环境监测结果中有效数字探析

环境监测结果中有效数字探析高晓鹏（青海省环境监测站西宁８１０００７）在科学技术领域人们所接触到的数字均为有效数字，不言而喻，环境监测结果亦应以有效数字表示之。即在这一结果中只允许最末一位数字不确定外，其余数字均已确定。一个检测结果的有效数字位数是否合...     

环境监测中质控指标位数保留的思考

本文用日常环境监测中的实例,探讨了质控指标(相对误差、相对偏差、回收率、标准偏差、相对标准偏差和方法检出限)的数字位数:相对误差、相对偏差和回收率的位数由测试数据的有效数字和近似计算规则决定的;相对标准偏差与方法检出限的位数由标准偏差的有效数字决定的,至多2位。     

浅谈有效数字规则在环境监测中的应用

在环境监测分析中,正确记录测量数据及正确进行计算是获得准确监测结果的重要方面,本文结合实际工作详细论述环境监测中有效数字如何应用。     

监测分析中结果的表达─兼谈环境监测标准化

对环境监测中的数据、统计、有效数字、修约，以及计量单位、结果表达、原始数据的记录等既平常又十分重要易被忽略的重要问题作了概述，这些问题的解决才能保证监测结果的准确性和可靠性．     

环境监测结果的表示方式

环境监测结果的表示方式王宗仁（河南省平顶山市环境监测中心站４６７０００）环境监测结果的表达正确与否，直接反映着所使用的仪器精度和监测方法的选择是否恰当，是否合理。国家环境保护局《环境监测技术规范》中已有较为详细的规定，但是个别条款混淆了有效数字与位数...     

如何提高分光光度分析的准确度

分光光度测定中，从采样、预处理、溶液配制与稀释、回归方程制作、数据计算等各个环节，都要考虑有效数字的位数是否满足要求，其对分析结果准确度有举足轻重的影响；最大吸收波长的扫描、溶液稀释方式、仪器空白值的扣除等操作环节对分析结果也会产生重要影响。     

自动监测仪测量噪声时偶然因素影响处理问题探讨

《中国环境监测》91年第3期刊登了潘敦银的文章《用自动监测仪测量噪声的几个问题》,根据潘文提出的偶然因素影响的处理方法,笔者对南通市1990～1991年中四个季度的居民文教功能区噪声监测数据进行了分析.从表1看出,在第4、5和24时间点上出现了Leq>L10的现象.对于第4时间的数据,笔者认为是不合理的数据,应予以剔除.而第5、4时间点,一般认为是计算机本身取有效数字而导致的结果,不应剔除.除此与第16时间点     

大气采样体积的校正问题

一、不要离开量器的精度和示值变动性: 目前国产大气采样机采用的流量计都是粗量具,如上海GS—3交直流两用大气采样机中的较高流量计的分度值为0.1升/分,在承受40毫米汞柱的负载下仪器的指示流量与实测流量在0.3～1.2升/分时其误差(在同温同压下测试)在5％以内。即该量器读数有效数字只有一位,在指定使用条件下读数与实际值允差为15～60毫升(每分钟计)。这项带负载流量指示准确性包括了仪器材质,制造技术和使用操     

新疆环境应急监测中存在的问题及对策初探

在概述了环境应急监测在突发事件处置中的重要作用的基础上,分析了突发事故环境应急监测中存在的一些问题,并对此提出了一些建议和对策。     

转基因技术在植物修复重金属污染土壤研究中的新进展

综述了植物修复的相关机制及其进展和发展方向.随着一些功能基因的鉴定和分离,利用转基因技术提高植物对重金属的积累能力已取得了一些进展,开拓了植物修复的新领域.     

Forest Area in Costa Rica: A Comparative Study of Tropical Forest Cover Estimates over Time

Forest area figures, at a given point in time and for a given region of interest, differ considerably, affecting the calculation of deforestation rates and thus confuse the political and scientific discussion on the state and change of the resource forest. This article discusses the variation of published forest cover figures, using Costa Rica as an example. A list of published figures on the forest cover of Costa Rica from 1940 onwards is analyzed. Reasons for the differences are hypothesized and discussed. These differences are mainly in the definition of forest and forest classes included, in the type of the studies conducted (mapping and/or sampling), in the precision of the estimates, and in the information sources used. It is concluded that part of the problem is inherent in the nature of the resource `forest'. Quality and completeness of the presentation of the forest cover estimates are a clue to their correct understanding and interpretation. The latter point being especially relevant, as forest cover data have both a technical-scientific and a political meaning and are used as relevant arguments in many discussions. In the example of Costa Rica, a general downward trend is observed up to about 1985/1990, whereas after that forest area figures are on the average at a markedly higher level. Some hypotheses for this change in the trend are discussed.     

Validity of CVM related to the type of environmental good; an empirical test

This research explores the boundaries of a valid application of contingent valuation as a method to value environmental changes. Recent criticism from social psychologists refers to unrealistic cognitive demands upon respondents. Criticism from economists point to the problem of measuring preferences in relation to non-use values. In this research the hypothesis is tested that the CV method in valuing goods with non-use value and with a complex content of information produces less valid results than with use values and non-complex content of information. Validity is tested across goods (sample survey: N=832). Results show that scope validity is ambiguous for goods with high content of complexity. Construct validity is not guaranteed for environmental changes with non-use values: Economic factors are not significant, only attitudes are relevant. Given the importance of WTP figures in cost-benefit analysis these results are of paramount importance for the trust in contingent valuation.     

