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1.
Exponential Growth, Animal Welfare, Environmental and Food Safety Impact: The Case of China’s Livestock Production 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peter J. Li 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(3):217-240
Developmental states are criticized for rapid “industrialization without enlightenment.” In the last 30 years, China’s breathtaking
growth has been achieved at a high environmental and food safety cost. This article, utilizing a recent survey of China’s
livestock industry, illustrates the initiating role of China’s developmental state in the exponential expansion of the country’s
livestock production. The enthusiastic response of the livestock industry to the many state policy incentives has made China
the world’s biggest animal farming nation. Shortage of meat and dairy supply is history. Yet, the Chinese government is facing
new challenges of no less a threat to political stability. Production intensification has created a welfare crisis impacting
the world’s biggest number of farm animals. The resulting food safety incidents are affecting consumer confidence and health.
Untreated waste contributes to the nation’s environmental degradation. Developmental states may have a proud record of growth
in the initial stage of industrialization. Their prospects for sustained development have long been questioned. China has
come to an important juncture to march towards a sustained development. 相似文献
2.
Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ramona Cristina Ilea 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(2):153-167
By 2050, global livestock production is expected to double—growing faster than any other agricultural sub-sector—with most
of this increase taking place in the developing world. As the United Nation’s four-hundred-page report, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, documents, livestock production is now one of three most significant contributors to environmental problems, leading to
increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution, and increased health problems. The paper draws on the
UN report as well as a flurry of other recently published studies in order to demonstrate the effect of intensive livestock
production on global warming and on people’s health. The paper’s goal is to outline the problems caused by intensive livestock
farming and analyze a number of possible solutions, including legislative changes and stricter regulations, community mobilizing,
and consumers choosing to decrease their demand for animal products. 相似文献
3.
Volkert Beekman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(3):301-312
Regulatory bodies tend to treat people’s emotional responses towards foods as a nuisance for rational opinion-formation and
decision-making. This position is thought to be supported by such evidence as: (1) people showing negative emotional responses
to the idea of eating meat products from vaccinated livestock; and (2) people showing positive emotional responses to Magnum’s
“7 sins” marketing campaign. Such cases are thought to support the idea that regulatory communication about foods should abstract
from people’s emotional perceptions and that corporate marketing of foods should show restraint in capitalizing upon these
weaknesses of the heart. This paper, on the contrary, argues that people’s emotional perceptions of foods represent valuable
sources of knowledge. This argument is developed by making the dominant reception of people’s emotions intelligible by tracing
its roots through the history of the Platonic paradigm. Although this paradigm has dominated the philosophical and psychological
debate about emotions, the idea that emotions are sources of knowledge has recently gained force. This paper also traces the
historical roots of the alternative Aristotelian paradigm. The cases of meat products from vaccinated livestock and Magnum’s
7 sins serve to illustrate this controversy. The paper concludes by showing that a neo-Platonic emphasis on the irrationality
of emotions does not contribute to a fruitful discussion about implications of people’s perceptions for agricultural and food
politics, whereas a neo-Aristotelian account of rational emotions could enable regulatory bodies to engage people in a fruitful
process of opinion-formation and decision-making about food production and consumption.
This paper has been written in the context of a research project “Images of Food” co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture,
Nature and Food Quality and the Social Sciences Group of Wageningen University and Research Centre. I would like to thank
my colleagues Hans Dagevos, Sandra van der Kroon, Siet Sijtsema, Cor van der Weele (Wageningen University), and Cindy Wolff,
as well as the members of the advisory board for this project, for the inspiring discussions about previous versions of this
paper. 相似文献
4.
