5 cm土壤容积含水量存在明显的消长,5 cm土壤温度在波动中整体上升,两个土壤环境因子之间存在负相关关系(r=-0.37,R2=0.30,P<0.01).(2)不同的研究尺度下,日均值数据拟合模型的效果最好,小时均值数据次之,原始数据最差.(3)相同的研究尺度下,双因子模型优于单因子模型,非线性模型要优于线性模型.综上所述,太岳山油松人工林土壤呼吸对该地区干湿交替现象的响应明显,所拟合的模型中,日均值数据尺度下的双因子指数-幂函数模型的解释力最好.     

中国土壤碱解氮含量与影响因子的空间关系研究

不同地区之间的地域差异,使以往针对土壤碱解氮与影响因子关系的研究存在着相互矛盾的结论。为比较不同环境条件下土壤碱解氮含量空间分异潜在主导因子的一致性与差异性,基于现有的GIS数据,采用地理探测器的研究方法,分别以全国及自然区划尺度为研究单位分析中国土壤碱解氮含量空间分异的潜在主导因子。结果表明,(1)从全国尺度上看,土地利用方式与气温及降水的共同作用主导了中国土壤碱解氮含量的空间分异过程。不同土地利用方式下土壤碱解氮含量的差异大致表现为林地(147 mg·kg~(-1))草地(113 mg·kg~(-1))耕地(103 mg·kg~(-1))水域(95 mg·kg~(-1))建设用地(92 mg·kg~(-1))未利用地(55 mg·kg~(-1))。在此基础上,气温与降水的变化进一步改变了地表的环境条件与植被状况,使得土壤碱解氮含量在大区尺度上发生更复杂的变化。(2)从自然区划尺度上看,影响土壤碱解氮含量空间分异的潜在主导因子存在一致性,但同时也存在差异。中国东部湿润季风区土壤碱解氮主要受气温影响。而在西部干旱区,降水以及坡度对碱解氮的作用相对较大。此外,在地形条件复杂的亚热带常绿阔叶林带、温带森林草原带及青藏高原区,海拔高度的变化对土壤碱解氮含量的影响最显著。因此,该研究认为影响土壤碱解氮含量空间分异的潜在主导因子会因其所处环境条件的不同而存在明显差异,但这些主导因子在一定程度上均能够有效反映各自然区划带的基本环境特征。     

不同种源厚朴叶片性状变异及幼苗生长量研究

以全国8省份19个种源的厚朴(Magnolia officinalis)幼苗为研究对象,测定了叶片性状及生长量.结果表明,不同种源间叶片特征值及叶面积、比叶重和叶绿素含量均存在极显著差异,且与几个基本的环境因子间相关性达到显著水平.不同种源间苗高与地径均存在极显著差异,且厚朴种源苗高从南到北变异逐渐降低,地径则从东到西逐渐减小,即苗期地理变异表现为经纬双向变异,但主要还是以南一北变异为主.叶片性状间及与苗高、地径间的相关性分析结果显示,叶形指数与叶片宽在α=0.01水平上呈显著负相关,叶面积与叶柄长、叶片长及叶片宽在α=0.01水平上呈显著正相关,苗高和地径分别与叶面积和比叶重在α=0.05水平上呈显著正相关.聚类分析结果显示,部分地区厚朴种源呈现典型的区域板块化特征,部分地区则呈现随机变异的特征.     

基于PCA的森林生物量遥感信息模型研究

森林生物量和遥感多光谱数据、植被指数及地学因子存在相关关系,但这些因子间可能存在着多重相关性,如利用这些因子直接建模估测森林生物量,则可能出现病态模型。因此,文章采用主成分分析方法,提取遥感及地学因子的主成分,再建立主成分与生物量多元线性回归模型,估测森林生物量,达到既可保留多个遥感及地学因子的主要信息,又可避免因子间共线性的问题,以及降维,简化模型的作用。文章以高黎贡山自然保护区常绿阔叶林为研究对象,利用地面样地胸径每木调查数据,结合生物量相对生长式,得样地生物量。利用2006年印度卫星(IRS)数据,包括B2、B3、B4、B5四个波段,提取DVI、NDVI、PVI、RVI、VI3、SLAVI六种植被指数,利用DEM提取海拔、坡度、坡向值共13个遥感及地学因子。在此基础上,提取13个因子的主成分,第一主成分至第五主成分的累计贡献率达98.7%。以前5个主成分值作自变量,建立主成分与地面生物量的回归模型,模型经方差分析及相关性检验,达到显著相关水平,相关系数R=0.7129,可用于森林生物量估测。     

