用于处理印染废水的高效复合吸附絮凝剂的制备方法和应用

正该专利涉及一种用于处理印染废水的高效复合吸附絮凝剂的制备方法和应用。该高效复合吸附絮凝剂由絮凝剂、吸附剂和助凝剂组成。絮凝剂为硫酸铝钾,吸附剂为粉末活性炭,助凝剂为可溶性稀土盐。具体制备步骤如下:先将硫酸铝钾配成质量分数为10%~20%的溶液,按照m(活性炭)∶m(稀土盐)∶m(铝)=(0.2~2.0)∶(0.5~0.8)∶1,向硫酸铝钾溶液中加入粉末活性炭和稀土盐,在     

利用铬渣制备重铬酸钠

研究了采用焙烧—硫酸酸化法利用铬渣制备重铬酸钠的工艺.通过L16(44)正交实验得出铬渣焙烧—浸出的最佳工艺条件为:焙烧温度1 000℃,m(碳酸钠)∶m(铬渣)=0.18,液固比4,焙烧时间8h.在此条件下Cr(Ⅵ)回收率为99.3％.硫酸酸化制备重铬酸钠的最佳工艺条件为:浸出液pH为6.6,酸化液pH为3.5,浓缩液中重铬酸钠质量分数为83.1％.此条件下制备的产品重铬酸钠结晶率为44.5％,纯度为99.5％,符合GB1611-92《工业重铬酸钠》的一等品质量标准.处理1t铬渣可制备重铬酸钠约120 kg,增加收入660元.     

聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂的制备及其在印染废水处理中的应用

以粉煤灰为主要原料制备了聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂。通过L16(45)正交实验得出粉煤灰中Al3+和Fe3+的最佳浸取实验条件为焙烧温度900℃,m(Na2CO3)∶m(粉煤灰)=0.10,浸取温度为70℃,盐酸质量分数20%,浸取时间为2.0h。通过L9(34)正交实验得出聚硅酸铝铁的最佳制备条件为n(聚硅酸)∶n(Al3+)=1∶0.5,n(聚硅酸)∶n(Fe3+)=1∶0.5,浸出液pH为5.0,熟化温度为60℃。利用制得的聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂对200mL模拟印染废水进行处理,在絮凝剂加入量为4mL时絮凝效果最好,透光率超过70%。     

丙烯酰胺接枝木薯淀粉的合成及橡胶废水的絮凝处理

以丙烯酰胺为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,十二烷基磺酸钠为乳化剂,采用乳液聚合法合成丙烯酰胺接枝木薯淀粉(接枝淀粉)。实验结果表明:当m(淀粉)∶m(单体)为1.0∶1.5、合成温度为60℃、引发剂加入量(质量分数)为2.4%时,单体转化率、接枝率和接枝效率分别为74.7%,69.8%,74.9%;当接枝淀粉的加入量为0.35g/L时,絮凝处理后橡胶废水的吸光度由0.164降为0.073,脱色率为55.5%。     

钼蓝分光光度法测定水中As(Ⅲ)含量

采用钼蓝分光光度法测定水中的As(Ⅲ)含量。以10.8%(质量分数,下同)的抗坏血酸、3%的钼酸铵、0.56%的酒石酸锑钾和13.98%的硫酸按照体积比为2∶2∶1∶5配制的混合溶液为显色剂,在P(Ⅴ)加入量为10.00μmol/L、显色时间为30 min的条件下,As(Ⅲ)质量浓度与吸光度的线性相关性最好。该方法的As(Ⅲ)质量浓度检测范围为0~4 mg/L,加标回收率为92%~103%,相对标准偏差为3.0%~5.6%。     

乳状液膜法处理煤制兰炭废水

以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为载体、煤油为膜溶剂、NaOH水溶液为内水相,采用乳状液膜法处理兰炭废水。实验结果表明:当TBP体积分数为4%、表面活性剂质量分数为4%、内水相NaOH质量分数为12%、油内比(乳状液的油相与内水相的体积比)为3∶2、乳水比为1∶5、萃取时间为15min时,废水中的酚类(以苯酚计)去除率达到85%以上,COD去除率达83%以上。     

SBR工艺脱除苯胺废水中的总氮

采用SBR工艺脱除苯胺废水中的总氮。实验结果表明:在废水温度为30℃、废水pH为7.8、COD为513.6mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)为75.95mg/L、总氮质量浓度为521mg/L、m(C)∶m(N)为1∶1、不补充碳源的条件下,停曝搅拌时间需8h,废水的总氮去除率为22.0%。以甲醇作为补充碳源,当m(C)∶m(N)为3∶1时,总氮去除率较低,停曝搅拌时间需10h;当m(C)∶m(N)为5∶1时,总氮去除率较高,达46.5%,停曝搅拌时间需12h。补充碳源为甲醇时,所需停曝搅拌时间最短,总氮去除率最高,优于以葡萄糖和有机废水为碳源。     

含氟改性聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝性能

以全氟辛基乙基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯(PFMA)为疏水单体,与丙烯酰胺(AM)、二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DMDAAC)通过自由基胶束共聚法制得含氟改性聚丙烯酰胺(FPAD)絮凝剂。最佳聚合反应工艺条件:PFMA质量分数为0.3%,引发剂质量分数为0.3%,DMDAAC质量分数为15%,共聚反应温度为50℃。用FPAD处理初始透光率为20%、初始COD为282mg/L的废水,当FPAD加入量为15mg/L、絮凝体系pH为6时,废水透光率最高,可达98.7%;pH为6～9时,废水透光率和COD去除率均较高。     

有机磷阻燃剂生产废水预处理工艺研究

采用液膜萃取—酸析沉降—络合萃取组合工艺对有机磷阻燃剂生产废水进行预处理.最佳工艺条件为:液膜萃取时,液膜油相(表面活性剂与煤油的混合液)与内水相(H2SO4溶液)的体积比2∶1、乳化液膜与废水的体积比1∶8、废水pH 13.0,硫酸体积分数10％、煤油中表面活性剂质量浓度30 g/L、液膜萃取时间 15 min;酸析沉降时,废水pH l.0,酸析沉降时间30 min;络合萃取时,络合萃取剂(烷基叔胺N235与煤油的混合液)中烷基叔胺N235体积分数30％,络合萃取剂与废水的体积比1∶4,废水pH l.0,络合萃取时间30 min.在此最佳处理条件下,废水COD总去除率可达93％,吡啶去除率达99.9％以上,总磷去除率可达97％,BOD5/COD提高至0.32,有利于后续生化处理.     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺-TiO2复配絮凝剂的合成及性能

以甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,K2S2O8-NaHSO3为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法合成了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺P(DMC-AM),将表面处理后的纳米TiO2与P(DMC-AM)复配,得到P(DMC-AM)-TiO2复配絮凝剂.考察了原料配比、反应条件对P(DMC-AM)黏度的影响,结果表明:在m(DMC):m(AM)=0.18、引发剂加入量为0.5%(质量分数,下同)、聚合反应时间3 h、聚合溶液pH=4.0条件下,P(DMC-AM)絮凝剂的特性黏度最佳;纳米TiO2加入量为5%时,复配絮凝剂对酸性黑10B染料模拟废水的脱色性能最好.     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.