This study reports how Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and informal cultural institutions have conserved key varieties
of the wildgrowing rice, ‘tinni’ (red rice, or brownbeard rice, Oriza rufipogon Griff.), within the Bhar community of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. The study was conducted, using conventional and participatory
methods, in 10 purposively selected Bhar villages. Two distinct varieties of tinni (‘tinni patali’ and ‘tinni moti’) with differing habitats and phenotypic characters were identified. Seven microecosystems (Kari, Badaila, Chammo, Karmol,
Bhainsiki, Bhainsala and Khodailia) were found to support these varieties in differing proportions. Tinni rice can withstand more extreme weather conditions (the highest as well as lowest temperatures and rainfall regimes) than
the ‘genetically improved’ varieties of rice (Oriza sativa L.) grown in the region. Both tinni varieties are important bioresources for the Bhar’s subsistence livelihoods, and they use distinctive conservation approaches
in their maintenance. Bhar women are the main custodians of tinni rice agrobiodiversity, conserving tinni through an institution called Sajha. Democratic decision-making at meetings organized by village elders determines the market
price of the tinni varieties. Overall, the indigenous institutions and women’s participation seem to have provided safeguards from excessive
exploitation of tinni rice varieties. The maintenance of tinni through cultural knowledge and institutions serves as an example of the importance of locally maintained crop varieties in
contributing to people’s resilience and food security in times of rapid social and environmental change. 相似文献
5.
The European Union’s policies regarding genetically modified food (GMF hereafter) are based on the precautionary principle
and the requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy. We ask whether the requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy regarding
GMF implies that both GMF and non-GMF products should be available in the market. According to one line of thought, consumers’
choices may be autonomous even when the both types of products are not available. A food market with only GMF or only non-GMF
products does not strictly speaking compel people to buy the type of products available, and a possibility to refuse to buy
is enough for consumers’ choice to be autonomous. According to another line of thought, the unavailability of GMF or non-GMF
products restricts the autonomy of those consumers who are unwilling to use the only type of products (GMF or non-GMF) available
in the market. From the point of view of autonomy, a food market with only GMF or only non-GMF products does not offer enough
alternatives for consumers. Moreover, the whole point of the European Union’s requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy
is to enable an autonomous choice between GMF and non-GMF—not just to give a possibility to refrain from buying. However,
this does not imply that producers, processors, wholesalers, retailers, or public authorities have a moral duty to see that
there are both GMF and non-GMF products available in the market. The requirement to respect autonomy is prima facie in nature, and in the context of GMF, other prima facie requirements are often stronger and override it. Not only the consumers’ autonomy of choice but also environmental values,
other people’s well-being, and the autonomous choice of farmers, retailers, and other relevant parties should be respected.
Thus, according to the both lines of thought, the requirement to respect consumers’ autonomy of choice does not imply that
there should be both GMF and non-GMF products available in the market. 相似文献
6.
In 2004, as a response to the discovery of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Canadian cattle and other food scares, the Province of British Columbia (BC) developed a comprehensive set of meat inspection regulations, increasing the requirements for food safety infrastructure. Through a series of interviews with farmers and stakeholders, we highlight some of the unintended consequences for community food security and sustainability that resulted from these stringent safety regulations in rural and remote communities in BC. These include the loss of meat production and processing capacities as well as the erosion of local food practices and traditions through the criminalisation of farm-gate sales. We suggest that food safety regulations intended to protect consumer health may result in negative effects for community food security and rural sustainability and that these consequences should be accounted for when developing food policy. 相似文献
7.
Governmental and non-governmental organizations, social movements, and academics have called for reductions in meat consumption due to the environmental, animal welfare, and public health consequences of industrial animal agribusiness. An impactful move toward plant-based diets would require changes in public policy. First, we assess if there are different social and structural factors that influence support for policies that promote plant-based diets. We look at four categories of policies (action frames) that will likely reduce meat consumption: environmental, animal welfare, public health, and direct meat reduction. Second, we use a manipulation rhetorical frame to see if support can be altered by providing individuals with information about meat reduction, framing the issue in terms of environmental protection, animal welfare, or public health. Different social and structural factors predict support for different policy groupings, meaning that it matters how policies are enclosed in action frames. However, providing information to individuals about a particular impact (rhetorical frame) has limited influence on policy support. 相似文献
8.
