氢氧化铝废渣处理含氟废水的研究

在一定条件下氢氧化铝废渣活化处理,用于处理５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的含氟废水,投加量为２‰,ｐＨ值为６￣１１,去氟率达９６％。吸附平衡浓度与吸附量关系符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温式,求出２０．０℃、２５．０℃、３０．０℃时的饱和吸附量和吸附系数。其吸附速度符合鲛岛吸附动力学方程式。     

铁炭-生化法处理高含盐染料废水的研究

通过对实际染料废水的处理研究，采用聚铁混凝 铁炭还原-中和混凝的预处理，可去除近50%的有机物，而且提高了废水的BOD/COD比，同时对高含盐染料废水的生化处理进行了系统研究。     

复合高效微生物处理高含盐石油开采废水

石油开采废水中高含盐量对微生物处理有强抑制作用。有针对性地筛选驯化了耐盐复合高效处理菌群对大港油田石油开采废水进行有机物降解，在废水的氯离子含量为20000～36000mg／L，COD浓度l600～4000mg／L范围内，高含盐量对耐盐复合高效微生物无明显抑制作用，结合物化处理方法COD去除率稳定在90％左右，处理后水达到二级排放标准。     

混凝剂处理染料及其中间体废水应用

带磺酸基的染料及其中间体废水是一大处理难题，通常大多数絮凝剂不适用。通过研究发现，聚合硫酸亚铁与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺作为絮凝剂处理该类废水，具有良好的处理效果。     

沉淀——吸附法处理果胶工艺废水

利用果胶废水中的Al（Ⅲ）和石灰乳沉淀，并用炉渣、活性碳脱色的方法，处理盐板法提取果胶的工艺废水。通过正效实验，研究了最佳工艺条件。该工艺处理后的废水，Al（Ⅲ）去除率96.8％，CODCr去除率为92.7％，SO4^2－去除率为61.5％，且废渣产出量少。     

芦苇制浆废水的生态工程处理

本文主要讨论了生态工程处理芦苇制浆中段废水的工艺流程及其主要组成部分稳定塘和苇田的设计参。通过对工程预期处理效果和生态经济效益分析，认为在可供利用的大片苇田，运用生态工程处理纸浆废水，不仅可以达到控制污染的目的，而且可以取得较好的生态经济效益。     

氢氧化镁处理含镉废水的研究

以氢氧化镁作为吸附剂处理含镉酸性废水。结果表明，氢氧化镁对Cd^2 的吸附为化学吸附，去除率一般可达98％以上。氢氧化镁回收后，经轻烧处理变成氧化镁，仍可以处理含镉废水，且可多次使用。     

活性污泥吸附预处理重油裂化制气废水

利用剩余活性污泥对含有高浓度芳香族化合物的重油裂化制气废水进行预处理的研究并提出了合适的吸附条件。结果表明，活性污泥吸附预处理对COD和悬浮物有明显的去除效果，而且可以提高废水BOD5／COD的比值，另外还有降解芳香族化合物的作用，使进入生物处理系统的废水的可生物降解性有明显的改善。这一方法为利用普通废水生物处理系统中产生的剩余活性污泥来预处理难降解的工业废水提供了一条有效的途径。     

吸附—催化氧化—絮凝法联合处理造纸废水

采用吸附－催化氧化－絮凝法联合处理造纸废水，讨论了废水通过炉渣柱的滤速，在絮凝过程中Al2(SO4)3的加入量及催化氧化反应中溶液的pH值，铁屑的加入量，H2O2的加入量等主要因素对废水中COD去除率的影响，结果表明，COD，SS主要污染物去除率达97．0％和95．3％，各项指标超过一级排放标准，水质可以完全回收利用，为造纸废水的处理提供了新的技术方案。     

PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂的脱色性能研究

研究了二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵聚合物（PDMDAAC）系列絮凝剂对活性染料废水和分散染料废水的脱色效果，考察了絮凝剂的特性粘度、阳离子度及结构等因素对脱色效果的影响，探讨了其脱色机理，并试验了与PAC复配的脱色效果。实验结果表明：絮凝剂的特性粘度越高，阳离子度越高，脱色效果越好；絮凝剂结构中引入乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷（VTMS）可使脱色效果胡所提高；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂处理活性染料废水的机理是通过电中和作用，使染料分子从水中析出，然后通过吸附架桥作用使之聚集、沉降除去；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂在处理分散染料废水时，吸附架桥为主导作用；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂与PAC复配可使脱色效果更佳而且可以降低处理成本。     

