缺氧—SBR工艺处理焦化废水

对焦化废水进行曝气吹脱，10h氨氮去除率达73．7％，用缺氧－SBR工艺处理焦化废水，进水浓度为COD1474mg/L,NH3-N826.8mg/L时，缺氧SRT10h,SBR曝气10h，沉降2h，出水COD186mg/L,NH3-N290.5mg/L,去除率分别达到87．83％，64．9％。     

无花果曲霉对Cu^2＋吸附的研究

采用生物吸附法，研究了经过预处理的无花果曲霉对Cu^2 吸附行为与影响吸附的主要因素，具体包括菌丝球与Cu^2 接触反应时间、Cu^2 浓度、原初pH值3个方面。结果表明：该菌丝球在吸附进行5min时，吸附量已达量2．855mg/g，在吸附进行4h以后趋于平衡。最佳pH范围为4．0－5．0，Cu62 浓度在20－100mg/L范围内吸附量为2．763－4．713mg/g，而吸附率却为32．31％－9．54％。其吸附行为在一定的温度和一定浓度范围内较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。     

黄孢原毛平革菌对染料和印染废水的降解

白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌在合成木素过氧化物酶的限碳培养条件下，可以降解酶性、直接、活性、阳离子等多种类型的印染工业染料、在培养的d5木素过氧化物酶活力最高时，分别加入酸性染料卡布龙红和弱酸大红，质量浓度（ρ/mgL^-1)分别为25、50、100和12．5、25．50，48h后培养液基本脱色，较高浓度下菌膜上有残余染料吸附，5d后染料质量降解率分别是100％、88％、92％和58％、58％、65％、38％。以含有上述两种染料的印染废水置换培养液，并加入葡萄糖1g/L，黄孢原毛平革菌可以直接使废水脱色，菌丝可以重复培养脱色废水至少5批，每批废水的脱色率均大于90％，5批废水总的染料质量降解率约为80％，在重复培养脱色废水的过程中，测不到木素过氧化物酶的活力，说明废水中的染料分子是在细胞表面或进入胞内被降解的，若加入的葡萄糖浓度降低一半以上，菌丝脱色废水的效果将有所下降，图5表5参11     

有机磷农药草甘膦异丙胺盐对球形棕囊藻的刺激效应

设置0、0．001、0．01、0．1、l和10mg·L-16个质量浓度梯度,测定了草甘膦异丙胺盐（Glyphosate—isopropylammonium）农药对球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）生长、叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性的影响,探讨了有机磷农药对球形棕囊藻的毒物刺激效应。结果表明,低浓度的草甘膦异丙胺盐对球形棕囊藻的生长呈现出刺激效应。在实验所设定的6个质量浓度梯度范围内,0．001mg·L0和0．01mg·L-1质量浓度处理下的刺激效应最为显著。该两个质量浓度处理下,球形棕囊藻的平均相对增长率比对照分别提高了1．27％和0．45％,叶绿素a含量分别比对照提高了9．2％和2．5％,SOD活性提高了5．9％和7．2％,CAT活性提高了93％和155％;而当草甘膦异丙胺盐质量浓度在0．1mg·L-1以上时,球形棕囊藻的生长率、叶绿素a含量、SOD活性均显著低于对照。草甘膦异丙胺盐在0．001mg·L-1和0．01mg·L-1范围内对球形棕囊藻均呈现刺激效应,而高于0．1mg·L-1时球形棕囊藻各生理指标表现出显著抑制效应。研究结果为了解有机磷农药对海洋微藻生长的影响特征,揭示有机磷农药对微藻产生低促高抑的规律和为深入探索赤潮暴发的成因提供依据。     

挂膜生长的白腐真菌处理草浆造纸黑液废水

比较了几株白腐真菌在造纸黑液废水中的挂膜生长状况及其对黑液废水的处理效果．结果表明，在pH6．0的废水中添加葡萄糖1．0g／L，酒石酸铵0．2g／L及适量无机盐时，黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)和侧耳菌(Pleurotus ostieatus)以及本实验室自选的白腐真菌S22的挂膜状况和对黑液废水的处理效果最好．废水中添加的葡萄糖和酒石酸铵的浓度分别为1．0g／L和0．2g／L时，侧耳菌的挂膜和对黑液废水的处理效果最佳．S22菌在pH10．0时其木质素降解率和COD去除率最高，分别可达84％和69％．黄孢原毛平革菌、侧耳菌和S22菌能够在碱性较强的废水中生长挂膜并显著降解木质素，表现出对废水很强的适应能力．生物膜对黑液废水的半连续化处理结果表明了生物膜法的优越性．图8表1参14     

曲霉菌丝球HX对偶氮染料的吸附脱色

采用富积和驯化方法选育出的曲霉菌丝球HX对不同种类染料表现出高效吸附性能，可在12h内完全吸附200mg／L的直接染料、分散染料及活性黄X-R的颜色，并且研究了碳源质量浓度、氮源质量浓度、盐度、培养条件及优化条件组合对菌丝球HX吸附活性艳红X-3B的影响，结果表明：随碳源质量浓度的增加，吸附率相应增加，质量浓度为10．0g／L以上时，72h及以上的吸附率大于92．3％；氮源质量浓度高于0．75g／L时对吸附率影响不大；随盐度增加，染料吸附率有所下降．在温度为25～35℃、染料培养基pH为5．0～7．0、供氧充足的条件下吸附率较高．在所筛选的最佳吸附条件下，菌丝球HX对活性艳红X-3B表现出了更好的吸附效果．图6表3参9     