Perceiving the Environment from the Lay Perspective in Desertified Areas,Northern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Investigating local people’s environmental perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into decision
making processes that help resolve environmental problems. Although China is undergoing severe desertification, the perceptions
of the local people toward their degraded environment and the related issues have so far not been actively solicited. This
article, which is a supplement to Lee and Zhang’s (2004, 2005) studies, seeks to further investigate the lay public’s general environmental attitudes, perceptions of desertification, interpretations
of land-degrading activities, and particularly their interrelations in severely desertified areas. Minqin County in Gansu
Province, northern China, was chosen to be the study area. Data was collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1138) administered in December 2002. Major findings were: (1) Most respondents had only weak altruistic environmental attitudes,
with educational level to be a significant determinant. (2) Respondents’ perceptions of desertification and interpretations
of land-degrading activities were contingent on personal attributes, general environmental attitudes, and other conceptions
related to desertification. It is recommended that the interrelations between the various aspects of the public’s environmental
perceptions should be thoroughly examined to facilitate their participation in environmental management. 相似文献
9.
João Graça Maria Manuela Calheiros Abílio Oliveira 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2014,27(5):749-765
Harmful but culturally cherished practices often endure in spite of the damages they cause. Meat consumption is increasingly becoming one of such cases and may provide an opportunity from which to observe these phenomena. Growing evidence indicates that current and projected production and consumption patterns are important contributors to significant environmental problems, public health degradation, and animal suffering. Our aim is to contribute to a further understanding of the psychological factors that may hinder or promote personal disposition to change food habits to benefit each of these domains. Drawing from previous evidence, this study explores the proposition that some consumers are motivated to resort to moral disengagement strategies when called upon to consider the impacts of their food habits. Data were collected from six semi-structured focus groups with a sample of 40 participants. Although affirming personal duties towards preserving the environment, promoting public health, and safeguarding animal welfare, participants did not show personal disposition to change their meat consumption habits. Several patterns of response that resonate with the principles of moral disengagement theory (i.e. reconstrual of the harmful conduct; obscuring personal responsibility; disregard for the negative consequences; active avoidance and dissociation) were observed while discussing impacts and the possibility of change. Results seem to support the proposition that the process of moral disengagement may play a role in hindering openness to change food habits for the benefit of the environment, public health, and animals, and point towards the relevance of further exploring this approach. 相似文献
10.
Tiziano Gomiero Maurizio G. Paoletti David Pimentel 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(5):403-434
Biofuels have lately been indicated as a promising source of cheap and sustainable energy. In this paper we argue that some
important ethical and environmental issues have also to be addressed: (1) the conflict between biofuels production and global
food security, particularly in developing countries, and (2) the limits of the Human Appropriation of ecosystem services and
Net Primary Productivity. We warn that large scale conversion of crops, grasslands, natural and semi-natural ecosystem, (such
as the conversion of grasslands to cellulosic ethanol production, or plantation of sugar cane and palm oil), may have detrimental
social and ecological consequences. Social effects may concern: (1) food security, especially in developing countries, leading
to an increase of the price of staple food, (2) transnational corporations and big landowners establishing larger and larger
landholdings in conflict with indigenous areas and the subsistence of small farmers. Ecological effects may concern: (1) competition
with grazing wild and domesticated animals (e.g., millions of grazing livestock in USA prairies), (2) an excessive appropriation
of Net Primary Production from ecosystems, (3) threatening biodiversity preservation and soil fertility. We claim that is
it well known how ecological and social issues are strictly interwoven and that large scale biofuels production, by putting
high pressure on both fronts, may trigger dangerous feedbacks, also considering the critical fact that 9 billion people are
expected to inhabit the planet by 2050. There is a need to conduct serious and deep analysis on the environmental and social
impact of large scale biofuels production before important energy policies are launched at global level. Biofuels will not
represent an energetic panacea and their role in the overall energy consumption will remain marginal in our present highly
energivorous society, while their effect on food security and environment preservation may have detrimental results. We should
also have the courage to face two key issues: (1) we cannot keep increasing resources consumption at present pace, and have
to change our life style accordingly, and (2) we have to deal with population growth; we cannot expect to have 9–10 billions
people inhabiting the earth by 2050, without this representing a major impact on its support system. 相似文献
11.