Fluoride distribution in the environment along the gradient of a phosphate-fertilizer production emission (southern Brazil)

Airborne fluoride was determined in the rainwater, surface soil and groundwater along a gradient of emission of a phosphate fertilizer factory in Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Concentrations of fluoride in rainwater and groundwater achieved 3 mg l⁻¹ and 5 mg l⁻¹, respectively, and were dependent on pH. The fluoride deposited from emissions accumulated in a superficial horizon of soil in quantities comparable to those in the manufactured end-products—up to 23,000 mg kg⁻¹. Fluoride distribution in the environment is controlled by physical–chemical parameters of emission, rain intensity and soil properties. The highest fluoride concentrations were registered at a close distance of up to 2 km from the factory. The distribution of fluoride in groundwater resembled the same distribution in rainwater due to the high permeability of the local soils. Fluoride penetration to the groundwater also depended on the type of vegetation cover. The groundwater in woodland areas was less affected by contamination of fluoride than in the grassland areas, most probably because of the influence of eucalyptus throughfall, which increases the pH of wet precipitates.     

大气氟化物对橡胶树的伤害实验研究

通过熏气模拟试验研究氟化氢气体对橡胶盆栽幼苗的影响。结果表明 :熏气后 ,橡胶苗出现典型受害症状 ,熏气浓度越高 ,受害越严重 ,叶片氟的积累量也越高。幼叶总是先于老叶受害 ,老叶对于氟的累积量高于幼叶 ;随着熏气浓度升高 ,电导率明显增加 ;熏气后 ,气孔发生变形 ,而且熏气浓度越高 ,变形越厉害 ;随叶片受害程度加大 ,叶片失绿 ,叶绿素含量降低。     

低分子有机酸对土壤氟吸附的影响

用等温平衡吸附法研究了柠檬酸、草酸对砂姜黑土和潮土氟吸附的影响 ,提出了有机酸影响氟吸附的可能机理。实验结果表明 ,有机酸对土壤氟吸附有较大的影响 :(1)当有机酸处于低浓度时 ,土壤氟吸附量随浓度升高而增加 ;高浓度时 ,土壤氟吸附量随有机酸浓度升高而降低 ;(2 )在有机酸存在条件下 ,土壤氟的吸附量与平衡氟浓度间呈极显著的直线正相关或负相关     

Fluoride content of Ethiopian khat (Catha edulis Forsk) chewing leaves

The levels of water soluble and total fluoride concentration in 11 different varieties of Ethiopian khat (Catha edulis Forsk, an evergreen stimulant plant) commonly consumed in the country and exported to the neighboring countries were determined by fluoride ion-selective electrode. Known amounts of fresh khat samples were suspended in deionized water, stirred, and the supernatants exposed to a chelator that decomplexes fluoride were assayed. The total fluoride concentration in the leaves was also analyzed after the leaves were dried, charred, and ashed. Water soluble and total fluoride concentration in khat varieties varied, ranging from 0.19 to 0.43 µg g^?1 fresh weight and 3.4 to 7.1 µg g^?1 dry weight, respectively. The fluoride concentration in matured leaves (12 µg g^?1) was higher than that in young leaves (6.5 µg g^?1) dry weight. Assuming that daily khat leaves chewing for an adult is 100 g, fluoride intake from chewing leaves of the analyzed khat varieties is far below the daily fluoride tolerable upper limit. The safe intake of fluoride is recommended to be 1.5–4.0 mg day^?1 for adults and less for children. However, chewing khat leaves may contribute a significant amount of fluoride for the total daily intake of an individual and should not be overlooked while estimating the total dietary intake of fluoride for individuals chewing khat leaves regularly.     

