UV-Fenton体系处理准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中难降解有机物

采用紫外(UV)耦合Fenton反应产生活性氧物种降解准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中的难降解污染物.考察了初始pH值、双氧水和二价铁(Fe~(2+))投加量对污染物去除效能的影响,并采用醇类猝灭实验和三维荧光技术解析了体系产生的主要活性氧物种及其腐殖质的降解机制.结果表明,UV-Fenton体系可协同、有效地处理准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中的污染物.增大双氧水和二价铁投加量可提高体系降解有机物的能力与反应速率,初始pH值为3.0时有机物降解效果最佳,中性与碱性环境均会显著抑制体系对有机物的降解.在H_2O_2投加量为0.084 mol·L~(-1),Fe~(2+)投加量为0.056 mol·L~(-1),初始pH值为3.0的条件下,渗滤液尾水COD去除率与反应速率常数最终分别为77.22%和0.04679.经UV-Fenton体系处理后,得益于体系主要的活性氧物种·OH与O■对渗滤液尾水中芳香类有机物质的有效降解,同时,可见区荧光峰值降低了51.00%,紫外区荧光峰值先增大后减小.因此,渗滤液中大分子物质大幅减少,小分子物质相对增多.     

臭氧氧化反渗透浓缩垃圾渗滤液动力学

采用臭氧氧化法处理经反渗透膜处理后的浓缩垃圾渗滤液,并建立了氧化降解反应动力学模型.结果表明,氧化降解初始反应速率主要与初始pH、臭氧投量、反应温度和初始COD有关.在pH 8.0,温度30℃,臭氧投量5.02 g/h,反应时间90 min的条件下,反渗透浓缩渗滤液的COD去除率达到67.6%;并且在pH为2.0～8....     

Fenton氧化法预处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

采用Fenton氧化法处理长沙市黑糜峰垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液原液,考察了影响COD去除率的各种因素,包括初始pH值、FeSO4·7H2O投加量、双氧水投加量、反应时间及投加方式等,试验结果表明:在初始pH值为3、FeSO4·7H2O投加量为0.5%、双氧水投加量为18 mL/L、反应时间为100 min、投加方式为3次投加的条件下,可使垃圾渗滤液原液的COD去除率达40%左右,并提高了生化比,为后续生物处理改善了条件.     

微波强化铁碳-双氧水体系处理填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液研究

为了探讨微波(MW)/铁碳(Fe-C)/H_2O_2类芬顿反应对填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液(简称"渗滤液浓缩液")中难降解有机物,系统研究了双氧水投量、Fe-C投量、初始pH值、微波输出功率和反应时间对浓缩液中有机污染物的去除规律,通过类比实验研究了MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系的反应协同作用;此外,采用紫外-可见和三维荧光光谱表征了浓缩液中溶解性有机物的分子结构变化;最后,利用SEM-EDS和XRD等表征对反应前后的Fe-C材料的催化机理进行了解析.结果表明,在双氧水投量为10 mL·L~(-1),Fe-C投量0.8 g·L~(-1),初始pH值为3,微波输出功率为450 W,反应时间为12 min时,其COD、腐殖质和色度的去除率达到了70.06%、94.61%和98.86%.与此同时,控制实验表明MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2具有较强的协同作用,且对有机物的降解效果远好于其他体系.经过MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系处理后,浓缩液中溶解性有机物的芳香性程度和腐殖质缩合度逐渐降低,并且腐殖质等大分子难降解有机物大幅去除,可生化性(BOD/COD值)也大幅提升.一方面,Fe-C材料包含了多种铁基氧化物等活性物质可与H_2O_2形成非均相芬顿反应;另一方面,在酸性条件下铁缓释淋滤产生的铁离子会与H_2O_2形成芬顿反应.并且,微波辐射作用可一定程度上强化上述过程,从而加速了有机物的去除.因此,MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系能够快速高效的对渗滤液浓缩液进行预处理,研究为高浓度有机废水的处理提供了借鉴.     