三种不同生长调节剂对杜鹃光合特性的影响

选择三种不同生长调节剂,研究不同生长调节剂对杜鹃光合特性的影响,采用5个浓度梯度的IAA、GA_3、NAA对叶片进行喷洒处理,并进行不同时间、不同梯度的光合因子和光合-光响应曲线测定,使用叶子飘直角双曲线修正模型对光响应数据进行曲线拟合.结果表明:不同生长调节剂及浓度梯度对杜鹃植株产生的效果和影响各有差异.GA_3作为常用生长调节剂,提升净光合速率的效果优于IAA和NAA,更有利于营养物质在植株体内合成和转化,研究结果可为杜鹃花期调控技术提供参考依据.     

基于因子分析法研究太原市土壤重金属污染的主要来源

太原市土壤的研究还处于起步阶段,尚缺乏系统的研究和探讨.基于因子分析法分析研究太原市土壤重金属污染类型及污染来源,在面积性土壤测量基础上,采用城市土壤单点样采集方法,通过测试获得了城市表层土壤中重金属元素(As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu)的含量数据;应用统计数手段及处理软件,采用因子分析法对太原市土壤化探数据进行详细分析研究;结合太原市工企分布情况,对比因子分析中的六个主因子,进行整理分析;研究结果充分反映出太原市作为一个典型的重化工基地和燃煤城市的污染特点,表明太原市土壤重金属污染的主要来源有四个方面,即:工矿企业污染源,燃煤污染源,交通污染源,商业活动和居民生活污染源等.     

松茸的适宜生态因子

以全国22个松茸(Tricholoma matsutake)主产县的气候、植被、地形、土壤因子为研究对象,通过主成分分析法,对松茸生长环境进行适宜性评价,寻找影响松茸生长与分布的关键生态因子.结果发现:所分析的20个生态因子中,海拔和砂粒含量的权重最高,分别是0.079和0.077,而交换性锰、郁闭度的权重最低,分别为0.000和0.011;综合评价表明在调查的22个主产县中,四川九龙和康定的主成分得分最高,分别为1.24和1.00,更适合松茸生长,而吉林珲春和吉林龙井主成分得分最低,为-1.21和-0.95;系统聚类发现,中国松茸可划分为4个生态区:东北生态区,川西及西藏生态区,川南及云南生态区,西藏波密生态区.本研究表明海拔和沙粒含量是对松茸生长影响最大的生态因子,四川九龙和康定更适合松茸生长,结果可为松茸的科学保护及保育促繁打下基础.     

武汉市湖泊蓝藻分布影响因子分析

对武汉市15个浅水湖泊在不同水期的浮游植物进行调查,同时监测相应的环境因子指标;以蓝藻物种多度及生物量数据和9个环境因子进行了典范对应分析(CCA).物种鉴定结果表明武汉市湖泊蓝藻的常见属有微囊藻(Microcystis)、螺旋藻(Spirulina)、平裂藻(Merismopedia)和色球藻(Chroococcus)等.CCA分析结果表明水温、水深、pH、浮游动物生物量是影响城市浅水小型湖泊蓝藻种类组成及分布的主要因子,同时绿藻生物量等对蓝藻组成分布也有一定的影响;由于武汉市浅水湖泊的高营养盐浓度,总磷及氮磷比不再是蓝藻生长的限制因子.＃     

