硝基苯甲酸结构对其在EPDM膜中萃取效果的影响

以3种取代基位置不同的硝基苯甲酸为研究对象,研究了辛醇/水分配系数、溶解度、摩尔体积、分子极化率和偶极矩5种结构参数对硝基苯甲酸在三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）膜中萃取效果的影响。实验结果表明：EPDM膜对硝基苯甲酸有一定的去除效果,邻、间、对硝基苯甲酸的去除率分别为27.1%、32.4%和41.6%;取代基位置的不同使硝基苯甲酸的去除效果出现差异,其疏水性越强越易在EPDM膜中溶解和渗透;硝基苯甲酸的去除率和透过率与其辛醇/水分配系数和分子极化率正相关,与溶解度负相关;硝基苯甲酸的去除率可用分子极化率和偶极矩两个结构参数进行预测。     

间接电合成对甲基苯甲醛减废工艺

采用间接电合成法生产对甲基苯甲醛,不仅产品的产率高,而且由于实现了电解媒质的循环使用,使整个过程无废液排放,既节省了资源,又保证了环境。该法以对二甲苯为原料,其反应过程为：Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）电解氧化生成Ｍｎ（Ⅲ）;Ｍｎ（Ⅲ）氧化对二甲苯生成对甲基苯甲醛。上述反应,前者的电流效率较高,为８５％左右;后者的产品产率较高,约为６９％。     

邻氨基苯甲酸生产废液的循环利用

采用离子交换和加入石灰的方法处理邻氨基苯甲酸生产废液，去除其中的Ｎａ＾＋和ＳＯ４＾２－，保留其中的ＮＨ４＾＋和邻硝基苯甲酸，处理后的废液回用于生产过程中，不仅消除了废液外排所产生的污染，还回收了ＮＨ４＾＋和ＯＮＡ，有较好的经济效益。     

环保型脲醛树脂胶粘剂的合成研究

介绍了聚乙烯醇(PVA)、三聚氰胺在脲醛树脂胶粘剂合成过程中所起的改性作用,研究了反应温度、反应体系pH、甲醛与尿素摩尔比、PVA和三聚氰胺用量对脲醛树脂胶粘剂性能的影响。试验结果表明,在反应温度为80℃、反应体系pH为5．0、甲醛与尿素摩尔比为1．5、PVA和三聚氰胺用量分别为尿素与甲醛溶液总质量的1．0％和5％的条件下,合成的脲醛树脂胶粘剂的剪切强度为2．99MPa,游离甲醛的质量分数由传统工艺生产产品的0．6％～0．8％降低至0．063％,耐沸水时间为108min,且贮存稳定性好,达到了HJBZ-1998国家环境标志产品技术要求。     

聚天冬氨酸的阻垢分散性能

以马来酸酐和铵盐为原料合成聚天冬氨酸，对聚天冬氨酸进行了红外光谱和差热-热重分析表征，并对其阻碳酸钙垢及分散氧化铁的性能做了较系统的研究。结果表明：所得产品的产率均在98．11％以上，并基本具备目标产物聚天冬氨酸的各种官能团；热分解温度为386．3℃；当加入量为4mg/L时，其阻垢率已接近100％；当加入量为30mg/L时，分散氧化铁性能最好，溶液透光率为48．7％。     

SO42-/TiO2-WO3光催化氧化邻硝基苯酚

研究了用H2SO4溶液浸渍处理TiO2-WO3，制备SO4^2-／TiO2-WO3催化剂的方法；考察了该催化剂对邻硝基苯酚的光催化氧化性能。TiO2-WO3的最佳处理工艺条件：H2SO4浓度为0．2mol/L，WO3加入量为3％，于550℃焙烧3h。实验结果表明，反应30min后SO4^2-／TiO2-WO3催化剂可使邻硝基苯酚降解97％；邻硝基苯酚的光催化氧化降解过程遵循一级动力学规律。     

液膜法处理含硝基酚废水试验研究

采用液膜法对含硝基酚废水进行了处理试验研究。对低浓度废水选取了适宜的工艺条件：油相中表面活性剂的质量分数为2％；内水相中NaOH的质量分数为2％；乳液中油相与内水相的质量比为2：1；外水相：pH为2；乳液与外水相的体积比为1：3。在进水总酚质量浓度分别为1050、6700mg／L的条件下，出水总硝基酚的去除率均高达99．9％以上，同时废水中的硝基苯和COD也有较好的去除效果。     