Key aspects of environmental management exist within a legislative framework. The Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) and several Regional Environmental Plans created under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) make reference to ‘the top of the bank’ for defining areas of protected land adjacent to rivers, within which development
consent may be required. It is an arbitrary term and its use within the Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) leads to confusion. This paper examines the range of definitions of ‘the top of the bank’ in respect of natural watercourses
and aims to provide a more lucid and effective definition that will clarify existing ambiguities in legal interpretation.
The paper examines the historical origins of the phrase ‘top of the bank’, finding that stereotyped Eurocentric views of what
a river ‘should look like’ have impaired the legal definition for Australian rivers, thereby influencing common law and the
development of statutory definitions. Judicial applications of the phrase ‘top of the bank’ are examined from a geomorphological
perspective, demonstrating the misconceptions of the term in a legal context. The paper identifies the existence of widespread
support for the need to protect land adjacent to rivers in the interests of environmental, economic and social sustainability.
It concludes by calling for legislative reform that is both tailored to the individual site and consistent with overarching
goals at the catchment scale. 相似文献
12.
Citizens’ Views on Farm Animal Welfare and Related Information Provision: Exploratory Insights from Flanders,Belgium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Filiep Vanhonacker Els Van Poucke Frank Tuyttens Wim Verbeke 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(6):551-569
The results of two independent empirical studies with Flemish citizens were combined to address the problem of a short fall
of information provision about higher welfare products. The research objectives were (1) to improve our understanding of how
citizens conceptualize farm animal welfare, (2) to analyze the variety in the claimed personal relevance of animal welfare
in the food purchasing decision process, and (3) to find out people’s needs in relation to product information about animal
welfare and the extent to which the current information caters to these needs. The first study consisted of a survey conducted
in three consecutive years (2000–2002, n = 521) and was complemented with more recent qualitative data from four focus group discussions (2006, n = 29). Citizens’ conceptualization of farm animal welfare matched reasonably well with those in the scientific literature,
although it is clearly influenced by a lower level of practical experience and a higher weight of empathy. In general, respondents
indicated that animal welfare was an important product attribute, although it was less important than primary product attributes
such as quality, health, and safety. Moral issues, rather than a perception of higher quality, were the main influence on
preferences for higher welfare products. At present, higher standards of animal welfare are mostly guaranteed within more
general quality assurance schemes. Yet people’s decisions to not choose higher welfare products seems to be related to the
perceptual disconnection between eating animal food products and the living producing animals. Respondents generally thought
better information provision was required and the present level of provision was strongly criticized. In combination, the
findings of both studies help inform the discussion about how citizens can be informed about animal welfare and the preferred
content, source, and medium of such information. The paper also provides insights into citizens’ semantic interpretation of the concept of animal welfare (what wordings they use) and the range of relevance that animal welfare has for different groups that, in turn is useful in identifying which segments can be targeted. This can contribute to a more effective valorization of animal welfare as a product attribute. 相似文献
13.
Jennifer Welchman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):353-363
Norton argues on pragmatic “Deweyan” grounds that we should cease to ask scientists for value neutral definitions of “sustainability,”
developed independently of moral and social values, to guide our environmental policy making debates. “Sustainability,” like
human “health,” is a normative concept from the start—one that cannot be meaningfully developed by scientists or economists
without input by all the stake holders affected. While I endorse Norton’s approach, I question his apparent presumption that
concern for sustainability for the future is at odds with and ought to trump concern for enhancement in the present of public opportunities to access the goods nature represents. I argue that the two are not separable in practice.