紫外辐射H2O2与PMS氧化准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水

采用紫外（UV）活化双氧水（H₂O₂）和过一硫酸盐（PMS）产生活性氧物种降解准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机污染物.结果表明,紫外辐射双氧水（UV-H₂O₂）和紫外辐射过一硫酸盐（UV-PMS）体系对有机污染物的降解相比于单独体系效果显著.初始pH值和氧化剂投加量能够显著影响2种体系的降解效能,增加氧化剂投加量能够一定程度提高2种体系对渗滤液尾水中有机物的去除;2种体系均在酸性条件下效果较好,初始pH值的升高对2种体系过程有机物降解有抑制作用并且对UV-H₂O₂体系的抑制尤为显著.在最优条件下（初始pH值为3,氧化剂投量为0.084mol/L）,UV-H₂O₂与UV-PMS体系处理后出水COD去除率分别达到了72.09%和56.22%.另外,UV-H₂O₂体系中主要活性氧物种是羟基自由基,而UV-PMS体系中主要是由羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基的共同作用.紫外-可见光谱与三维荧光光谱表明两体系中均能降解渗滤液尾水中难降解芳香类有机物质,并且UV-PMS较UV-H₂O₂体系对腐殖质的反应速率更快,但是两种体系对渗滤液尾水中腐殖质的降解途径存在显著差异.研究结果可为光化学氧化处理垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物提供参考.     

Fenton法处理中年垃圾渗滤液双氧水利用率及处理效率

采用Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水,对影响双氧水利用率及CODCr去除率的各种因素,进行了研究。结果表明:Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水的最佳初始pH值为7,H2O2/Fe2+为4∶1,双氧水的经济投加量为0.05 mol/L,反应时间为3.5 h,混合催化剂可提高双氧水的利用率。CODCr去除率可达80.5%,双氧水利用率为153.9%,处理出水可达到垃圾渗滤液的二级排放标准。     

UV/H2O2光化学氧化降解对氯苯酚废水的反应动力学

研究了UV/H2O2体系降解对氯苯酚废水的过程及动力学结果表明,反应降解速率与双氧水加入量、污染物初始浓度及载气种类有关.在双氧水理论投加量一半的情况下,通入氧气或空气,总酚的降解率可达到96%,CODCr去除率接近50%.反应体系加入载气,显著影响污染物的去除率.在本实验中,总酚降解为拟一级反应.     

GAC-O3/H2O2体系去除准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中难降解有机物的研究

为了降低准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物浓度和提高体系可生化性,构建了GAC(粒状活性炭)-O_3/H_2O_2体系催化降解矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物.同时,考察了体系O_3、GAC和H_2O_2投加量、初始pH值对GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理渗滤液尾水的影响,并使用分子量分布、紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱解析了难降解有机物在GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系的转化机制.结果表明:在GAC投加量为10 g·L-1,O_3投加量为32.16 mg·min-1,H_2O_2投加量为3 m L·L-1,初始pH值为5的条件下,反应20 min后,其渗滤液尾水的COD和UV245分别从700.08 mg·L~(-1)和0.488下降到393.85 mg·L~(-1)和0.244,COD和UV254的去除率分别为43.80%和50.00%.经GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理后,得益于含芳香环有机物的有效降解,渗滤液尾水中大分子有机物(大于50 k Da)明显减少,分子量小于1 k Da的有机物比例增多.与此同时,紫外区类富里酸荧光区及可见光区类富里酸荧光区峰值也大幅降低,其去除率分别为70.20%和58.69%,B/C从0.04增加到0.35,这也使得废水可生化性大幅提高.     

UV/Fenton光催化氧化降解对氯苯酚废水反应动力学

研究了UV Fenton体系降解对氯苯酚废水的过程及动力学 .研究表明 ,反应降解速率主要与双氧水加入量、污染物初始浓度、亚铁离子浓度、pH值及载气种类有关 .在四分之一双氧水理论投加量的情况下 ,通入氧气 ,总酚的降解率可达到 98% ,CODcr去除率 80 %以上 .反应体系通入氧气 ,可显著提高污染物的去除率 .建立了CODcrUV Fenton降解的动力学模型 ,结果表明 ,该速率方程和实验数据拟合较好 .     

FeOOH催化降解苯酚的性能研究

用沉淀法制备FeOOH,以此为催化剂采用非均相Fenton高级氧化技术降解苯酚。对催化剂的投加量、H2O2的投加量、初始pH对苯酚去除的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,pH=3.0、双氧水的投加量为19.6mmol·L-1,催化剂的投加量为2.0 g·L-1,室温下反应10 min,苯酚的去除率可达90%以上。非均相Fenton氧化法降解苯酚能有效拓宽反应溶液pH值范围,对废水的苯酚的去除具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.