Optimal strategies for best management practice placement in a synthetic watershed

It is significant to arrange suitable design and placement of best management practices (BMPs) for reaching the aim that can not only satisfy environmental quality standards, but also decrease the total cost of BMPs. This study applied WinVAST model to predict watershed responses. The objective of this work was to discuss both the economic costs and benefits of BMPs and the control efficiency of discharge and pollutant exports, and to create some suitable standards for the optimal BMPs placement strategies. It is significant to find an optimal number and location of BMPs. In the case study herein, the number of BMPs including a detention pond and a grassy swale would be better to be given by four. The number of BMPs should also be determined by the environmental standards. Moreover, the result shows that the optimal location of BMPs placement is in the downstream area near the outlet and on the mainstream of the catchment. When the BMPs are set in these regions, it cannot only reduce the peak flow and peak pollutant exports, but also have slow time to peak watershed responses.     

生态环境第三方检测机构计量器具量值溯源管理问题探讨

构建科学、准确、有效的量值溯源体系是实验室质量管理的重要内容.在国家市场监督管理总局新发布的《实施强制管理的计量器具目录》中,涉及环境监测用途的类别大幅度减少.在此背景下,研究介绍了量值溯源中检定和校准的差异及适用范围,强调不应将检测作为量值溯源的方式.分类比较了国内现有具备量传能力的计量技术机构,对目前生态环境监测领...     

Aircraft Emissions: A Comparison of Methodologies Based on Different Data Availability

The impact of air traffic on the global atmosphere is characterised by a high degree of uncertainty, concerning both the physico-chemical phenomena involved and the extent of the forcing due to anthropogenic emissions. The different effects of these emissions (e.g. on climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acidification, tropospheric ozone formation) are dealt with by different international bodies and conventions (e.g. IPCC, EMEP. . .) which are trying to define a standard methodology allowing countries to evaluate their contributions to global aircraft emissions and to report these figures in a standardised way. The paper compares different methodologies proposed by the joint EMEP/CORINAIR 'Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook' for estimating aircraft emissions. Adjustments to these methodologies have been proposed, in order to integrate some additional data such as the total amount of flight hours per aircraft type or fuel consumption per trip. In case detailed information is not available, we recommend the use of a VERY SIMPLE methodology which may yield acceptable results, provided that every country makes adequate assumptions on the average aircraft type.     

Non-regulated water contaminants: emerging research

Those chemical pollutants that are regulated under various international, federal, and state programs represent but a small fraction of the universe of chemicals that occur in the environment as a result of both natural processes and human influence. Although the number of these targeted chemicals might be minuscule compared with the universe of both known and yet-to-be identified chemicals, an implicit assumption is that these selective lists of chemicals are responsible for the most significant share of risk with respect to environmental or economic impairment or to human health. This paper examines some of the less-discussed aspects of the background and assumptions that underlie society's relationship with chemical pollutants in water, particularly with respect to the need for a more holistic understanding of exposure and risk.     

Trends in Pesticide Use and Efficacy During 26 Years of Changing Agriculture in Southern England

We report on trends in agricultural pesticide use from1970 to 1995 inclusive in arable crops on the SouthDowns, West Sussex, U.K. Information is given on theproportion of cropped area treated with pesticides,the percentage spray area, the number of pesticideapplications per field, and the number of compoundsapplied per field for herbicides, foliar fungicidesand insecticides. Compared to national publishedfigures, our data are broadly representative of thenational picture; they provide a complete and detailedtime series whereas national figures are available foronly 7 out of the 26 yr. In general, the areatreated (fungicides, insecticides) and the intensityof use (all three types of pesticide) increased overthe 26 yr. The spectrum of activity of theherbicides applied to arable crops increased from anaverage of 22 weed taxa susceptible in 1970 to 38 weedtaxa susceptible in 1995. The odds on herbicide andfungicide use in break crops were, respectively, 93%and 99% lower than average; odds on insecticide usein spring cereals were 98% lower than average. Comparing winter wheat on the most traditional farm(grass/cereal rotation) with the most modern one(monoculture winter wheat), the proportion of fieldstreated with herbicides was similar, but the odds onbeing treated with fungicides were 129% higher on themodern farm. Insecticides were used in only 2% ofthe fields on the traditional farm, while on themodern farm over the same time period, 79% of thefields were treated. This fits previously observeddifferences in wildlife abundance on the two farms.     

旋风分离器的设计选型及工程应用

本文介绍了旋风分离器的设计选型及在工程应用中对于明显改善作业环境、节约投资有着极其重要的意义。以某化工厂生产立德粉为例，分析尾气组成并进行计算，根据计算结果及有关数据合理选择所需旋风分离器：ＣＬＰ／Ｂ５·４Ｙ；风量：２２００Ｍ３／ｈ；阻力４２毫米水柱；进口风速：１２８ｍ／ｓ。     

北京市社会化环境监测机构发展现状调查与监管建议

通过多角度调研发现,越来越多的社会化环境监测机构(以下简称社会化机构)投入环境监测行业,且社会化机构的营收、数量、人均产值逐年上升,表明该行业正处于蓬勃发展期且规模效应显著,社会化机构做大做强更有利于其发展。目前,多数社会化机构属于小微企业,近3年的技术人员流动率高达50%,使得社会化机构需在人员要素上投入更多精力与成本,同时也增大了管理部门的监管难度。结合以上调查结果,提出把人员作为重要考量要素,以信息共享为前提,充分发挥联合监管的优势,对各社会化机构采取分级分类的动态监管模式。     

采样时间对ANDERSEN采样器采样效果的影响

在室内用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器进行了不同采样时间对采集空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度，粒数中值直径效果的研究，结果表明，在1－12min内，采集的空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度随采样时间的增加而减少，呈明显的负相关关系，相关系数分别为－0．903和－0．688，P值均大于0．05，另外，在采样过程中，空气真菌比细菌耐受采样空气冲击力的能力强，采样时间对空气细菌和真菌粒子的粒度分布和粒数中值直径的影响不明显。