I argue for Passmore’s position that unless we take care to enhance equitable access to the good and services nature represents
in the present, we cannot succeed in promoting sustainability for future generations. 相似文献
14.
从微生物指标中看我国肉类食品安全状况 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从食品微生物指标:菌落总数、大肠菌群和致病菌三项入手,对我国肉类食品的微生物指标检测情况及其产品质量进行分析。在我国政府的有力监管下,肉类食品产品质量与安全有了大幅度提高。由此展望,21世纪,绿色肉类产品由于其健康、质量、安全、方便将成为消费主流和今后的发展趋势。 相似文献
15.
By means of environmental education, teachers are supposed to intervene in pupils’ awareness and concern of environmental
issues. Teachers’ environmental attitudes, however, have rarely been studied. We analysed 367 German pre- and in-service teachers’
environmental attitudes for their structure and socio-economic correlates within the frame of a European project. Thus, we
retrieved for adults the two-dimensional model of ecological values (2-MEV) presented for adolescents by Bogner and Wiseman
(Sci Educ Int 15(1):27–48, 2004). For the two domains, Preservation and Utilisation, the psychometric structure was confirmed and discriminative correlations
with age, gender and teaching subject were unveiled. Further research is needed to deduce the implications for teaching practice. 相似文献
16.
Hudson’s Bay Company records were used to estimate the 1786–1911 annual number of moose (Alces alces andersonii) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) involved in trade by northern Ojibwa natives to the company post at Osnaburgh House (51°10′N 90°15′W) in northwest Ontario,
Canada. The human population for the early 19th century, and the number and severity of human starvations from 1786 to 1911
were estimated. The extent of forest fires in the region around Osnaburgh was documented using a “fire-day” index computed
from Hudson’s Bay Company journals and using qualitative archival information. It is argued that the human population was
too small to have caused the observed early 19th century moose and caribou population decline solely through predation. Likewise,
severe early 19th century famines were caused by climatic factors rather than by declines in moose and caribou numbers. Habitat
change caused by increased forest fires correlates with the observed decline of caribou, while moose increased and subsequently
collapsed as winter shelter was destroyed. A burgeoning human population, sustained during winter food shortages on potatoes
donated by the Hudson’s Bay Company, then kept ungulate populations to low levels until the late 19th century. Only then did
maturing forests and a new outbreak of fires provide renewed habitat for resurgences of, respectively, caribou and moose. 相似文献
17.
Tijuana Childhood Lead Risk Assessment Revisited: Validating a GIS Model with Environmental Data 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The objective of this research was to determine the spatial distributions of childhood lead poisoning and soil lead contamination
in urban Tijuana. The Bocco–Sanchez model of point-source emissions was evaluated in terms of validity and reliability. We
compared the model's predicted vulnerable populations with observed cases of childhood lead poisoning in Tijuana, identified
fixed point sources in the field, and analyzed 76 soil samples from 14 sites. The soil lead results were compared to the blood
lead analyses performed on Tijuana children whose blood lead levels were ≥10 μg/dL, who reported that they did not use lead-glazed
ceramics for cooking or storing food (n = 63). Using GIS, predicted vs observed risk areas were assessed by examining spatial patterns, including the distribution of cases
per designated risk area. Chi-square analysis of expected vs observed values did not differ significantly at the p = 0.02 level, showing that the model was strikingly accurate in predicting the distribution of subjects with elevated blood lead.
Results reveal that while point sources are significant, other sources of lead exposure are also important. The relative public
health risk from exposure to lead in an urban setting may be assessed by distinguishing among sources of exposure and associating
concentrations to blood lead levels. The results represent an iterative approach in environmental health research by linking
environmental and human biomarker lead concentrations and using these results to validate an environmental model of risk to
lead exposure. 相似文献
18.