氯乙酸母液氢解制氯乙酸

以氯乙酸母液和氢气为原料，开发了氢解制氯乙酸的新工艺。文中介绍了氢解了反应原理和工艺流程，并介绍了母液预处理，催化剂筛选及氢解反应条件等试验。中试验连续运转的结果表明，工艺路线合理可行，催化剂活性稳定，单程氢解产品产率达到９４％以上，产品氯乙酸的质量达到行业标准，装置运行安全可靠。     

铜铬催化剂清洁生产工艺研究

采用清洁生产概念与思维模式,对铜铬催化剂生产全过程进行审核,找出造成其产率低、活性差、污染重的原因及影响因素。以新催化剂研制理论和方法为指导,探讨铜铬催化剂用于糠醇生产过程中提高其产率、活性、原材料利用率以及减轻污染的清洁生产工艺。试验结果表明,在pH为6．2～6．5、Cu／Cr质量比为1：1、反应温度为65℃,活化温度为400℃的条件下,催化剂能获得较高产率和活性。按此新工艺生产的催化剂,产率可提高22％,Cr^6 的排放量可减少95％,活性可提高一倍,废品率可由原来的10％降至零。     

膨胀珍珠岩负载Eu3+-TiO2催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以膨胀珍珠岩(EP)为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Eu3+-TiO2/EP催化剂.通过XRD和SEM等方法对催化剂进行了表征,以对硝基苯酚溶液为目标物,进行了催化剂活性的研究.实验结果表明,Eu3+的掺杂有效抑制了TiO2晶粒的增长,减小了晶粒尺寸,提高了晶粒的分散性,明显提高了催化剂的活性.在Eu3+掺杂量(Eu3+与Ti的摩尔比)1.0％、焙烧温度500℃、催化剂加入量6 g/L的最佳条件下,对硝基苯酚去除率达87％.     

Optimization of two-step catalyzed biodiesel production from soybean waste cooking oil

An acid–base-catalyst-based two-step biodiesel production experiment from soybean waste cooking oil was carried out to identify which parameter is the most influential among the experimental parameters by using the Taguchi method. Heterogeneous catalysts were used to avoid a water-consuming homogeneous catalyst removal process. Ferric sulfate and calcium oxide were used as acid and base catalysts, respectively, for the heterogeneous reaction. Reaction time and methanol-to-triglyceride mole ratio were significant factors. The optimum parameters for step 1 (acid esterification) were 4 h of reaction time, 4 wt. % of ferric sulfate amount, a 16:1 methanol to triglyceride mole ratio, and 400 rpm of mixing speed, respectively. For the transesterification step, the most influential factor was reaction time, and CaO amount was significant as well. On the other hand, the mole ratio of methanol and oil was relatively less significant. Optimum parameters were 3 h of reaction time, 2 wt. % of CaO, and a 12:1 methanol to triglyceride mole ratio with mixing speed at 400 rpm in this experimental range. Under the optimum conditions, waste cooking oil with 5.27 mg KOH/g of acid value was converted into crude biodiesel by a two-step process with fatty acid methyl ester content reaching 89.8 % without any further post-purification.     

PTA废液回收利用技术

介绍了从精对苯二甲酸（PTA）废液中回收醋酸,邻、对苯二甲酸,醋酸钴锰盐的回收工艺。醋酸得率为90％,邻、对苯二甲酸得率为70％,醋酸钴锰盐得率为95％。该技术成熟、合理,具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Palm Oleic Acid Based Alkyds: Effect of the Fatty Acid Content on the Polyesterification Kinetics

The kinetic behavior of polyesterification of the alkyd resins synthesized using glycerol and phthalic anhydride modified with oleic acid from the palm oil at temperatures between 120 and 240 °C was studied. Three alkyds having oleic acid contents of 28, 40, and 65% were prepared by employing fatty acid method. The extent of the polyesterification reaction and average degree of polymerization were monitored by determining the acid number of the aliquot of the reaction mixture at various intervals of time and by measuring the volume of water evolved. Kinetic studies revealed that initial reaction rates followed a second-order kinetics up to certain limit and thereafter deviations were observed. The extent of reaction varied from 77.4 to 86.3% before deviation for all the three samples and exhibited a considerable degree of conversion. The second-order rate constants calculated from the linear part were found to be of the order of 10⁻⁵ g (mg KOH)⁻¹ min⁻¹. Molecular weight of the alkyd samples was determined by GPC; number average molecular weight of the alkyds ranged from 980 to 2,070.     