油水双相体系中分枝杆菌降解植物甾醇产9-羟基雄烯二酮的工艺

9α-羟基雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(9-羟基-雄烯二酮,9α-OH-AD)是一种重要的甾体药物中间体,主要用于糖皮质激素类和性激素类药物的生产,可由微生物转化法降解植物甾醇而得.植物甾醇在水中的溶解度极低,生物可利用度不高,严重制约了微生物对植物甾醇底物的利用效率.为进一步提高目的产物9α-OH-AD的摩尔得率,以前期诱变筛选的Mycobacterium sp.LY-1作为出发菌株,考察不同HLB值的表面活性剂对9α-OH-AD摩尔得率的影响,筛选得到最适表面活性剂,并建立高效的油水转化体系(油水体系的HLB=7.3).结果表明,HLB值为15的表面活性剂Tween-80有利于提高9α-OH-AD的摩尔得率,当添加4.0g/L Tween-80时,9α-OH-AD的摩尔得率达到38.5%.在该工作基础上,发现添加促溶剂100.0 g/L的大豆油对分枝杆菌转化植物甾醇生成9α-OH-AD具有促进作用.同时,添加4.0 g/L Tween-80和100.0 g/L大豆油时,当植物甾醇质量浓度为30 g/L时,9α-OH-AD摩尔得率为36.9%,9α-OH-AD质量浓度达到8.17 g/L,较对照提高了324.1%.本研究表明建立的油水转化工艺体系在一定程度上增加了底物质量浓度,提高了菌体的转化能力,结果可为甾醇生物转化体系的研究提供重要的参考信息.(图3表2参17)     

大宝山矿水外排的环境影响:Ⅰ.下游水生生态系统

通过水质生物检测、理化分析及野外水生大型无脊椎动物多样性实地调查等综合方法，就广东大宝山矿区南侧拦泥库溢出的酸性矿水对下游横石水河生态系统的影响进行了系统研究。结果表明，大宝山矿区拦泥库溢出的酸性矿水对隆线溞具有较强的急性生物毒性，酸性矿水24h，48h及96h对水溞的半致死体积分数LC50分别为13．55%、10．30％、6．20％；安全体积分数为0．06％。通过在暴雨期间对拦泥库上游洪水的各项指标的分析结果表明，拦泥库溢出的酸性矿水pH值可低至2．15，其中铁及重金属的质量浓度分别为：铁216．79mg/L、锌73．23mg/L、铜32．63mg/L、铅1．82mg/L、镉0．87mg/L。在尾矿坝下游3．5km处，重金属质量浓度分别为：铁51．63mg／L、锌2．83mg/L；铜1．64mg／L、铅2．67mg／L、镉0．1mg／L，和锰20．50mg／L。从矿水排放口到受矿水影响的下游50km范围内，河水pH的变化幅度为3．36-7．42。大型无脊椎动物多样性的调查显示，从尾矿坝到受矿水影响的下游25km范围内，未发现任何底栖动物，而在横石水河上游未受矿水影响的对照点中至少有36利底栖动物存在。可见由大宝山矿区排出的酸性矿水对下游溪流的水生生物多样性和河流生态系统造成了严重的破坏。     

青霉菌对活性艳蓝 KN-R的吸附作用

研究了青霉菌(Penicillium X5)对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附作用．通过对培养液的波谱分析和宏观现象的观察，结果表明，在72h内，脱色是由吸附引起的．当染料的浓度为100mg/L时，活菌体对染料的吸附率可达88．66％．本实验还研究了对实际应用和吸附过程有影响的几个因素，包括葡萄糖、NaCl、温度和pH.结果表明：葡萄糖浓度在0-20g／L时，随着葡萄糖浓度的增加，菌体的干重相应增加，说明对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附具有促进作用，但浓度在10-20g／L时，吸附作用不显著；而随着NaCl浓度(0-2％)的增加，吸附率却显著降低．最佳脱色温度为25℃，pH为4．0．活菌体与死菌体的生物吸附均符合Langmuir方程，活菌体比死菌体具有更好的吸附性能．吸附在菌丝体上的染料可以用甲酵进行洗脱，菌丝球在下次使用前用蒸馏水冲洗至pH中性，此菌丝球可重复使用3次．固8表2参11     

乙酰丙酸和前体物对Rhodobacter sphaeroides 5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成的影响

球形红细菌Rhodobacter sphaeroides光合成培养过程中(接种量2g/L),分别以不同方式加入不同浓度的乙酰丙酸(LA)、前体物(甘氨酸、琥珀酸),发现LA(30mmol/L)分3次加入,甘氨酸(60mmol/L)分2次加入,可使5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶(ALAS)的活性(149.1U/mg)提高,而其脱水酶(ALAD)活性(143.4U/mg)降低,使ALA产量提高到33.8mmol/L.图2参9     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.