Stakeholders on Meat Production, Meat Consumption and Mitigation of Climate Change: Sweden as a Case
Henrik Lerner Bo Algers Stefan Gunnarsson Anders Nordgren 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2013,26(3):663-678
In this paper we analyse and discuss the views of Swedish stakeholders on how to mitigate climate change to the extent it is caused by meat production. The stakeholders include meat producer organisations, governmental agencies with direct influence on meat production, political parties as well as non-governmental organisations. Representatives of twelve organisations were interviewed. Several organisations argued against the mitigation option of reducing beef production despite the higher greenhouse gas intensity of beef compared to pork and chicken meat (according to life cycle analysis). Regarding feed production some organisations proposed use of the best available industrial fertilizers, others were against all use of such fertilizers. Several organizations suggested domestic production of more protein-rich fodder and use of manure for biogas production. Regarding meat consumption the focus was on throwing away less food as waste and on eating less meat but the best (most climate friendly) meat, which was considered to be Swedish meat in contrast to imported meat. There was agreement on many issues. Most disagreement was found regarding political steering. We find many of the stakeholders’ mitigation proposals regarding meat production and consumption acceptable. However, we are to some extent critical to their defence of Swedish beef production. We also point out certain problems with the suggestion to reduce consumption of imported meat but not of domestically produced meat. 相似文献
19.
Franck L. B. Meijboom 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(3):231-245
The food sector and health sector become more and more intertwined. This raises many possibilities, but also questions. One
of them is the question of what the implication is for public trust in food and health issues. In this article, I argue that
the products on the interface between food and health entails some serious questions of trust. Trust in food products and
medical products is often based upon a long history of rather clear patterns of mutual expectations, yet these expectations
are not similar in both sectors. As long as the food sector and health sector remain distinct, these differences will not
lead to problems of trust, yet when new products are introduced, like functional foods or personalized dietary advices, trust
can be threatened. To prevent this, we need clarity with regard to what we can expect of these new products and of whom to expect what in this situation. This requires not␣only adequate information on operating procedures, but also a profound
debate␣on responsibilities and the explication and interpretation of moral values and norms. 相似文献
20.
The Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary, North Myanmar and three contiguous protected areas, comprise some of the largest expanses
of natural forest remaining in the region. Demand for wildlife products has resulted in unsustainable exploitation of commercially
valuable species resulting in local extirpation of vulnerable species. Camera trap, track and sign, and questionnaire-based
surveys were used to examine (a) wildlife species targeted by hunters, (b) the importance of wild meat for household consumption,
and (c) the significance of hunting as a livelihood activity for resident villages. Certain commercially valuable species
highly preferred by hunters were either completely absent from hunt records (tiger, musk deer and otter) or infrequently obtained
during actual hunts (bear, pangolin). Species obtained by hunters were commonly occurring species such as muntjacs with low
commercial value and not highly preferred by hunters. Fifty eight percent of respondents (n = 84) indicated trade, 27% listed subsistence use and 14% listed human-wildlife conflict as the main reason for hunting (n = 84). Average amount of wild meat consumed per month is not significantly higher during the hunting season compared to the
planting season (paired t-test, P > 0.05). Throughout the year, the average amount of fish consumed per month was higher than livestock or wild meat (Friedman
test, P < 0.0001). Hunting is driven largely by trade and wild meat, while not a critical source of food for a large number of families
could potentially be an important, indirect source of access to food for hunting families. Findings and trends from this study
are potentially useful in helping design effective conservation strategies to address globally prevalent problems of declining
wildlife populations and dependent human communities. The study provides recommendations to reduce illegal hunting and protect
vulnerable species by strengthening park management through enforcement, increasing the opportunity costs of poaching, establishing
no-take zones and research to determine the economic significance of hunting for livelihoods. 相似文献