Assessment of noise level in Burdwan town, West Bengal

Cities and towns of the world are now facing enormous rise of noise pollution problem due to very high population rise, transport congestion and associated commercial and industrial activities. Burdwan, a district headquarter (100 km away from Kolkata) is one such town where noise pollution is very frequent. In order to assess noise level, noise data were collected from various places of the town by sound level meter with a duration of 30 minutes/location during specified time like 6.00 am, 10.00 am, 1.00 pm, 4.00 pm and 6.00 pm. Most of the monitoring places either belongs to silence category or commercial category areas. From the tabulated data, it was found that sound level lies within the range of 64-85 dB or above in different time at different places. The locations that belong to the silence zone have the noise level up to 90 dB. Statistically noise level in all these zones differ significantly at their peak hours. Noise pollution adversely affects our environment as well as human beings. Sound causes both pathological and psychological disorders in human beings. Implementation of rules and regulations under section 20, 21J, 41, 68(I), 70, 90, 111A of Environment Protection Act, 1986 and of course various technological methods and public awareness are very essential to check noise pollution in Burdwan town.     

探讨老年患者的心里压力及对策

目的:探讨老年患者的压力及心理护理.方法:对我院2010年元月至2011年12月收治298例老年患者,采用问卷调查和观察法,了解老年患者的心理压力,采取心理护理收到良好的效果.结果:298例中,配合治疗的199例痊愈,42例好转,8例无效;欠配合治疗的2例痊愈,6例好转,41例无效.结论:针对老年患者的压力,做好心理护理是我们义不容辞的责任,我们不仅要有精通的医学知识和丰富的心理学知识,还要有一颗爱心,这样才能做好老年心理护理,才能适应现代医学发展的需要.表2,参5.     

Social‐Psychological Principles of Community‐Based Conservation and Conservancy Motivation: Attaining Goals within an Autonomy‐Supportive Environment

Abstract: Community‐based natural resource conservation programs in developing nations face many implementation challenges underpinned by social‐psychological mechanisms. One challenge is garnering local support in an economically and socially sustainable fashion despite economic hardship and historical alienation from local resources. Unfortunately, conservationists' limited understanding of the social‐psychological mechanisms underlying participatory conservation impedes the search for appropriate solutions. We address this issue by revealing key underlying social‐psychological mechanisms of participatory conservation. Different administrative designs create social atmospheres that differentially affect endorsement of conservation goals. Certain forms of endorsement may be less effective motivators and less economically and socially sustainable than others. From a literature review we found that conservation initiatives endorsed primarily for nonautonomous instrumental reasons, such as to avoid economic fines or to secure economic rewards, are less motivating than those endorsed for autonomous reasons, such as for the opportunity for personal expression and growth. We suggest that successful participatory programs promote autonomous endorsement of conservation through an administrative framework of autonomy support—free and open democratic participation in management, substantive recognition and inclusion of local stakeholder identity, and respectful, noncoercive social interaction. This framework of the autonomy‐supportive environment (self‐determination theory) has important implications for future research into program design and incentive‐based conservation and identifies a testable social‐psychological theory of conservancy motivation.     

肾移植患者社会支持对其心理健康影响的研究进展

综述了影响肾移植患者心理健康的原因以及社会支持与心理健康的相关性,并探讨通过社会支持提高肾移植患者心理健康水平的途径.从而提示护理工作者在工作中应尽可能调动肾移植患者本人、家庭成员及社会的主观能动性,以提高肾移植患者的心理健康水平.     

试论高职院校学生非正式群体及其教育对策

本文详细分析了高职院校学生中非正式群体产生的心理原因、类型、特征和功能,提出了切实可行的教育对策.     

模糊评价方法在高校心理朋辈辅导员绩效评价中的应用

朋辈辅导作为现代大学生心理健康教育的新途径,符合高校心理卫生工作发展趋势.通过应用层次分析法和模糊数学的相关知识,将定性分析与定量研究相结合来进行研究,建立大学生心理朋辈辅导员工作的绩效考核模型并进行实证研究,对全面推展朋辈辅导有着积极的意义.     