Production of technical grade phosphoric acid from incinerator sewage sludge ash (ISSA)

The recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash samples obtained from 7 operating sludge incinerators in the UK using a sulfuric acid washing procedure to produce a technical grade phosphoric acid product has been investigated. The influences of reaction time, sulfuric acid concentration, liquid to solid ratio and source of ISSA on P recovery have been examined. The optimised conditions were the minimum stoichiometric acid requirement, a reaction time of 120 min and a liquid to solid ratio of 20. Under these conditions, average recoveries of between 72% and 91% of total phosphorus were obtained. Product filtrate was purified by passing through a cation exchange column, concentrated to 80% H₃PO₄ and compared with technical grade H₃PO₄ specifications. The economics of phosphate recovery by this method are briefly discussed.     

苯甲酸生产残液中锰、钴和镍的提取及分离

探讨了苯甲酸生产残液中锰、钴和镍的提取及分离方法。首先采用酸溶液提取残液中的金属元素;然后通过氨水沉淀法分离锰;最后使用p507萃取剂分离钴和镍。实验结果表明:当苯甲酸生产残液中锰、钴和镍的质量分数分别为0.085 0%,0.307 1%,0.015 5%时,在硫酸浓度为2.0 mol/L、过氧化氢溶液质量分数为25%的条件下,锰、钴和镍的提取率分别为88.59%,87.77%,86.50%;当氨水浓度为2 mol/L时,锰的沉淀率达94.24%;在平衡水相p H为4、p507萃取剂皂化率为60%、油相中p507萃取剂的体积分数为15%的条件下,钴萃取率达87.53%,镍萃取率仅为8.46%,钴镍分离系数为68.70。     

加压酸浸法提取粉煤灰中的Al2O3和Fe2O3

采用加压酸浸法提取粉煤灰中的A12O3和Fe2O3.实验研究了粉煤灰粒径、硫酸质量分数、反应时间、反应温度对粉煤灰中Al2O3和Fe2O3浸取率的影响,并通过SEM对粉煤灰酸浸前后的形貌进行了分析.实验结果表明,当粉煤灰粒径为75μm、硫酸质量分数为50％、反应温度为180℃、反应时间为4h时,粉煤灰中的Al2O3浸取率可达82.4％,Fe2O3浸取率为76.1％,经酸浸后粉煤灰的剩余率为72.4％.     

Catalytic hydrothermal depolymerization of nylon 6

Depolymerization of nylon 6 to produce ε-caprolactam using an environmentally friendly heteropoly acid catalyst was studied at temperatures between 553 and 603 K in water. The products of depolymerization were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by means of mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the depolymerized product was mainly ε-caprolactam with a little 6-aminocaproic acid and oligomers. The phosphotungstic heteropoly acid used as a catalyst can improve the hydrolysis rate and yield of ε-caprolactam. The optimum hydrolysis conditions for ε-caprolactam yield were as follows: phosphotungstic heteropoly acid content, 3%; reaction temperature, 573 K; and reaction time, 85 min. Under these conditions, the yield of ε-caprolactam was 77.96%. In the temperature range 553–603 K, the activation energy of 3% phosphotungstic heteropoly acid-catalyzed depolymerization was evaluated as 77.38 kJ/mol, which is lower than the 86.64 kJ/mol value for no catalyst.     

内电解法处理偶氮染料废水

采用内电解法处理偶氮染料废水。正交实验结果表明，铸铁铁屑加入量对废水脱色率的影响最大，其次是酸性反应pH，再次是碱性反应pH，最后是碱性反应时间。最佳处理工艺条件为：铸铁铁屑加入量10g，酸性反应pH2．0，碱性反应pH7．0，碱性反应时间10min。此条件下脱色率达98．89％。铸铁铁屑使用6次后对废水的脱色率明显下降，将使用6次后的铸铁铁屑活化，活化后废水脱色率由86．80％提高至93．83％。     

石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫系统处理废稀硫酸

采用石灰石-石膏法脱硫装置处理废稀硫酸.研究了石灰石浆液和废稀硫酸的不同投加顺序以及不同反应晶种(石膏浆液、石膏稀浆液)对所得石膏晶粒形态和抽滤物含水率的影响.试验结果表明:与废稀硫酸加入石灰石浆液的方式相比,石灰石浆液加入废稀硫酸的方式更利于石膏结晶,晶粒更大,所得石膏抽滤物含水率更低;以石膏浆液和石膏稀浆液作为反应...