印度西孟加拉州发生全球最严重的砷污染

印度东部的西孟加拉州为印度第五大州，面积为86234klnZ，人口为6800万人。恒河从该州境内南北向穿过，河沙沉积为16个郡。全州大部分地区为农村，农业生产以稻作为主，饮用水、生活用水和农业用水大部分依赖井水。西孟加拉州的砷污染，始见于1983年。数年来的调查表明：该州有8个郡750多个村落发生地下水砷污染，污染面积达4万b千，被污染地区总人o3800万，饮用被污染地下水的人数达440万以上，为目前世界上最严重的砷污染地区，而且每年还有大范围的新污染区域被发现。根据州政府对19707o水井的调查，井水砷浓度超过0．ofwt的占55％、超…     

广东某农村塘坝饮用水污染的微生物溯源

以大肠杆菌为指示微生物,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)、肠杆菌间重复一致序列PCR(ERIC-PCR)和BOX插入因子PCR(BOX-PCR)3种分子分型方法对广东省某典型农村塘坝饮用水污染来源进行了追踪研究,利用软件Quantity One进行分析.结果表明,浅层井水与其近处的池塘水存在大肠杆菌的克隆现象,两者可能存在着共同的污染传播载体,或是浅层井水受到了池塘水的污染.3种方法的分型能力从强到弱依次为PFGE、BOX-PCR、ERIC-PCR.其中, BOX-PCR最宜在水体污染的微生物溯源中应用.鉴于分离培养的溯源方法存在的缺陷,应加强与非培养微生物溯源相结合进行分析以使结果更加准确.     

不同功能地表水体中病原微生物指示物的标准比较

地表水病原微生物污染对人类健康构成了巨大的潜在威胁,地表水体的病原微生物污染及其控制日益得到人们的重视.因此,本文从地表水环境功能和人类健康的角度出发,通过大量调研国内外不同功能的地表水环境质量标准,总结了当前常用病原微生物指示物的特点与指示效果;综述和比较了美国、欧盟、世界卫生组织和中国水环境标准中有关病原微生物控制指标的演变历程;最后对地表水体中病原微生物指示物的研究进行了展望.总体而言,当前常用指示微生物涵盖细菌、病毒和原生动物,但应针对不同目的选取不同类型的指示微生物;美国、欧盟和世界卫生组织的病原微生物控制指标已陆续转向大肠杆菌与肠球菌,而我国仅经历了从总大肠菌群到粪大肠菌群的转变.培养法与分子生物学方法是当前主要的病原微生物检测手段,前者广为应用,后者更为方便、快捷,但无法与相应标准对接.     

全国人大代表．浙江奉化滕头村党委书记傅企平：尽早“堵住”农村生活污水之害

由于目前我国大多数农村都没有排水渠道和污水处理系统．污水处理率低．大部分生活污水都随意排放．直接进入河流，或排出室外空地后任意渗入地下．少部分经化粪池简单处理后渗入地下．严重污染河水和井水。生活污水已成为目前我国农村水体污染的主要污染源之一。     

再生水补给型水体中病原微生物的来源、归宿及其风险评估

我国北方地区,以污水处理厂出水等非常规水源补给为主的河/湖逐渐成为城市群下游河流的主导类型;以污水处理厂尾水为补给水源的湿地公园近年来亦大量涌现.在节约城市用水、改善生态环境的同时,污水所携带的病原体对环境安全和人类健康带来潜在的威胁.为评估水环境病原微生物污染的健康风险,深入了解水体中病毒的类型以及病毒污染与环境因素之间的关系,认识病原微生物在水环境系统中的迁移轨迹、人暴露风险点及暴露途径具有重要的意义.针对典型再生水补给型水体存在的公共卫生安全问题,借鉴同时探索污水流行病学方法,并结合微生物定量风险评估（QMRA）分析,通过“污染-风险评价-风险预警”的流程,可以实现病原微生物污染全过程风险管理,为城市水环境的管理和良性运行提供理论支撑.     

基于现代分子生物学法追溯水体中粪便污染源

研究表明不同生物体粪便中含有已知或未知的病原微生物,所以动物体粪便的排放会携带这些病原微生物到自然水体中,严重污染了水体环境甚至危害人体健康。如何快速、准确鉴定出水体受到的粪便污染来源对进一步研究水体中可能存在的病原微生物至关重要,这也成为目前科学研究的热点。传统的通过监测粪便指示菌的方法指示污染不仅耗时费力,最重要的是它并不能区别出粪便污染的来源。微生物溯源技术(microbial source tracking,MST)的逐渐发展弥补了传统方法的不足,尤其是利用宿主特异性DNA标记物来指示污染源的方法已经取得了突破性进展,并具有高效、快速的特点。该文主要是针对微生物溯源技术的介绍以及如何利用现代分子生物学技术快速追溯水体中粪便污染源的概述。     

海水浴场中粪便污染指示细菌的浓度预测模型研究进展

构建粪便污染指示细菌的浓度预测模型有助于保障海水浴场水质安全，避免因传统的病原微生物监测方法造成时间滞后，可及时给予公众健康指导，为海水浴场管理提供技术支撑。本文基于国内外海水浴场水质中粪便污染指示细菌的浓度预测模型技术发展现状，综合评述了模型构建方法，归纳了各种模型的特点、应用范围以及在实际应用中的优缺点，分析了在构建我国海水浴场粪便污染指示细菌的浓度预测模型中所面临的困难及存在的差距，对模型的发展趋势进行了展望，为我国开展海水浴场中粪便污染指示细菌的浓度预测提供参考。     

生物滞留系统去除雨水病原微生物的研究进展

雨水虽是一种可持续的非常规水源,但径流过程中携带的病原微生物对公共卫生及人类健康存在潜在风险。生物滞留系统是海绵城市建设中径流污染控制的常用源头措施,其不仅可去除常规性污染物,还可在一定程度上控制病原微生物,在雨水处理回用方面具有良好的应用前景。文章结合回用水质标准重点分析了生物滞留系统对病原微生物的削减效果,综述了强化型生物滞留系统对病原微生物的去除研究进展。传统生物滞留系统虽可有效去除病原微生物,但难以满足雨水回用要求,而选用抗菌性植物,增设抗菌填料或添加生物炭介质可显著提高系统对病原微生物的去除率。作者提出,今后的研究将重点关注雨水径流中病原微生物在生物滞留系统中的去除机理与过程模型,进而探寻系统的最佳运行条件与工艺设计参数,以提高系统对病原微生物的去除效果与稳定性。     

浅析农村饮用水源污染原因及改善措施

随着我国人口数量的不断增长,饮水问题日益突出,国家虽采取了一系列的措施进行解决,如南水北调工程的修建,大力兴修水库等,但这些水利工程大多是针对城市用水问题,而缺乏对农村饮用水问题的关注,导致了我国农村饮用水源污染问题日趋严重,影响了我国农村地区的正常生产和生活,为此,加强对农村饮用水源的治理迫在眉睫。本文通过阐述当前我国农村饮用水源的种类与农村饮用水源的现状,简要分析了造成我国农村饮用水源污染的主要原因,并针对这些原因提出了相应的解决措施,以期改善我国农村饮用水源的污染问题,保证农村地区的安全饮水。     

仪化垃圾场中的锰对周围地下水的污染

对仪化垃圾场中锰污染的来源，污染源强、污染规律进行了分析，结果表明，垃圾场的锰对周围时下水已产生一定程度的污染，个别井水已达重污染程度。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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