The role of psychology in determining human–predator conflict across southern Kenya

Conflict between people and carnivores can lead to the widespread killing of predators in retaliation for livestock loss and is a major threat to predator populations. In Kenya, a large, rural, pastoralist population comes into regular conflict with predators, which persist across southern Kenya. We explored the social and psychological backdrop to livestock management practices in this area in a process designed to be easy to use and suitable for use across large areas for the study of conflict and transboundary implementation of wildlife conflict reduction measures, focusing on community involvement and needs. We carried out fully structured interviews of livestock managers with a survey tool that examined how social and psychological factors may influence livestock management behavior. We compared survey responses on 3 sites across the study area, resulting in 723 usable responses. Efficacy of individuals’ livestock management varied between and within communities. This variation was partially explained by normative and control beliefs regarding livestock management. Individual livestock managers’ self-reported management issues were often an accurate reflection of their practical management difficulties. Psychological norms, control beliefs, and attitudes differed among sites, and these differences partially explained patterns associated with conflict (i.e., variation in livestock management behavior). Thus, we conclude that a one-size-fits-all approach to improving livestock management and reducing human–predator conflict is not suitable.     

Psychological stress and marginalization as indicators of human carrying capacity in deforesting areas

SUMMARY

A scheme in which psychological factors are considered in effective forest management planning is proposed. A central role is played by human carrying capacity, the resilience of people to deal with the consequences of environmental degradation. Stress and marginalization are taken as indicators of human carrying capacity. A study in Côte d'Ivoire is described in which psychological stress and marginalization were studied in individuals from environments which show different degrees of degradation. Three related hypotheses are proposed: first that individuals living in or near a degrading forest are more stressed and marginalized than individuals in a reference group living in Abidjan; second that people living near the forest with the most sustained and severe degradation would be more stressed and marginalized; finally, that members of autochthonous cultural groups show higher stress and marginalization levels than members of migrant groups. The results of our study showed that people living near the degraded forest were more stressed but not marginalized unless the degradation was severe and sustained. Females were more stressed than males and members of both sexes from autochthonous cultural groups were more prone to stress and marginalization than members of migrant groups.     

Relationships between distributions of longevous population and trace elements in the agricultural ecosystem of Rugao County,Jiangsu, China

Soil, plant, and water, as well as trace elements they contain, can influence human health through the food chain. A survey was conducted on distributions of trace elements in soils, plants, and drinking water in Rugao County, Jiangsu Province, China, an agricultural area with a high level of centenarians and nonagenarians. The ratio of people over 90 years old per 100,000 inhabitants (90-rate) based on village (about 4,000 residents in 4 km²) was correlated with trace elements in soil, drinking water, and rice by means of correlation analysis and/or principal component analysis. Although the average 90-rate in the whole area was as high as 277, the rates were not uniform across the entire region. The 90-rate in the area of loamy and strongly-developed Anthrosols and Cambosols was about 330, significantly higher than the 255 in the areas of sandy and strongly-developed Cambosols and of clayey and weakly-developed Cambosols. The concentrations of available Se, B, Ni, and Mo in soils of the area with the high 90-rate were markedly greater than those in the area with the low 90-rate. This was demonstrated by highly positive correlations between the 90-rate and available Se (r = 0.33), B (r = 0.21), Ni (r = 0.17) and Mo (r = 0.17) at the p < 0.01 level and high loadings of available Se (0.851), B (0.535), Ni (0.594) and Mo (0.394) in the longevous factor. Similar relationships between the available elements in soils and elements in water and rice were found. These results suggest that: (1) the available forms of elements in soil were more crucial to elemental bio-availability in the ecosystem and human health than total elements in soil; and (2) the element association above might have affected the 90-rate positively and could be an important environmental geochemical factor influencing the longevity of humans.     

三种不同树脂对硫辛酸吸附行为的研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了XAD-4,NDA-100和ND-90树脂对乙醇．水溶液中硫辛酸的吸附热力学及动力学特性．结果表明：硫辛酸在XAD-4树脂上是单层吸附,符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,吸附过程符合准一级动力学吸附方程．在NDA-100和ND-90树脂上的吸附也符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,但并不只是单层吸附,同时兼有毛细管凝聚和微孔填充作用,吸附过程可分为大孔和中孔区吸附以及微孔区吸附两个阶段,两个阶段都符合准一级动力学吸附方程．