阜阳电厂灰水氟化物浓度的确定及对地下饮用水源污染预测

目前在火电厂环境影响评价中，主要利用类比法和实验法确定灰水中氟化物的浓度。文章提出了一种新的方法－－计算法。该方法以氟的迁移转化规律为基础，以物料平衡原理为依据，充分考虑煤源、煤质、除尘方式、除灰方式、排灰方式及冲灰水水质等影响因素。与类比法和实验法相比，该法简便、可靠、实用、经济。鉴于阜场附近地区地下水饮用水源污染的可能性，影响程度及发生时间。     

杭嘉湖蚕桑区主要大气氟污染源及治理现状

对杭嘉湖蚕桑区大气氟主要污染源——砖瓦厂氟的排放状况及各种含氟烟道废气治理装置的治理效果进行了较为深入的调查分析,认为砖瓦厂含氟废气不经烟道排放较为严重。目前砖瓦厂所采用的各种含氟废气治理装置中,旋流板塔装置除氟效率较佳,可使废气氟的排放浓度降至5mg/m~3以下,基本上能消除下风向300m以远的大气氟污染对蚕桑的严重危害。     

氟污染对桑叶营养成分的影响

本文研究了氟污染对桑叶光合产物、氨基酸、有机酸含量及三种酶活性的影响,结果表明:氟污染能引起桑叶营养成分的改变。根据氟污染桑叶的生理、生化指标的变化情况,探讨了以植物氟含量、蔗糖含量变化情况及外观症状结合来监测大气氟污染对植物危害的可行性。     

Fluoride in drinking water exacerbates glomerulonephritis and induces liver damage in ICR-derived glomerulonephritis mice

To evaluate the effects of fluoride on the kidney and the liver of ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice by using laboratory tests and pathological examinations, fluoride was administered to the ICGN mice at 0, 25, 50, 100, and 150?ppm in drinking water for 4 weeks and to the ICR mice, which have normal kidney function at 0 and 150?ppm. The BUN, creatinine, GOT, and GPT in the serum of each mouse were determined. When a mouse died, the sample from the day closest to the death was assigned for the mean. Pathological changes in the kidney were examined after PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) staining. All of the ICGN mice in the 150?ppm group and one of seven in the 100?ppm group died before the end of week 4, but no ICR mice died. For ICGN mice, the mean value of body weight in the 150?ppm group was significantly lower than those in 0?ppm group and other fluoride-administered groups. The mean values of relative liver and kidney weights in the 100 and 150?ppm groups were significantly lower than those in the control. The mean values of BUN, creatinine, and GPT in the 150?ppm group were significantly higher than those in the control. The thickness of the glomerular capillary wall and the increased mesangial matrix in the kidney were prominent in the fluoride-administered ICGN mice. These results suggested that fluoride severely exacerbated glomerulonephritis and tublar-intestitial changes in ICGN mice.     

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Fluoride in Drinking Water in the West Plain Region of Jilin Province, China

The west plain region of Jilin province of northeast China is one of the typical endemic fluorosis areas caused by drinking water for many years. Investigations of hydrogeological and ecoenvironmental conditions as well as endemic fluorosis were conducted in 1998. Results show that the ground water, especially, the water in the unconfined aquifer is the main source of drinking water for local residents. The fluoride concentration in groundwater in the unconfined aquifers is higher than that in the confined aquifer in the west plain of Jilin province. The fluoride concentration in the unconfined aquifer can be used to classify the plain into fluoride deficient area, optimum area and excess area, which trend from west to east. High fluoride (>1.0 mg L(-1)) in drinking water resulted in dental and skeletal fluorosis in local residents (children and pregnant women). There exists a positive correlation between fluoride concentration in the drinking water and the morbidities of endemic fluorosis disease (r1 = 0.781, r2 = 0.872). Health risks associated with fluoride concentration in drinking water are assessed. It has been determined that fluoride concentration in excess of 1.0 mg L(-1) exposes residents to high health risks based on risk identification. The study area is classified into five health risk classes as shown in Figure 4. The risk indexes of this area more than 1.0 are accounted for 68% of the total west plain region.     

Potential Fluoride Contamination in the Drinking Water of Naranji Area, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan

The drinking water of Naranji village and surrounding areas of the NorthWest Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan, was analyzed for its fluoride content. The fluoride content of water samples from the springs in the Naranji village goes up to 13.52 mg kg(-1), which exceeds the permissible limit (1.5 mg kg(-1)) set by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study explores the source of fluoride contamination and attributes it to the alkaline rocks of the Ambela granitic complex and the Koga complex. The low-lying areas towards the south have a fluoride content within the permissible limit. The Naranji area therefore needs urgent remedial measures.